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Title: The Alberta Public School Speller

Author: Anonymous

Release date: May 4, 2015 [eBook #48877]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Charlene Taylor, K.D. Thornton, Bruce Albrecht,
John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ALBERTA PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER ***

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ and ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical), and shown as ą and ų on handheld devices. ą and ų on handheld devices.

Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

More detail can be found at the end of the book.

THE ALBERTA

PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER

Authorized by the Minister of Education for Alberta.

TORONTO
THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED

Copyright, Canada, 1910, by The Copp, Clark Company, Limited,
Toronto, Ontario.

CONTENTS.

| Pages
Standard I, Grades 1 and 2 | 1–25
Review of Hard Words | 26–30
Standard II, Grade 3 | 31–54
Review of Hard Words | 55–58
Standard III, Junior, Grade 4 | 59–82
Rules for Spelling | 83
Review of Hard Words | 84–87
Words Often Mispronounced | 88
Standard III, Senior, Grade 5 | 89–112
Review of Hard Words | 113–116
Standard IV, Junior, Grade 6 | 117–139
Review of Hard Words | 140–143
Words Often Mispronounced | 144
Standard IV, Senior, Grade 7 | 145–164
Review of Hard Words | 165–167
Small Words | 168
Standard V, Junior, Grade 8 | 169–188
Review of Hard Words | 189–191

| Pages
Rules for Syllabication and Spelling | 192
Public School Leaving | 193–197
Small Words | 198
The Building of English Words | 199–200
Prefixes | 200–203
Suffixes | 203–210
English Root Words and Derivatives | 210–212
Latin Words and Derivatives | 213–226
Greek Root Words and Derivatives | 227–230
Words, Phrases and Noteworthy Sayings | 231–236
Abbreviations and Contractions in common use | 237–242

CHIEF FEATURES.

1. Choice of Words. There has been a careful selection of those words best suited for the various grades or years in school.

2. Grouping of Words. These words have been so grouped as to favor their being taught economically, and to impress upon the pupil that spelling rests largely upon a basis of law and order. In the earlier grades the sequence of lessons gives an orderly development of phonic forms; by this arrangement spelling and phonic reading can be made mutually helpful.

3. Dictation Exercises. These are so constructed as to give in the briefest space an adequate test of the words taught. They should be supplemented by sentences constructed by the pupil, embodying the new and difficult words he is learning.

4. Reviews. There are regular reviews at short intervals. Many of the hardest words appear several times, but with some change of context. At the end of each year's work there is given in alphabetical order a list of the most difficult words used therein.

5. Seat Exercises. These exercises are intended to lead the pupil to make lists of words having a phonic element in common, to show how words are built up, and, later, to give practice in derivation.

6. Homonyms. There has been a systematic use of these throughout the book, but in the junior grades they are not given together, in order to prevent the confusion that often results from such a practice.

7. Spelling Rules. There are numerous and varied exercises to lead, inductively, to a knowledge of the most useful rules for spelling.

8. Authority. The authority usually followed for spelling and pronunciation is The Concise Imperial Dictionary. The pupil should be taught the system of diacritical marks employed therein.

THE ALBERTA

PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER.

STANDARD I.
Grades 1 and 2.

1

back
pack
black

Jack
crack
track

see
whip
give

they
bring
horse

cry
were
ducks

Seat Work.—Put h, l, s, t, r, sm, st, sl, wh, qu, with —ack

Dictation.—See Jack on a black hack. Crack the whip, Jack, and give the horse a whack. Bring back a sack of bran. Ducks cry quack. A pack of dogs ran to the hay stack. They were on the track of a black fox. Give me a tack to fix the rack. Bring back the ducks. See Jack whip the black horse. The dogs track the fox.

2

neck
check
wreck

kick
chick
quick

very
two
house

peas
there
where

yes
play
ship

Seat Work.—With —eck put b, p, d, fl, sp; and with —ick put l, p, s, t, w, br, sl, st, th, tr.

Dictation.—The wick is very thick. Pick two pecks of peas. Be quick. Where is the brick house? There is a speck of red on the chick. Is Jack sick? Yes, Dick hit him with a stick. Play no bad tricks. The ship was a wreck. See the horse kick. The hen has two chicks. There are two black dogs. Give me a thick stick.

3

rock
clock
crock

duck
cluck
stuck

boy
toy
girl

new
much
warm

key
little
baby

Seat Work.—Put l, d, m, s, bl, fl, sh, st, fr, with —ock; and l, b, s, t, pl, tr, str, with —uck.

Dictation.—Hens cluck but ducks quack. That boy has much pluck. The clock struck two. The key stuck in the lock. That little girl has a new frock. Tuck baby up warm. I got a toy ship in my sock. A crock of peas. See the flock of ducks by the rock. There is the little baby. Bring me a black frock.

Note.—Pupils should use the words in the lists and exercises in sentences of their own.

4

and
sand
grand

hang
sang
sprang

hear
near
church

one
none
done

drum
upon
write

With —and put b, h, l, s; and with —ang put r, b, g, cl, sl. Copy,—I see her. She sees us. We see you.

Hear the band play. One man bangs the drum. The two boys are in the grand stand. Hang the key near the clock. That girl sang in church. Has Jack done one sum? No, he has none yet. Write clang and slang in ink. Were you near the new church? Dick sprang upon a black horse. I hear baby cry.

5

king
bring
thing

song
wrong
strong

you
your
wasp

over
fence
mitts

tie
door
bell

Write r, fl, cl, spr, sl, st, str, sw, with —ing; put u for i in the words in —ing. Copy,—Is that you? Is that he?

Can you spring over that fence? The wasp may sting you. Were your sums wrong? Yes, all but one. There is a crack in the crock. Bring a strong string to tie it. Fling me the keys. The swing is long and strong. Wet mitts cling to your hands. Ring the door bell. She flung the peas over the door.

6 (Review)

gives
lives
were

one
once
fence

boy
toy
joy

fix
six
mix

such
much
church

Tom lives in a red brick house. Once there was a little black boy. He sang six songs for the king. Pick up your toys. Fix the fence near the church. It gives such joy to hear you sing. Do not mix sand and bran. Where were your mitts? It is wrong to whack your horse so. I see six stacks of hay. Can Jack write? Give me the ink. I have none.

7

ash
cash
crash

dish
fish
wish

water
snap
have

more
like
pony

finger
knife
words

Put l, s, h, m, r, cl, tr, thr, spl, with —ash.

See the fish splash in the water. The dish fell with a crash. How much cash have you? Do you wish a little more hash? Snap the new whip lash. My horse ran like a flash. It is wrong to thrash your pony so. The jack-knife cut a gash in my finger. Write two more words. Where is your new knife?

8

fresh
flesh
thresh

hush
rush
thrush

pork
sweet
blood

rye
nose
road

sofa
worm
Mary

Write words like hog with d, l, f, b, j, fl, fr; as, dog. Put g, m, fl, sl, br, with —ush. Copy,—It is I. It is she. It is we.

Pork is the flesh of hogs. We thresh rye and peas. Hear the sweet song of the thrush. Is there much slush on the road? See the blood gush from his nose. See Mary blush! Stop, you may crush the worm. Brush the plush sofa. Frogs live in fresh water. Do not flog your pony. See Dick write.

9

lass
mass
bass
glass

less
mess
Bess
bless

hiss
miss
kiss
bliss

loss
moss
boss
gloss

fuss
muss
buss
truss

Put p, gr, br, cl, with —ass; and t, fl, cr, acr, with —oss.

Give the horses less grass. There is a brass lock. Jack got six black bass. Pack the moss in a glass box. Do not muss your new dress. You may kiss baby once. Floss has much gloss. Is Miss Bess very cross? Toss the sack across your back. Less fuss in class! Is there much glass in that door?

10

fast
last
past

best
nest
chest

blue
birds
year

said
mice
John

coat
half
great

With —est put r, l, j, p, t, v, w; and with —rap put t, st, w, sc. Add —s to whip, duck, horse, boy, word.

Two blue birds had a nest there last year. Brush your best coat and vest. Lock fast the chest. John said that in jest. Mice are a great pest. The church is west from your house. I got two mice in a trap. Run fast, it is half-past six. He said you were at church. My new coat is blue. One is the half of two.

11

fist
twist
wrist

dust
trust
crust

wind
make
copy

our
about
books

apple
papa
mamma

Write c, l, t, fr, with —ost; and m, j, b, g, r, thr, with —ust. Copy,—Is it they? That was I. Is it she?

A gust of wind makes much dust fly. Copy a list of your best books. That apple pie has a thick crust. Mamma, see the frost on the grass. Twist a string about your wrist. I must have just one more apple. Papa trusts me with our pony. How much did your coat cost? They lost two little dogs near the church.

12 (Review)

about
swing
water
said
where
none

much
smash
pony
gives
great
wrong

clock
fence
thrash
apple
mitts
worm

crust
little
year
quick
peas
finger

once
knife
were
church
half
sweet

Put y, ag, at, ax, ing, ash, ock, eck, op, og, with fl—. With n, h, r, sh, sp, tr, bl, pl, make words in —ot.

Give Mary more sweet peas. Where was your knife? He said much about the apples. Water my pony.

13

slant
plant
chant

bent
sent
spent

storm
praise
week

four
what
shop

buy
pair
some

Put c, h, l, y, with —ard; and b, d, m, h, p, l, sp, sh with —ark. Copy and fill in,—My name is — —. I am — years old.

The storm bent the plant. It slants very much. In church we chant the praise of God. John sent for four socks. The dogs bark in your yard. What is the rent of your shop? We sent you some apples. Buy a pair of pants. He spent a week in a tent. John got much praise.

14

hint
flint
print

hunt
grunt
blunt

wolf
plums
story

next
axe
says

noise
river
candy

Write words in —ift with g, l, s, sh, sw, dr. Put a letter with —lip, —pit, —ring, —wing, —rock. Copy,—Yes, sir, I saw you.

Some men hunt a wolf. Hear the pig grunt. This axe is very blunt. Will you print our next story? Jack says that apple is hard as flint. Give him a hint to make less noise. I got a gift of candy and plums. Can we cross that swift river in a punt? Yes, but you may drift upon a rock. She says the wolf got over the river.

15

damp
scamp
tramp

bump
thump
stump

lazy
idle
five

work
cent
table

camel
beside
Henry

Change one letter in flesh, check, give, pick, crush, gloss. With —ip put l, sl, sh, sk, ch, dr, tr, str, h, wh.

Lazy tramps will not work. A camel has one or two humps. Pump some water. Make your pony jump over that stump. Buy a two-cent stamp. Henry is an idle scamp. Camp beside the river. Last week I had the mumps. We have five lamps. Baby thumps upon the table. Give me one cent for candy.

16 (Doubled Letters)

add
odd
Ann

bee
see
egg

all
ill
off

shoo
purr
buzz

any
many
three

even
happy
busy

Put h, j, sh, cl, sl, cr, sw, with —am. Change the marked letter in worm, went, done, block, neck, fling, gash, crush.

Ann is very ill. Add two and four. Hear the bee buzz. Shoo off any ducks. Many boys play odd or even. See me jump off the pony. Cats purr if they are happy. The busy bee works all the day. Buy some eggs and four black bass. The three fish swam off. Is three odd or even? How many apples in the sack? There are none. Was Henry busy last week? Were there many plums on the tree?

17

bank
drank
prank

bunk
drunk
trunk

eye
again
sleep

sailor
often
pear

iron
coal
orange

Put dr, w, p, m, l, bl, th, s, r, br, shr, with —ink; and t, bl, pl, sp, dr, cr, Fr, with —ank. Copy,—Was it she?

Frank writes in ink on a copy book. Wink your eye again. The iron trunk sank in the water. Sailors often sleep in bunks. I think that plank is strong. Thank mamma for the orange and pear. Do not drink much tea. Give Dick a chunk of coal. I trust he is busy with his sums. He says he often sees the sailor.

18 (Review)

blue
eye
lazy
crazy

work
word
cent
says

again
iron
often
soften

buy
knife
writes
wrong

many
pear
camel
orange

Papa gives me four cents to buy two pears. He says your eyes are blue. That idle tramp is not crazy. Write the new words often. Soften the crust in your tea. Iron my collar again. It was wrong to cut the table with your jack-knife. Bees are not lazy. How many oranges can one buy for five cents? Some camels are swift. Jack said he once had a little black pony. How many eyes have two camels?

19

catch
patch
snatch

Dutch
clutch
crutch

uses
please
rabbit

sew
lady
wears

Scotch
watch
Helen

Put c, d, f, p, t, with —ry; add —ing to each, as cry, crying. Make new words in —atch with b, h, l, m, sn, th.

Some hens hatch eight eggs. Please sew a patch on my silk skirt. The Scotch boy uses a crutch. Use an iron latch. That Dutch lady wears a gold watch. Scratch the match again. Rabbits live in a hutch. Catch the ball, Helen. Baby may clutch your toys.

20

ditch
witch
switch

fetch
sketch
stretch

scarf
mouth
wide

open
afraid
dirty

herd
oxen
who

Make new words with —itch and h, p, st. Add —s to lock, key, neck, king, worm, song, wrist, flag, crock, toy.

Fetch me a strong switch. Please stitch my silk scarf. Stretch your mouth wide open. Is there such a thing as a witch? I am not afraid of any. The ditch was half full of dirty water. Can you sketch that herd of oxen? Who are you? Are you afraid?

21

ball
call
all
fall
gall
hall
stall
small
tall
wall

bell
yell
dell
fell
sell
shell
spell
smell
tell
well

bill
kill
still
fill
gill
hill
mill
pill
till
will

doll
collar
dollar
folly
jolly
holly
Molly
Polly
loll
dolly

gull
cull
dull
sully
gully
hull
mull
null
lull
skull

one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten

Add —y to dirt, dust, sleep, luck, hand, puss, wind.

22

arch
march
starch

birch
perch
torch

along
chop
robin

larch
porch
quickly

does
such
pinch

For b in bench or bunch put Fr, h, l, w, p, st, tr. Make words in —ig with b, f, g, j, p, r, w, tw.

March along quickly to church. Chop off a branch of birch or larch. Does the robin perch on your porch? Ask for a small pinch of starch. Write again in French for a torch. Which do you like best, bass or perch? Does Helen drink water at lunch? That worm is an inch or two long. Three and five are eight.

23

talk
walk
chalk

kept
wept
slept

board
knees
Lucy

floor
next
hurt

aunt
uncle
flower

Add —es to box, fox, watch, church, dish, wish, glass, brush, class, ditch, patch. Copy,—Mr. John Smith; Mrs. Ellen Jones.

Write on the board with chalk. Baby crept on hands and knees. Next year she will walk and talk. Aunt Lucy wept when you were hurt. How many flowers on that stalk? I slept till half-past eight. I kept the candy uncle sent me. She swept the floor. A gully is a ditch made by water. Buy some collars.

24

stiff
skiff
cliff

cuff
puff
snuff

high
good
smoke

soft
cloth
cheeks

fur
calf
paper

Write all the words that you can make from 'carpet,' 'blacken,' 'holiday.' With —ask put c, m, t, fl.

Iron my cuffs and collars stiff. Uncle uses snuff. Puff out your cheeks. She lost her fur muff. Papa has a good skiff. See the whiff of smoke. Stuff paper or soft cloth into the hole. The calf fell from a high cliff. John makes eight or nine dollars a week.

25 (Review)

catch
please
does
crept
fetch

aunt
uncle
flower
praise
quickly

knife
knees
robin
rabbit
happy

chalk
calf
next
high
table

Helen
eight
said
week
board

Add —ing to buy, work, pull, fall, wink, sleep, bring, ask.

Please, uncle, buy me a pair of rabbits. Which is your knife? Does John write quickly? Watch the robin fetch four worms. Aunt Helen is happy. Next week I shall be eight. Please catch the calf. He crept on his knees to the high table. He said much in praise of flowers. Put chalk on the board.

26

hung
stung
swung

belt
melt
dwelt

lion
gate
swamp

front
lace
shoe

skate
shelf
silver

Put with —ung s, b, r, cl, fl, sl, spr, str; with —elt, put f, kn, p, sp. Write a or i for u in the words in —ung.

Some bees stung a great lion. Papa swung me high on the gate. They dwelt near a swamp. John hung his belt in the front hall. He knelt to lace his shoe. He slung his skates upon the shelf. Can you melt silver? Have you strung the glass balls on that string? Ring the bell at the front door, please.

27

bind
blind
grind

born
horn
thorn

come
waist
melon

grist
wrist
blow

oats
both
Canada

With —ind put f, h, k, m, r, w, bl; with —ond f, b, p. Add —ed to walk, fix, play, rock, melt, puff, wish, pelt.

Little Boy Blue, come blow your horn. A sharp thorn stuck in my wrist. Is he blind in both eyes? The grist mill grinds corn and oats. Is he fond of melon rind? Were you born in Canada? Wind a cord about your waist. Mind what papa says. Can you find my copy book? The waist of my new dress is black. Canada gets much praise for her apples.

28

paw
jaw
straw

awl
shawl
crawl

lawn
dawn
drawn

down
gown
clown

brown
drown
frown

owl
fowl
growl

Make words in —aw with l, c, h, p, r, s, t, cl, sh, dr, cr, th; and in —ow with b, c, h, m, n, r, s, sc, br.

Lucy buys a brown shawl. Worms crawl across the lawn. Dogs howl and growl. Down town I saw a new gown. Use an awl to sew my shoe. The clown may drown there. Puss has four paws with strong claws. The scow was drawn to the mill and sawn. Do not frown or look cross. I hear the fowl at dawn.

29

drew
grew
screw

few
blew
flew

die
lie
tie

cabin
under
before

tiger
boat
sister

father
mother
brother

Put d, h, J, m, n, p, ch, sl, st, with —ew; and b, st, c, th, with —rew. Add —er to work, talk, farm, bank, fish, thresh.

He threw the screws under the cabin. The Jew slew a tiger. The storm blew and the good boat flew. Yet few of her crew were lost. The calf chews straw. I have a father and mother, two brothers and three sisters. Tie your shoe before you lie down. Brew the tea. Is your father a farmer? Henry is a great talker.

30

tree
free
three

feed
weed
bleed

seed
steed
tweed

hitch
buggy
against

sure
began
among

beef
broth
soup

With —ee put b, f, s, w, th, kn. Add —ing to feed, seed, buy, try, work, hear, talk, see, add.

Hitch the steed to the buggy. Buy a tweed coat. He hurt his knee against a tree. It began to bleed. Feed the horse half a peck of oats. Make sure there are no weeds among the seeds. Fetch some beef broth or soup. The blue-bird has a nest with four wee eggs. Are you sure you write and spell well?

31 (Review)

boat
wrist
melon
tweed
quickly

soup
slew
waist
chews
growl

Lucy
shawl
dwelt
swamp
scratch

come
knelt
cabin
Canada
buggy

lion
tiger
sprang
among
against

The lion sprang upon the tiger and quickly slew him. The cabin of the boat was full of melons. Lucy wears a tweed belt about her waist. Dogs growl in the swamp. There comes our buggy. I knelt upon the shawl. He dwelt in Canada. Fetch some soup. I scratch my wrist against a tree. Chew the beef well.

32

eel
heel
wheel

cool
spool
school

after
carpet
summer

made
swells
lemons

jerk
away
chums

Make new words in —eel with f, p, st, kn; in —ool with f, p, t, st. With —eek put m, s, w, ch, sl, cr. Cows cry moo.

See the eel swim after the perch. Our school is kept too cool in summer. Kneel on the thick carpet. Does Henry use a swift wheel? There are seven days in one week. The lump on my heel feels soft. Jerk away the stool. Mamma sent me to buy lemon peel. Our best tools are made of steel. A spool of silk sells for nine cents. Do not try to fool your chums. How sleek our pony looks. It is too cold to swim in the creek.

33

keep
weep
creep

hoop
droop
stoop

pussy
softly
twelve

yarn
hawk
farmers

roof
along
scrub

With —eep put d, p, sh, sl, st, sw. Put —oop with c, l, sc, sl, sw. Add —ing to such of these as you can.

Some boys keep watch over the sheep. I did not sleep till twelve o'clock. Pussy creeps softly to catch the mice. Stoop down and scoop up the pool of water. Please tie a loop in this yarn. Farmers often keep fowl in a coop. Then the hawk cannot swoop down upon them. The roof is too steep. Why do the flowers droop? Scrub the front stoop. Were you weeping just now? Roll your hoop along the road.

34

beet
sweet
street

boot
root
shoot

those
sugar
target

under
train
worth

visit
snow
winter

With —eet put f, m, fl, gr, sh, sl; with —oot put h, t, sc. Put another o in drop, stop, hot, shot, hop; as, —drop, droop.

In some beets there is much sugar. Shoot at a target, not at birds. How much are those boots worth? We sleep under a cool sheet. Meet your aunt at the train and greet her kindly. How many feet have four horses? Snow and sleet come in winter. Owls hoot. John toots on his new horn. The boys scoot down the street. Will you visit us again? The fleet will meet next week. Some roots are sweet.

35

beer
deer
steer

room
bloom
broom

clean
better
young

gone
being
birthday

sun
lily
bigger

Put ch, qu, sn, with —eer; and b, d, l, gl, gr, with —oom. Make new words in —oon with c, l, m, n, s, sp.

A new broom sweeps clean. Sun and water make the lily bloom. Tea is better than beer. Many deer live in Canada. Steers are young oxen. Three cheers for our school. Booms keep logs from being lost. He has gone to groom the pony. Tweed cloth is made in a loom. Is the moon bigger than the sun? What a queer bird the loon is. Uncle gave me a silver spoon on my birthday. Some deer feed on lily roots. Too large or too small.

36

breeze
freeze
sneeze

goose
loose
moose

plump
burst
bottle

search
proof
apron

wrap
north
queen

Make words in —een with k, s, gr, qu; in —oof with h, r, pr. Put ee for oo in tooth, pool, goose, soon, sloop, boot.

The moose scoops away the snow in search of food. Feel how plump that goose is. If the soup freeze it will burst the bottle. Her apron is too loose. Brush your teeth often. Have you seen the queen? Green plants need much water. We feed beets to a calf. The moose has a big hoof. The keen north breeze makes me sneeze. Wrap up the shawl. What proof can you give that he was wrong?

37 (Review)

lily
softly
lemon
sneeze
search

proof
wheel
scoop
worth
queen

wrap
hawk
apron
visit
twelve

pussy
queer
burst
bottle
school

loose
sugar
plump
young
birthday

Is your wheel worth much? Hawks fly in search of young chickens. My brother will be twelve on his next birthday. How softly pussy creeps along. Wrap the lemons in your apron. The queen often visits schools. Where did you buy that queer bottle? That lily is in full bloom. Scoop up the sugar. He threw the trunk and it burst open. What makes you sneeze? Tack down the loose carpet. Plump cheeks. Give proof of being good.

38

beech
speech
screech

sleeve
fleece
cheese

elm
torn
burnt

Francis
touch
swarm

mews
smart
needle

To cr— add ept, ied, ops, oss, ock, awl, ack, ib. Write all the words you can from the letters in 'catching,' 'dreamed.'

Elm and beech trees grew about our school. The sleeve of my coat is torn. Francis burnt his heel; then he began to screech. Do not touch the cheese. The swarm of bees flew into an apple tree. He made a speech about cheese. Let us search for beech nuts. Sew a patch on your sleeve. Where is the needle? We need the fleeces of many sheep. John seems such a smart boy. The gray cat mews.

39

book
shook
brook

wood
hood
stood

lamb
comb
climb

soot
split
barrel

cosy
dinner
Friday

Make new words in —ook with c, h, l, n, r, t, cr. To cl— add am, ap, ock, uck, ub, ing, ip, ean, ear.

John sawed and split the wood. Throw the soot into a barrel. What a cosy nook this is. Can you climb a high beech tree? See the crook in the stick uncle uses. Cook a lamb chop. Men comb wool and flax. I lost two fish hooks in the brook. The lamb cannot climb over that rock. My new hood is made from Scotch wool. Mamma cooks dinner on Friday. She took a look at my story book. He uses a black comb.

40

paid
maid
braid

gain
pain
grain

eleven
thirteen
fifteen

Abel
raise
honest

basin
truth
always

With —ain put C, l, m, r, v, ch, pl, sl, st, br, dr, tr, spr, str. Add —teen to four, six, seven, eight, nine. (Note eighteen.)

I paid eleven cents for braid. If sold for thirteen cents find the gain. Did you sprain your wrist? Yes, and it gives great pain. Abel was slain by his brother Cain. The maid has lain down. Wait till I raise the chest. The grain needs much rain. Strain the soup into a basin. Honest work is not done in vain. Always tell the plain truth. The iron chain has fifteen links. The main thing is not to be afraid of work.

41

fail
jail
snail

air
stair
fairy

clerk
nobody
month

twenty
thirty
forty

July
April
cruel

Make new words in —ail with b, h, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, fl, fr, tr. Add —y to sh, sk, th, fl, sl, sp, st, dr, cr, fr, tr, spr.

A steel rail was loose. The mail train ran off, nobody was hurt. Bail out your sail boat. The snail crawls under the pail. Were you afraid of a fairy? Flails were used to thresh grain. The maid with fair hair fell down stairs. The clerk was sent to jail for twenty days. Uncle is paid forty dollars a month. Fix that frail chair with a strong nail. April has thirty days, July thirty-one. It was cruel to cut off the tail of that dog.

42

died
lied
cried

hoe
foe
toe

chirp
churn
chunk

spill
whey
first

move
David
choose

To ch— add in, ill, aff, ew, ain, est, oose, eese, eck, ick, ore, air, arm, urch. With —ied put t, sh, sp, tr, fr, dr, pr.

The hoe struck his toe and he cried. She tied her apron strings. The colt shied and tried to jump over the fence. The flowers soon died. A chunk of beech wood burns well. Spill the whey from the churn. David killed his foe with a sling. Which do you choose? I spied you first. She fried two lamb chops. We tried to move the buggy. The sun dried my hair. Robins chirp. They pried the boxes open.

43 (Review)

lamb
fleece
basin
barrel
screech

jail
first
fairy
speech
eleven

hoes
chirp
cruel
cheese
combs

touch
month
climb
choose
nineteen

cosy
whey
churn
fried
always

He hoes beets. Lambs always look cosy in fleeces of wool. Eleven and eight are nineteen. Baby will screech if you touch his toes. Cheese is made in the warm months. Choose two combs. Pussy tried to climb into the churn. Throw the basin of whey into the barrel. First tell me a fairy story. He goes to jail for being cruel. Pork chops were fried. Hear the little birds chirp.

44

road
load
toad

boast
coast
toast

scrap
scald
scrawl

drags
ugly
oven

Percy
satin
pencil

Make words in —oan with m, l, gr; in —oak with s, cl, cr. To sc— add ar, arf, ow, owl, at, ud, um, alp, amp, otch, orch.

Percy scrawls with a pencil. The horse drags a great load on a snow road. Do you think a toad ugly? We roast beef in an oven. She scorched her shoes. He likes to coast down steep hills. Toads croak in the spring. Lucy boasts about her satin scarf and cloak. There is a deep scar on his scalp. The hot tea will scald you. He gave me the loan of his knife. The Scotch boy moans and groans. Soak the scraps of toast in water.

45

boat
float
throat

old
sold
scold

crowd
organ
studying

false
dozen
pantry

tongs
jelly
pretty

Put c, g, bl, with —oat; and b, c, f, g, h, t, with —old. Add —ty to six, seven, nine; eight + (t)y.

Tie the scarf about your throat. The boat may not float with such a crowd. We sold our organ for ninety-four dollars. Goats often climb very high. Papa will scold you for not studying. I paid sixty cents for a dozen pencils. Fetch the jelly from the pantry. His uncle died at eighty-two. The iron tongs cost seventy-five cents. Be not bold or false. Lucy wears such a pretty gown. There was too great a crowd.

46

eat
beat
wheat

beam
cream
scream

dumb
crumb
thumb

rich
purse
never

hurl
flask
brisk

Put h, m, n, s, ch, bl, pl, tr, with —eat; and s, t, st, gl, dr, str, with —eam. To gr— add ace, ass, and, ab, ew, ain, asp.

Lions eat raw meat. The beams of the sun make wheat grow. Hear the lambs bleat. Heat turns water into steam. Two horses make a team. What a neat seam you sew. Treat the dumb boy to some cream. Henry screams, for he hurt his thumb. Sweep the crumbs from the seat of the chair. A rich man lost his purse. Never cheat any one. Hurl the flask into the stream. Be brisk at your work. Which team beat?

47

ear
dear
spear

bean
mean
clean

shuns
nurse
rolled

folk
spilt
foolish

worn
army
towels

With —ear put f, h, n, r, t, y, sh, cl, sm. Make new words with —eap and h, l, r, ch. Add y, in, ip, im, iff, ate, to sk—.

The tears rolled clear down his cheeks. We will reap much wheat this year. The nurse shuns foolish folk. He spilt the beans near the door. Were the towels cheap or dear? The army had sharp spears. Does he mean to shear the sheep? My mother is very dear to me. His coat is much worn but clean. Do not smear your chin with candy. Do you fear to leap across that clear stream? It is easy to hurt the ear.

48

beak
weak
speak

bead
lead
plead

coax
party
color

beard
thorn
scratch

hazel
bushes
hungry

Put l, p, sn, bl, str with —eak. Copy high, nigh, sigh, thigh. To str— add ap, ip, ing, uck, ong, eet, etch, eam.

Coax mamma, do not tease her. Aunt is too weak to speak. Glass beads are of many colors. Hear Helen sigh. The barrel leaks. Who leads the party? There are streaks of gray in his beard. Some birds have blunt beaks. A thorn scratched my thigh. The fox sneaks among the hazel bushes. The hungry man pleads for meat. Can you climb that high peak? A bleak road. Please lead us home. Push a chair nigh.

49

each
teach
preach

east
beast
yeast

loaf
curse
Thursday

stroll
taffy
cover

leave
clover
sense

Write words in —each with b, p, r, bl. With —eal put d, h, m, p, s, v, st. Add atch, ub, ew, eam, een, to scr—.

Each loaf is made with yeast. Teach us to weave carpets. We leave on Thursday for the east. A feast of peaches and cream. Good men preach that it is wrong to steal or curse. Each beast was given a meal of raw veal. They stroll along the sea beach. Reach down the taffy. Cover your thumb, it will soon heal. The bells peal for joy. Split open the beans. Copy a clover leaf. He has too much sense to sulk.

Review of the Difficult Words.

about
add
afraid
again
air   5
among
any
apple
April
apron   10
army
aunt
awl
baby
barrel   15
basin
bass
beach
beads
beans   20

beard
beast
beat
bees
beech   25
beef
beets
before
being
better   30
bigger
birch
black
bleed
blew   35
blood
bloom
blue
boast
bottle   40

braid
breeze
broom
brown
buggy   45
bump
burnt
burst
busy
buy   50
buzz
cabin
calf
camel
Canada   55
candy
carpet
catch
cents
chair   60

chalk
cheat
cheeks
cheese
chew   65
chirp
choose
clean
climb
clown   70
clutch
coal
coast
coax
collar   75
color
comb
come
copy
cosy   80

cover
crack
crawl
crazy
cream   85
creek
crept
cried
crowd
cruel   90
crumb
crutch
cuff
dawn
dear   95
deer
died
dinner
dirty
ditch   100

does
dollar
done
door
dozen   105
drawn
drew
drown
dumb
Dutch   110
dwelt
each
easy
eel
eggs   115
eight
eleven
elm
eye
fairy   120

false
fence
fetch
first
five   125
fleeces
flew
float
floor
flowers   130
folk
forty
four
fowl
Francis   135
freeze
front
girl
goats
goose   140

great
growl
hair
half
happy   145
hawk
hazel
heap
hear
heel   150
Helen
Henry
high
hitch
honest   155
hungry
idle
iron
jail
kneel   160

knees
knife
lain
lambs
lawn   165
lazy
leads
lemon
lied
lily   170
lion
little
loaf
loose
lost   175
Lucy
maid
mail
mamma
main   180

many
mean
meat
meet
melon   185
moans
month
moose
move
much   190
needle
never
new
next
ninety   195
nineteen
noise
none
nose
oats   200

odd
off
often
once
one   205
orange
organ
oven
owl
oxen   210
paid
pails
pair
pantry
papa   215
paper
patch
paw
peaches
pears   220

peas
peel
pencil
perch
Percy   225
pinch
please
plump
plums
pony   230
porch
praise
preach
pretty
pried   235
proof
pussy
quick
rabbit
reach   240

road
robin
roof
rye
said   245
sail
sailor
satin
sawed
says   250
scald
scarf
school
Scotch
scratch   255
scrawls
scream
screech
screw
seam   260

search
sense
seven
sew
shawl   265
shied
shoes
shoo
sigh
silver   270
sketch
skiff
skull
sleeve
slept   275
small
smoke
snatch
sneeze
snuff   280

sofa
soften
some
soot
soup   285
speak
spears
speech
split
spoon   290
steals
steam
steel
steer
stiff   295
story
straw
stream
street
stretch   300

stroll
studying
such
sugar
summer   305
sure
swamp
swarm
sweep
sweet   310
swift
switch
table
taffy
talk   315
target
tea
teach
team
tears   320

tease
there
they
thigh
thirteen   325
thrash
three
thresh
threw
throat   330
throw
thumb
thump
tie
tiger   335

toad
toe
too
towels
toy   340
tried
truth
tweed
twelve
twist   345
two
ugly
uses
vain
very   350

waist
wait
walk
warm
watch   355
water
weak
wear
weave
wept   360
were
wheat
wheel
where
whey   365

who
witch
wolf
woods
worm   370
worn
worth
wrap
wrist
write   375
wrong
year
yell
young
your   380

bet
betting
hop
hopping
drop
dropping

rub
rubbing
brag
bragging
blot
blotting

come
coming
have
having
hope
hoping

live
living
use
using
like
liking

STANDARD II.
GRADE 3.

1

ate
plate
slate

face
race
brace

size
huge
burst

quite
angry
meadow

larger
became
strange

With —ate put d, f, g, h, K, l, m, r, sk, gr, cr, pr, st. Write l, p, pl, Gr, tr, sp, with —ace. Add —ing to see, be, free, flee.

Does Grace skate? Place the wood in the grate. Brace up for a race. Keep a space for my school mate. Buy a pair of shoe laces. Little Jack Frog once spied a huge ox in a field. He told what a strange beast he had seen, larger than any frog in the stream. His mother became quite angry. She tried to puff herself out to as great a size. But she only burst and died.

2

bake
shake
drake

game
flame
shame

Nellie
garden
mother's

tulip
dainty
basket

proud
bright
Saturday

Put c, f, l, m, r, s, t, w, fl, sn, sp, st with —ake. Write c, d, f, l, n, s, t, bl with —ame. Add —ful to spoon, hand, care, arm.

Shake the grate and see the flame shoot up. Nellie grows flowers in her garden. Her mother's birthday was on Saturday. Then Nellie picked a basket of bright tulips. These she fixed in a dainty bowl, placed near her mother's seat at table. How pleased her mamma was, and how proud Nellie felt.

3

fade
shade
spade

Jane
pane
plane

age
wage
stage

eager
quiet
kitten

broke
pieces
smooth

With —ade put m, w, bl, gr, tr; with —ane write c, D, l, m, s, cr. Put c, p, r, s with —age. Add —ly to last, great, swift, apt.

He broke a pane of glass. My knife has four blades. Plane off the stage. What wages does Jane get? Two pretty gold fish were happy in a bowl of water. A young kitten spied them, and jumped upon the table. At first she was quiet, and watched them swim about. She was eager to touch one with her paw. She climbed up the smooth side of the bowl. But it rolled off and broke into many pieces.

4

gave
shave
grave

ale
pale
whale

able
fable
stable

Topsy
negro
merry

also
learn
garden

Put c, p, r, s, w, br, cr, sl, st, with —ave. Write b, g, h, m, s, t, sc, st with —ale. Put c, f, g, with —able.

Has a whale scales like fish? There are oak staves in the barrel. The male lion has a mane. Read a fairy tale or fable. A pale face. Pave the stable yard. Buy a stale loaf. Topsy is a jolly negro girl. Her father was once a slave. Now he owns a house and garden. He is able to grow many melons and lemons. Besides he raises some fine fowl. He is hale and merry. Topsy hoes the sugar cane. She learns quickly also.

5

mare
share
square

gaze
blaze
graze

cape
shape
scrape

giant
castle
person

thief
robbed
coming

With —are put b, c, d, f, h, p, r, fl, sc, sn, sp, st. Write d, h, m, cr, gl with —aze. Put t, dr, gr, esc, with —ape.

The mare grazes in the square. As crazy as a March hare. The fare is a dollar. Pare the apples. Scrape the walk bare. See the blaze flare up. Once there lived a huge giant eight feet high. His home was in a strong castle, often hidden by haze. He used to steal lambs, sheep and oxen. The thief spared no person. The farmers he robbed were very angry. But they were scared and tried to escape his coming.

6 (Review)

size
huge
giant
angry
castle

quite
graze
stable
smooth
meadow

eager
negro
quiet
tulip
dainty

thief
pieces
escape
basket
square

bright
proud
coming
person
Saturday

They tried to escape from the giant's castle on Saturday. The angry negro was quite crazy. There were pieces of smooth cloth. The stable is of great size. The thief spied a dainty, square basket. The quiet pony grazes in a huge meadow. Who is that proud person coming along? Eager for some bright tulips.

7

haste
taste
waste

dance
chance
France

alive
begged
return

early
rising
clothes

could
would
should

To tw— add ice, ine, ig, irl, ist, elve, enty. Add —ed to visit, melt, start, hand, scold, load, drift, play, hoot, risk.

Bears prance and dance. They waste little in France. I chanced to glance about. He should make haste. His mother begged Jack not to climb the bean stalk. She said the giant would be sure to know him, and he could never return alive. Jack kept quiet for he would not tell a lie. He put on his old clothes, and stained his face and hands a dark brown color. Rising early one summer day, he said he would try his luck again.

8

fire
spire
quire

sore
chore
swore

Bible
wagon
velvet

jacket
mason
burden

heavy
silent
healing

With —ire put h, m, s, t, w, squ. Write b, c, f, m, t, w, y, sc, sh, sn, st with —ore. Add —er to clear, dark, soon, neat.

A sore throat. A quire of note paper. The fore wheels and hind wheels. An apple core. He does chores after school. He snores very often. He swore on the Bible. The wagon tire broke. Squire Jones wore a velvet jacket. He climbs the church spire. Do you know the base-ball score? He bore a heavy burden. Hire the silent mason. His sore thumb is healing. Twist the wires in the cable. I tore my shoe there.

9

ice
price
twice

file
smile
while

death
mince
clever

laugh
lying
lovely

ropes
plenty
forever

Put m, n, r, v, sl, sp, spl, with —ice; and m, p, t, v, w, with —ile.

Sailors splice ropes. The slice of ice-cream was nice. You may fail twice or thrice, try again. It is worth while to smile or laugh. Lying is a mean vice. The price of a steel file. Put plenty of spice in mince pies.

Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever;

Do lovely things, not dream them, all day long;

And so make Life, and Death, and that Forever,

One grand, sweet song.

10

rove
stove
grove

nose
close
chose

flies
built
calico

lively
poplar
greedy

parent
window
hatched

Write c, d, w, cl, dr, str, with —ove; and h, r, pr, th, with —ose.

She chose a calico gown. Please close the stove door. A drove of sheep. They roved in a shady grove. They wove tweed from wool. He strove to cross the river. A pair of robins built their nest in a poplar tree near my window. There were four blue eggs after two weeks. From those were hatched four lively birds. They opened their mouths very wide, always greedy for food. The two parent birds were kept busy bringing them worms and flies. Young robins have downy coats.

11

blue
glue
cube

cute
mute
flute

cure
pure
rude

money
village
robber

market
walking
tumbled

Write d, h, s, cl, fl, with —ue. Add —e to tub, cub, hug, plum, cur, us. Add —ly to love, false, wise, live, nice, sure, cool.

She wears a blue plume. There is no clue to the cute robber. He sued for wages due. Smoke goes up the flue. Glue the cube. A lively milkmaid was walking to market to sell a pail of cream. This she bore on her head. She would buy eggs with the money, and raise chickens. These would bring high prices at the village. She could buy a new gown. She felt so proud she tossed her head. The pail tumbled down and all was lost.

12 (Review)

score
twice
village
lying
heavy

Bible
lovely
chores
poplar
clothes

cute
mason
wagon
thrice
chance

built
early
could
quire
calico

lively
money
tumble
hatched
window

A village mason built a score of stables. A lovely calico frock. The Bible is lying on the window. His clothes are always too heavy. He was hired to clean the wagon and do chores. He offered twice or thrice the money. The cute ducks were hatched early. Buy a quire of paper. Could you tell a poplar tree? A jug of cream. By chance he tumbled down stairs.

13

loud
cloud
shroud

hour
flour
scour

spider
insect
tadpole

fatter
dipper
friend

appear
become
narrow

A barrel of flour. Scour the dipper. Half an hour. Thou shalt not steal. Clouds in the south shroud the sun. Proud of his friends. The yeast was sour. The toad is dark brown, with a fatter body and shorter legs than the frog. Little warts cover its body. It eats insects, spiders and worms. From its eggs come little black tadpoles. Soon the hind legs appear, then the front ones. The long, narrow tail slowly becomes shorter. So, after some weeks, the tadpoles have turned into toads.

14

pout
spout
sprout

couch
crouch
slouch

quart
quite
quilt

timid
fellow
supper

can't
seeing
careful

With —out put ab, g, r, sh, sc, sn, st, tr. To qu— add ack, ail, een, eer, ill, iet. With —ouse put h, d, l, m, s, gr.

Fetch the quilt to the couch. Timid quails crouch down and keep quiet. Walk quickly, do not slouch. Plants sprout in the spring. Not quite a quart of cream. "Be careful," said a mother trout to her son, "some school boys shout; they come here to fish." "They can't catch me," cried the foolish fellow, "I know their tricks." He swam off in search of supper. Seeing a plump worm twisting about, he snatched it. There was a loud splash, but one trout swam in the brook never again.

15

bound
found
ground

ounce
bounce
flounce

squaw
animal
settlers

ripened
Indians
wigwam

easily
season
between

Write h, m, p, r, s, w with —ound.

Sixteen ounces make a pound. A tiger pounced upon the hound. She wears flounces. Bounce your ball. He wound the clock. The French were the first white settlers in Canada. They found here many Indians. These lived by fishing and the chase. They dressed in the skins of animals which they had killed. Their wigwams were easily moved, and often this was done each season. The squaws tilled the crops. They ground the ripened corn between two stones.

16

light
fight
fright

ought
fought
brought

native
safety
bravely

kettle
candle
tallow

strange
instead
blazing

With —ight put m, n, kn, r, s, t, br, fl, sl.

The Indians were friendly at first, but later they thought it right to fight the French. But these settlers fought bravely. The guns they had brought frightened the natives, who sought safety in flight. The settlers built rude log houses, now a strange sight. Often oiled paper was used for glass. Tallow candles gave light at night. Instead of an iron stove a huge fireplace might be found. Over the bright blazing fire hung iron kettles for cooking.

17

edge
wedge
sledge

judge
budge
grudge

dodge
badge
bridge

cradle
simple
lessons

rattle
paddle
silently

Write h, l, pl, dr with —edge. Put f, n, sm, dr, tr with —udge.

Trudge to the edge of the bridge. Nudge John. He grudges a badge for the judge. We could not budge the wedge. He dodged the sledge. The Indian baby was strapped into a wooden cradle. The children played many games, and had simple toys, dolls and rattles. They had many lessons not found in books. They knew where to find the birds and animals. They could tell their colors and habits. When twelve the boy could build a boat, and paddle swiftly and silently.

18 (Review)

dodge
fright
cradle
crouch
simple

easily
bounce
judges
native
blazing

quilt
ounce
safety
paddle
friend

kettle
animal
season
grudge
insect

candle
tallow
sought
Indian
between

The Indian crouched down and sought to dodge the animal. My friend paddled in safety to the blazing dredge. He grudges even an ounce of sugar. The judge bought a pound of tallow candles. Simple folk are easily frightened. I tumbled the quilts in the cradle. Are there many native insects? Bounce baby on your knee. A quiet season. Between you and me.

19

head
bread
spread

health
wealth
stealth

sweat
threat
breath

solid
travel
mostly

letter
post-office
newspaper

With —ead put d, l, r, dr, st, tr, thr, r—-y, st—-y.

Health is better than wealth. Horses sweat. He read tales by stealth. A steady breath. As heavy as lead. Ready to spread the news. Thread the needle. Does he dread such threats? For many years there were no horses in Canada. Travel was mostly by boat in summer. The solid log houses were built along the rivers. There were no post-offices; letters were sent by friends. Newspapers were not known, books were few. A few schools were kept for white or Indian children.

20

aught
caught
taught

naughty
haughty
daughter

world
heart
every

glory
honor
nation

assist
respect
fortune

I caught the naughty boy and taught him a lesson. His daughter is haughty. Can I do aught to assist you?

To all the world I give my hand;

My heart I give my native land,

I seek her good, her glory;

I honor every nation's name,

Respect their fortune and their fame,

But love the land that bore me.

21

pause
cause
clause

daub
Maud
fraud

haul
fault
vault

piano
garret
comma

bundle
chamber
scrubbed

Add —en to dark, black, fright, sweet, smooth, moist, weak.

Should you pause at every comma? Read the clause again, Laura. A team hauls a load of pianos. He caused Paul to close the vault. The giant was a fraud. Wipe off that daub of paint. Was it Maud's fault? The young daughter washed the dirty dishes and scrubbed the floors. She swept the carpet in my lady's chamber. Her two elder sisters slept in cosy feather beds, while she had some bundles of straw in the garret; yet she bore all without finding fault.

22

bough
plough
lounge

count
fount
mount

coach
stately
ladder

fancy
magic
hurried

meant
pumpkin
Cinderella

Join —ing to daub, mount, plough, hurry, count, scoop, hitch.

Do not lounge at the plough. Count the boughs on the oak. Mount the ladder. A fount or spring of water. Cinderella hurried to the field and brought back a huge pumpkin. She could not fancy what use it was meant for. But the fairy scooped it out, then touched it with her magic wand. At once it became a stately coach, beaming with gold and bright colors. She found four mice caught in the trap. These were changed into stout horses and hitched to the coach.

23

lief
chief
grief

fiddle
riddle
griddle

banjo
until
gruel

polite
amuse
relieve

shinny
visitor
entertain

Write un— with able, safe, just, true, load, fair, learn, tried.

I had as lief have a banjo as a fiddle. Do riddles amuse you? He ate gruel and griddle cakes. Shinny is our chief game. Silent grief is often deep. Always be polite to callers in your home. Should your parents be absent or unable to see the visitors at once, offer them chairs. Stand until they are seated. Try your best to entertain them until some older person relieves you. Then leave the room quietly, closing the door without noise. Be sure to pass behind, not in front of persons.

24 (Review)

chief
coach
fault
fancy
office

banjo
bundle
nation
health
garret

lounge
wealth
relieve
shinny
fiddle

gruel
thread
plough
visitor
hurried

naughty
fortune
chamber
pumpkin
daughter

The count's coach hurried to the office. I know what the visitor sought in the bundle. A fiddle was lying on the garret lounge. Good men are the nation's chief wealth. Plough the pumpkin field. Shinny is healthy sport. It was that naughty boy's fault. His daughter's banjo. I fancy a bowl of gruel. Fetch the thread from my lady's chamber. I ought always to relieve my friends.

25

singe
fringe
ginger

angel
danger
arrange

orphan
orchard
coward

sudden
blunder
thunder

echo
suffer
account

Add —es to sash, bush, porch, march, gas, press; as sash, sashes. Won't means will not; don't, do not; doesn't, does not.

Can't I exchange the blue shawl fringe for a lighter hue? Arrange to have some ginger tea. Read the account of the orphan's sudden rise. She sings like an angel. I suffer from twinges of pain. Won't the hot iron singe the clothes? Yes, there is danger. How the thunder echoes! Don't the cowards cringe with fear? Doesn't Ralph plough the new orchard? By some blunder the fringe is tinged with red.

26

squat
squash
squall

squint
squirt
squirm

turnips
parsnip
parsley

radish
lettuce
rhubarb

sprays
picture
mixture

Add —es to hatch, pass, hero, motto, tax, fix, negro. I've means I have; we've, we have; you'll, you will.

Take a picture of the dog as he squats on the floor. The bright sunlight causes us to squint. You'll soon hear the baby's squalls. The larger squashes grow near the turnips. We've tender lettuce and rhubarb in the garden ready to use. I've sown parsley, radish, and parsnip seed in the pumpkin field. Charles sprays the bushes. He squirts the green mixture over the leaves. We've a rhubarb pie for lunch. Eels squirm like snakes.

27

clench
drench
quench

locket
packet
bucket

scheme
scholar
schooner

captain
certain
curtain

ribbon
bonnet
monkey

Add —es to echo, lash, six, crutch, church, match; as echo, echoes. It's or 'tis means it is; 'twas, it was; they'll, they will.

'Tis the captain of the schooner. 'Twas the crew's fault. My gold locket. It's certain the scheme will cause some fun. A sailor clenched his fist. The scholars hurry home. The rain pours down and they'll be drenched. Quench the burning curtain with a bucket of water. Post the packet of letters. Tie my ribbon. The angry monkey tore the lady's bonnet.

28

Bertha
Julia
Louisa

puddle
huddle
stubble

real
trial
goal

dizzy
puzzle
dazzle

china
facing
closet

Copy,—man, men; woman, women; gentleman, gentlemen; ox, oxen. E'er means ever; o'er, over; ne'er, never.

Bertha lies on the sofa. The baking soda is in a jar in the china closet. A mud puddle. The chubby quail huddle close to each other, facing outward. Western farmers burn their stubble before ploughing. We won both goals. Louisa's coat is real seal. Try the puzzle. Make two trials. Julia is dizzy; there is buzzing in her ears. My eyes are dazzled. The muzzled bear is dancing. E'er be true; ne'er be false to anyone. O'er the hill the sun is setting.

29

urge
charge
George

Noah
Sarah
signed

anvil
forge
shoeing

charcoal
oatmeal
porridge

glowing
bellows
hammer

Copy,—foot, feet; tooth, teeth; goose, geese; mouse, mice; louse, lice; this foot; these feet; that mouse; those mice.

Noah was saved from the flood and stormy billows. Urge on the team. George, the blacksmith, is shoeing the mare. Will he charge much? He lights the forge with charcoal. Hear the bellows roar. Isn't the iron glowing red? Yes, he hammers and shapes the shoes on the anvil. See his tongs and big heavy sledge. We won't grudge the money. Porridge is made from oatmeal. Sarah signed the pledge.

30 (Review)

bonnet
orphan
ribbon
curtain
shoeing

lettuce
squalls
sudden
parsley
George

quench
scheme
monkey
scholar
porridge

echoes
puzzle
coward
radish
captain

'twas
ne'er
you'll
won't
doesn't

The orphan's bonnet has pretty ribbon. I've grown radishes, lettuce, and parsley. A monkey's face. Half a bowl of porridge. Shoeing the ponies. Why doesn't a scholar quench the blaze? 'Twas a coward's scheme. Hear the echoes. The captain told queer tales. Of course I won't. You'll work out the puzzle. So huge a squash on vine ne'er grew. Sudden squalls of wind.

31

rouse
blouse
spouse

quaint
quince
question

circle
cinder
cistern

centre
decent
cement

William
deserve
answer

Write un— with clean, kind, seen, hook, tie, loose, furl. I'd means I would; e'en, even; shan't, shall not.

I'd rouse William. He's sleepy. He calls his wife 'spouse.' He deserves praise. I shan't wear a blue silk blouse. Quinces are somewhat like pears. My niece answers these questions. In the smoke from the coal fire were many cinders. The cistern is eight feet deep. The walls and floor are made of stone and cement. In the centre of the circle are a few quaint but decent folk. Of course, I hear. We told tales.

32

scum
scuttle
scarce

notice
recess
vessel

doctor
excuse
dismiss

view
raisin
furnace

surface
surname
surprise

Write —ful and —less after pain, harm, joy, cheer, help, waste. Copy,—Mr. Hugh Lee lives on New Street. His house is No. 8.

Notice the scum on the surface of the pond. Wait at the creek. It is useless to scold that scamp. There is scarcely a hair on his scalp. The window screens. The furnace room. The coal scuttle. After recess he ate some raisins. Will the teacher excuse a wrong answer? We dismiss at four o'clock. The clear view was a great surprise. What is the doctor's surname?

33

poured
poultry
shoulder

court
mould
smoulder

cider
cipher
recite

senior
junior
period

figure
arrive
pudding

12 m. means noon; a.m., before mid-day; p.m., after mid-day, as 9 a.m., 4 p.m. Sen., Senior; Jun., Junior.

I poured sauce over the pudding. Hugh's daughter is as high as my shoulder. We've a coop for poultry. Birds and fowl moult. By the court-house is a huge boulder. Mould two clay figures. A piece of wood smoulders in the furnace. The senior scholars recite in an hour. They arrive at 9 a.m. The juniors leave at 4 p.m. They dismiss us at 12 m. Make a cipher or naught. Cider is made by crushing apples.

34

vein
skein
weigh

Peter
fever
lever

linen
muslin
chisel

metal
cocoa
coffee

Samuel
tangled
smother

Write —er after play, mow, preach, print, paint, bank, mill, fish, sell. Add —en to short, tight, cheap, slack, thick.

Notice the veins in Peter's wrist. The heavy coat will almost smother baby. Weigh the skein of tangled yarn. Iron is a useful metal. Rev. Daniel Robb will preach on Sunday, 9th inst., at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Samuel Johnson, Jun., was ill of fever. Dr. Brown uses cocoa and coffee. The chisel and the strong lever are made of steel. I spoilt my muslin dress and linen coat.

35

wreath
wretch
wriggle

wring
wrestle
wrinkle

object
subject
earnest

aged
ashore
kindled

drunken
wrapped
blanket

N. stands for North; S., for South; E., for East; W., for West; N.E., North-East; S.W., South-West; St., Street.

A wreath of flowers. The drunken wretch had sunken eyes and a wrinkled brow. I wring clothes. Sleigh bells tinkle. Boys wrestle. Eels wriggle. Learn the object of the busy black ants. Study four subjects. Aren't they in earnest? An Indian, his squaw, and his aged mother crossed the river in a canoe. He tenderly lifted ashore the old woman, wrapped in a blanket. Then he kindled a fire and cooked some food for her.

36 (Review)

blouse
cinder
quince
centre
answer

view
weigh
metal
skein
lever

wrestle
junior
cocoa
wretch
cipher

doctor
question
cistern
smother
earnest

Daniel
wrinkle
period
circle
poultry

Dr. Jolly is visiting an unhappy wretch. A cinder lodged in his eye. Her blouse is wrinkled. Will you wrestle Daniel? He ciphers with the juniors. Answer my question. Weigh the cocoa, John. The centre of the cistern is a circle. A lever is made of metal. Let us view the poultry. Pare the quinces. A skein of yarn. For a short period we almost smothered.

37

berry
cherry
cherries

suit
fruit
juice

nectar
number
bumble

honey
perfume
humming

beauty
quarrel
blossom

In berry, fly, baby, pony, story, city, change y to i and add —es. Use each word; as, One berry. Two berries.

Spring! The berry bushes are clothed in green. The fruit-trees, cherry, apple, pear, and peach, have lovely white and pink suits. They are full of perfume and beauty. Hear the humming sound made by numbers of insects. See the honey-bees, bumble-bees, flies, and wasps. They are feeding on nectar, the sweet juice within the blossoms. Do bees often quarrel?

38

busy
busily
family

owe
tidy
tiny

debt
doubt
waist

owner
sower
earning

tongue
shining
bottom

In busy, easy, lazy, happy, pretty, merry, change y to i and add —ly. Use each word; as, The busy bee. John works busily.

We owe each tidy, busy worker a great debt. A bee tumbles down to the bottom of a flower. Here it reaches with tiny, shining tongue, the clear, sweet nectar. It is busily storing up for its own family, and no doubt earning money for its owner. But it is also doing another and a greater work for us. Without the bee's help we should have few juicy berries, apples, or pears. A sower sows the seed. The pail leaks. A girl's waist.

39

pollen
yellow
gather

drones
spines
inside

cells
peal
fleas

hairy
pocket
slender

rubbed
setting
carried

In easy, lazy, greedy, happy, merry, change y to i and add —er, —est; as, An easy chair. An easier chair. The easiest chair.

In the bee-hive is the comb of six-sided cells, made of wax. Bees gather pollen, the yellow dust on the tiny, slender spines inside the bloom. From this the workers make combs and bee-bread. The queen and the lazy drones have no wax pockets. A bee pushes its head and hairy body into a flower. Pollen clings to it and is carried into another blossom. There it is rubbed off and the setting of fruit is sure. Fleas bite dogs. Bells peal.

40

curly
curve
Arthur

ruin
bruin
bruise

butter
cripple
choking

wound
group
croup

crown
shower
drowsy

In sky, candy, lily, copy, dolly, kitty, change y to i and add —es; as, The sky is blue. The skies are blue.

Arthur is an honest player. He is tired and drowsy. Emma's maid has curly hair. Her eyebrows curve downward. The mail bag. Lilies are fair to see. The maid sighs. Butter will ruin the maid's gown. Bruin has a bruise on his nose and a cruel wound on his body. A group of children watch the wounded bear. A cripple is choking with croup. The sun's warm rays and summer showers will crown the fields with grain.

41

earth
heard
pearls

aim
ail
aid

cousin
country
courage

whistle
thistle
bristle

nestle
glisten
cottage

In spy, party, poppy, pussy, change y to i and add —es; as, Is this a spy? Are these spies? Copy,—A steel pen.

I heard rain patter. A load of earth. Dew-drops glisten like pearls. Aid cousin Anna. Her wrist is bruised. Aim to please. What ails the children? The country air will cure the croup. Scotch thistles have sharp points. Bristles are stiff hairs. Arthur is able to whistle a tune. Have courage; be brave. The humble cottage nestles beside the stately castle. Listen, I heard my cousin whistle.

42 (Review)

ruin
suit
debt
earns

group
cells
busily
curve

juicy
doubt
easily
drowsy

glisten
heard
bruise
pearls

cousin
owner
courage
thistle

Will the moist air ruin Lucy's suit? Does Thomas owe debts for coal? Groups of drowsy children. These young bees work busily making honey-cells. The pears are juicy. Arthur, no doubt, earns money easily. We heard of cousin John's painful bruise. The thistle blossom is light. Wear your necklace of pearls. The owner of the cottage lives at the curve in the road. Courage! my boys, dare to do right. The dew glistens.

43

arrow
hollow
swallow

flown
grown
mown

Stephen
nephew
cotton

crayon
yonder
beyond

staircase
breakfast
beefsteak

In carry, fry, try, cry, dry, copy, change y to i and add —es, —ed; I carry wood. He carries wood. He has carried wood.

Like an arrow from a bow the swallow skimmed the grassy hollow. The larks had flown before the mower had mown the field. Stephen, my nephew, has shown us cotton, grown in the fields. See the chalk or crayon marks on yonder cupboard beyond the staircase. I found some cold beefsteak. After breakfast I slept an hour.

44

Ruth
Susan
Luke

eaten
squeal
squeak

fully
bitten
middle

believe
cabbage
suitable

cases
cocoon
wander

In sheaf, shelf, half, wolf, calf, loaf, thief, change f to v and add —es; as, One leaf, Two leaves. Copy,—Weigh the bee-bread.

Ruth cleans the beans. Luke eats prunes. Mice squeak; pigs squeal. Look at Susan's cabbage plants! A number of leaves have been eaten off. Others have pieces bitten out. I believe this worm lying along the middle of the leaf has done it. Others are climbing the stalk, just the color of the cabbage. These worms, when fully grown, will wander away. In some suitable place they will cover themselves with little cocoons.

45

silken
girdle
almost

dreary
weaving
creature

higher
flight
unlike

potted
flitting
sipping

basking
sunshine
spinning

In beauty, pity, mercy, fancy, change y to i and add —ful. In lazy, greedy, happy, pretty, change y to i and add —ness.

All the long, dreary winter the green worm sleeps in its silken cocoon. This robe or girdle is made from its own spinning and weaving. Later on, a beautiful white butterfly will appear. This lovely creature with black-spotted wings is quite unlike the worm. Soon it will be flitting about among the blossoms. It is almost always sipping nectar and basking in the sunshine. It does not make higher flights.

46

Ralph
Joseph
Philip

sleigh
weight
neighbor

couple
double
trouble

parcel
cancel
celery

attic
music
public

In make, shine, have, tumble, store, close, curve, pile, drop e and add —ing; as, Make bread. Are you making bread?

Joseph is taking the trouble to pick us a couple of pecks of nice pears. Double as many, or four pecks, is a whole bushel. Philip weighs parcels of sugar. Cancel my order for raisins. I'm giving full weight. Ralph is busy driving the sleigh. Wrap up some celery for our neighbor's son. He studies music in the public school. Our house has a higher attic. Horses neigh.

47

writing
written
scribble

pupil
stupid
student

niece
pierce
fierce

shield
priest
shriek

pawn
fawn
yawn

In take, drive, choke, weave, cure, please, bruise, clothe, drop e and add —ing; as, He is taking a walk. Copy,—The sun's rays.

This student's writing is a mere scribble. Have the scholars written their spelling? The pupils yawn. They feel sleepy and stupid. Shield the little, spotted fawn. The fawn's mother is called a doe. Ella, my niece, gave a piercing shriek. A fierce dog sprang at the doe. Don't pawn your watch. The Indian chiefs believed the priest's words.

48 (Review)

nephew
swallow
believe
breakfast
currants

sheaves
thieves
stupid
courage
cabbage

Philip
chiefly
beauty
spotted
creature

Stephen
pierce
weight
couple
raisins

celery
written
parcel
squeak
shriek

My nephew ate no breakfast. Stephen swallows the cabbage too hastily. See the beautiful sheaves of wheat. Notice chiefly their hue and weight. Thieves often lack courage. Shrieks pierce the air. Send some celery and a couple of parcels of raisins and currants. The doe and spotted fawn are not stupid creatures. Philip has written to our nephew. New shoes squeak.

Review of the Difficult Words.

able
aged
almost
angel
angry   5
animal
answer
appear
arrive
arrow   10
Arthur
assist
attic
aught
badge   15
banjo
beauty
believe
berries
Bertha   20

between
beyond
billow
blanket
blazing   25
blossom
blouse
bonnet
bottom
bough   30
bounce
breath
bridge
bright
brought   35
bruise
bucket
built
bumble
bundle   40

burst
busily
bustle
cabbage
calico   45
candle
captain
carried
castle
caught   50
cause
celery
cells
cement
centre   55
certain
chamber
charcoal
cheerful
chief   60

chisel
chore
chose
cider
cinder   65
cipher
circle
cistern
cities
clause   70
clench
closet
clothes
cocoa
cocoon   75
coffee
comma
easier
cottage
cotton   80

country
couple
courage
court
coward   85
crayon
crouch
croup
cube
curtain   90
cute
dainty
Daniel
daub
dazzle   95
death
debt
dizzy
doctor
dodge   100

doesn't
double
dreary
drench
drowsy   105
eager
earnest
early
earth
easily   110
echo
edge
every
excuse
facing   115
family
fancy
fault
fawn
fellow   120

fever
fiddle
fierce
figure
fleas   125
flight
flute
forge
fought
fraud   130
friend
fright
fringe
furnace
fruit   135
garret
gather
George
giant
ginger   140

girdle
glisten
glue
goal
graze   145
grief
grieves
group
grown
grudge   150
gruel
halves
haughty
haul
health   155
heard
heart
heavy
hollow
honor   160

hour
huddle
hurried
Indian
insect   165
instead
judge
juice
junior
kettle   170
kindle
laugh
lesson
lever
lief   175
Louisa
lounge
magic
mason
metal   180

meadow
meant
mince
money
mould   185
monkey
mower
mown
music
nation   190
native
naughty
nectar
neighbor
nephew   195
niece
notice
oatmeal
object
office   200

orphan
ought
ounce
paddle
parcel   205
parsley
pause
pearls
period
Philip   210
piano
pictures
pieces
pierce
pitiful   215
plough
polite
pollen
poplar
poultry   220

poured
priest
public
pumpkin
puzzle   225
quaint
quench
question
quiet
quince   230
quire
raisins
Ralph
recess
recite   235
relieve
rhubarb
ribbon
riddle
robber   240

rouse
ruin
Sarah
scarce
scuttle   245
scheme
scholar
scour
scrape
season   250
senior
servant
settler
shoulder
shriek   255
shroud
signed
silent
simple
singe   260

skein
sledge
sleigh
smother
slouch   265
spied
spouse
squall
squash
squeak   270
squint
squirm
steak
stealth
stubble   275
student
subject
surface
swallow
suits   280

swore
tallow
taught
thief
thistle   285
threat
tiny
tongue
trouble
tulip   290
twice
unfurl
unloose
until
urge   295
vault
vein
village
visitor
view   300

waist
waste
wealth
weaving
wedge   305
weight
whistle
William
world
wound   310
wrapped
wreath
wrestle
wretch
wriggle   315
wring
writing
written
yawn
yellow   320

STANDARD III. Junior.
GRADE 4.

1

guide
guard
guess

lose
whose
bosom

prove
worse
worry

worthy
worship
worsted

beggar
ragged
stagger

Add —er to fat, red, in, rob, up, hot, wet; as, fatter. Notice the single vowel and the single consonant at the end of each word.

Guide the ragged beggar up the garret stair. He staggers. Whose bundle of clothes is here? I cannot guess. Fierce dogs guard the fruit. Fasten the bosom of your blouse. Did you lose any money? Don't worry. The trouble might have proved worse. Dr. Lee wears a suit of worsted. We worship the one living and true God. He is worthy of all praise.

2

cedar
cellar
cigar

crocus
cleanse
custom

mayor
mirror
parlor

sponge
shovel
gloves

circus
govern
common

Add —ed, —ing to shop, grin, stir, skip, chat, strap, sun, grip, mop; as, shopped, shopping.

The deep cellar has a cedar floor. Don't smoke cigars; the custom is too common. The crocus is in bloom. A circus with a wild beast show is coming here. The mayor governs the city. He has a dozen beautiful doves. They hover round our cottage. The mirror in the parlor is of plate glass. Shovel out the earth. Wear no gloves. Cleanse your hands with a sponge.

3

auger
August
autumn

saucer
sausage
laundry

author
caution
auction

limbs
yield
bored

scarlet
harvest
crimson

Write in full: Sun., Mon., Th., Fri., Sat.; as, Sunday. Aug., August; Sept., September; Oct., October; Nov., November.

August and harvest have passed. October and autumn are here. The leaves are scarlet, crimson, and yellow. Soon they will carpet the ground, leaving the limbs and branches bare. The birds have flown south. The fields now yield them no food. Who is the author of the book? My linen is in the laundry. I bored holes with the auger. Cover the fried sausage with a saucer. Buy with caution at the auction sale.

4

sorrow
borrow
furrow

feather
weather
leather

tough
rough
enough

detain
obtain
remain

people
squirrel
sparrow

With —low put fel, mel, yel, wil, pil, fol, hol, tal, mal; as, fellow. Write other words in —low, —row, —dow; as widow.

The sparrow, woodpecker, and chickadee remain. But few others of the feathered people can obtain enough to eat. The squirrels are busy hiding away food in their narrow houses for the rough winter weather. They pick to pieces the tough pine cones to obtain the seeds between the scales. Borrow a neighbor's wheelbarrow. Plough deeper furrows to-morrow. Our leather shoes. The widow's sorrow. I'll not detain you long.

5

ferns
herbs
verse

wonder
perfect
pattern

observe
servant
pleasant

merchant
January
February

curious
furious
serious

Dec. means December; Jan., January; Feb., February; Mar., March; Apr., April. Spring begins Mar. 21; Autumn, Sept. 21.

Winter! It is cloudy but pleasant weather. Snowflakes are quietly falling. Observe the curious patterns. The wind often breaks their frail points. Snow forms a perfect covering for the herbs and ferns. The furious storm did serious damage. The servants were filled with wonder. Merchants buy and sell. January and February are cold months. Recite your verses on New Year's Day.

6 (Review)

limbs
yield
herbs
whose
worry

sponge
cigar
circus
mirror
enough

guess
serious
people
beggar
furrow

saucer
perfect
between
weather
autumn

auction
worsted
squirrel
pleasant
February

Boughs are strong limbs. Don't yield to worry. Govern your temper. I guessed whose circus he saw. Sponge off the cigar ashes from the mirror. He ploughs an almost perfect furrow. Great swamps lie between us. The beggar looks serious. The saucy squirrel eats from a saucer. Autumn weather is pleasant enough. Our people will auction worsted goods in February.

7

Daisy
dairy
mainly

rainbow
railroad
sailboat

wired
pores
fibres

toward
mustard
custard

explain
contain
breathing

Add —ing to ask, add, farm, sell, print, chirp, shirk, whirl; as, asking. Notice the two consonants at the end.

The "Daily News" praised Daisy's courage. In the dairy we make butter mainly. Hail the sailboat. See the arched rainbow toward the south. The railroad fences are wired. Explain why mustard seed is ground. I've a pailful of bait and two custard pies. The tired oxen were nearly mired. The surface of a leaf contains small pores for breathing. In the stalk are tough fibres or threads.

8

palm
balm
calm

gnat
gnaw
bathe

capsize
allowed
drowned

canoe
beaver
healing

borne
divide
purpose

Add —ing to oil, bowl, seal, suit, cloud, aim, cook, boat; as, oil, oiling. Notice the two vowels before the last consonant.

Healing balm will cure the sores in the palm of your hand. We'll bathe in the calm lake. My boat floats. Are we allowed to paddle canoes? We might capsize and be drowned. The air is full of gnats and flies. Beavers gnaw down trees and build storehouses. Trees have boughs with leaves borne on the twigs. Hidden in the earth are the roots, which divide into rootlets. Their main purpose is to obtain food from the soil.

9

icy
icing
icicle

argue
value
avenue

eaves
except
through

alarms
annual
beneath

reckon
timber
lumber

To set, skim, spot, hum, sip, snap, plug, add —ing; as, setting. To pat, dip, spin, blot, chop, skip, drum, add —er; as, patter.

Coasting down icy hills alarms me. Icicles hang from the eaves. Spread icing over the cake. Oak is of great value. We wheel on the avenue. We argued for and against it. Trunks of trees never grow higher except through cutting off some lower boughs. New growth is added just beneath the inner bark. Woodcutters observe these annual rings and reckon the tree's age. Timber and lumber are scarce and dear.

10

saddle
peddle
meddle

reels
beetle
steeple

syrup
maple
purple

spruce
balsam
walnut

molasses
Tuesday
Wednesday

Add —ed, —ing to camp, dress, scald, lunch, track, clinch, thank, plough; as, camped, camping. Tues., Tuesday; Wed., Wednesday.

Don't meddle with pony's saddle and bridle. Peddle ice. The beetle has curious wings. He prizes the flowers. The church steeple is ninety feet high. The maple, beech, birch, alder, poplar, and walnut lose their purple leaves every autumn. The pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and balsam remain green. The sap of the sugar maple, when boiled, yields syrup or molasses. Tuesday and Wednesday, the third and fourth of February.

11

knit
knot
knob

knack
knock
knuckle

tempt
prompt
glimpse

whittle
prattle
bubbles

coarse
hoarse
uproar

Add —ed and —ing to groan, cheer, fear, aim, spoil, thread, seat, pout, fool; as, groaned, groaning.

The knave has the knack of knitting quickly. The old knight kneels. Cut the knot with a knife. He knocked the door knob with his knuckle. Be prompt to do your duty. Tempt no one. We caught a glimpse of a vessel afloat. The captain had coarse clothes and a hoarse voice. Indians whittle. Hear the uproar. Babies prattle. We blew soap bubbles on Wednesday.

12 (Review)

knit
calm
bathe
gnaw

tempt
borne
fibres
pores

argue
syrup
divide
walnut

purple
icicle
balsam
peddle

hoarse
knuckle
glimpse
Tuesday

I knit mitts. A walnut tree. Calm music quiets us. He argues in a hoarse voice. We purpose using boughs of spruce and balsam for fires. The dog gnaws the bone. He ate fibres of lean beef. Peddle maple syrup. A purple ribbon tempts me to buy. We had a glimpse through a glass of the pores of the skin. The long icicle was borne away. The boys skinned their knuckles wiring stove pipes. Bathe my sore heel.

13

berth
stern
asters

offer
differ
suffer

lawyer
lantern
iceberg

vowel
trowel
empire

suppose
support
British

Add —ing to hug, split, clap, flap, flag, wed, span, slam, jar, whir, whet; as, hugging, splitting.

Arrange the asters in vases. They differ in color. I prefer a berth in the stern of the vessel. Icebergs float on the sea. Support the tired mason. Does he suffer pain? I suppose he dropped his trowel. Offer him a lantern. Uncle is a lawyer. The puppy tears the towel. Name five vowels. Potters mould clay. Canada is the largest country in America. In size it is one-third of the whole British Empire.

14

flirt
shirk
mirth

stirred
twirled
thirsty

angle
jingle
spangle

ankle
twinkle
sprinkle

pigeon
dungeon
luncheon

Add —ed to stun, scrub, trip, brag, trim, tar, rip, club, fan, crop, spur, knit; as, stunned. Copy,—Scotland, Scotch.

The first of July is Canada's birthday. The flirt shirks duty. Mirth is fun. I stirred a pailful of iced lemonade. I twirled about. The pigeons bathe. Spangles glitter. Silver coins jingle. Stars twinkle. Sprinkle roses. Luncheon is ready. We're hungry and thirsty. An ugly dungeon. I sprained my ankle. An angle of the road. Great Britain is the greatest empire in the world. 'Britons never shall be slaves.'

15

Turk
turf
lurch

murmur
turban
disturb

scuffle
muffler
shuffle

musket
muzzle
union

totter
mutter
stutter

Add —ed, —ing to cheat, chat; root, rot; stoop, stop; chain, hem; as, cheated, chatted; cheating, chatting.

Turks are often cruel and savage. The creek murmurs under the grassy turf. The boat lurched. Don't disturb the woman wearing the turban. Boys scuffle. Take off your wool muffler. He stutters. Play a game of authors. Shuffle the cards. The bridge totters. "Load the musket," he muttered. A fierce dog wears a muzzle. One-fourth of the land surface of the globe flies the Union Jack.

16

Adam
human
album

capital
several
sentence

enemy
annoy
employ

enjoy
royal
loyal

oysters
destroy
victory

Add —ing, —ed to lock, blot; twist, fit; risk, dip; drift, ship; as, locking, blotting; locked, blotted. Copy,—England, English.

Madam's album contains several fine pictures. Do you enjoy eating oysters? Enemies annoy me. Begin each sentence with a capital. Satan is the enemy of the human race. He tempted Adam and Eve. 'Alfred the Great' is a royal name. He was King of England many hundred years ago; he taught his loyal people to read and write. The Danes destroyed the English villages. The king offered battle and won a great victory.

17

plaid
plait
hotel

twelfth
welcome
welfare

level
nickel
flannel

ague
fulfil
skilful

shepherd
sandwich
handsome

Add —ed, —ing to sup, sob, wag, bag, wet, step, hum, spur.

A plain is a level stretch or tract of land. Braid your hair into a plait. A Scotch plaid is a shawl or scarf woven in different colors. The twelfth month. Skilful doctors differ. Muffle your throat with flannel. At the hotel we bought a sandwich and coffee for a nickel. Welcome the handsome shepherd. Look after his welfare. Fulfil my wishes. I have fever and ague.

18 (Review)

union
fulfil
angle
ague
plaid

oyster
scuffle
loyal
twirl
ankle

human
jingle
trowel
pigeon
enemy

lawyer
flannel
thirsty
welfare
several

skilful
dungeon
shepherd
luncheon
sandwich

The skilful shepherd suffers from ague. He wears flannel and a plaid. The lawyer's ankles ached. We are loyal to the Union Jack. Several thirsty boys. A sharp angle. Oyster soup. Wait until luncheon for sandwiches. Twirl your thumbs. Sleigh bells jingle. A mason's trowel. Pigeons coo. Fulfil your promise. Satan disturbs human beings. He destroys the welfare of families. The king's enemy suffered in a dungeon.

19

roam
loam
foamy

whoa
hoard
soaring

gallop
gallon
dreamt

dealt
wharf
dwarf

measure
pleasure
treasure

Join all— to so, most, ways, though, ready, one, mighty; as, also. Notice that 'all' drops one l. Copy,—Ireland, Irish.

The dwarf roams through the country for pleasure. He measures forty inches high. He dealt in teas. The boats are by the wharf. The ponies gallop. Shout, Whoa! The roan's mouth is foaming. The hawk is soaring higher. I dreamt of hoarding up treasures. A soil of sandy loam. I meant one gallon or four quarts. London in England is the greatest city in the world.

20

crease
greasy
ceased

jewel
gravel
anthem

collect
correct
connect

grizzly
bargain
fountain

inquire
request
butcher

Add —ish to blue, white, purple, self, girl, boy; as, bluish.

The butcher's gloves are greasy. His clothes are creased. My knitting unravels. What a clean gravel road! Correct this sentence. Collect their debts. Connect the two pieces. Elect a chairman. She offers her jewels at a bargain. The fountain has ceased flowing. Inquire the reason. In the Rocky Mountains there are giant cedars. In my travels there I saw grizzly bears. At the Mayor's request, we sang the National Anthem.

21

medal
final
bridal

veil
heir
rein

throne
peace
dying

potato
tomato
buffalo

tannery
nursery
creamery

Add —y to gust, glass, cream, frost, curl, show; as, gusty. Add —ery to shrub, pot, slip, rob, pig, tan; as, tannery.

Canada is at peace with all nations. Our creamery butter won the gold medal. The final match to-day. A horse's rein. The bride wears a bridal veil. Edward, Prince of Wales, is heir to the throne. Nursery tales may be bought for a quarter of a dollar. A loamy soil suits potatoes. The tomatoes are smooth. The buffaloes are dying of thirst. Leather is made in a tannery.

22

quill
quiver
quartz

waltz
knead
dough

Esther
sword
soldier

temper
temple
granite

expect
attract
factory

Add —y to ease, breeze, slime, bone, rose, stone, smoke, shine, haste, mire, wire; as, breezy. Notice the final e is dropped.

A leaf quivers. Old Gray's mane. I rapped loudly. Find my quill pen. Esther kneads the flour and yeast into dough for bread. The soldier's sword and shield attract us. We expect the Captain to invite us. Our factory is on the island. Play a waltz. He struck me on the temple. I knew his ill-temper. There is quartz in granite rocks. The male bird led the geese.

23

button
mutton
glutton

pistol
morsel
nostril

razor
rascal
pedlar

nibble
babble
gabble

accept
offend
defend

Add —y to mud, fur, slop; and —ish to red, hog, thin; as, muddy; reddish. Notice the final consonant is doubled.

Pardon my firing off the pistol. Gluttons eat too much. The pedlar sells buttons. An ill-bred rascal. Is it veal or mutton? He offended me. His nostrils bleed. Punish wrongdoers. Defend your country. Accept these red peppers. The razor is steel. Geese gabble. Chub nibble at the bait. Don't babble so much. Ontario stretches farther south than France. The king's throne.

24 (Review)

heir
peace
sword
veil
dough

waltz
knead
dwarf
jewel
dying

pistol
attract
island
ceased
quiver

accept
rascal
gallon
request
bargain

soldier
buffalo
pleasure
fountain
creamery

"Peace on earth" the angel said. Cease waltzing. Soldiers wear pistols and swords. Knead the dough. A gallon of syrup. A tied veil. The fountain is near the creamery. I accept the buffalo robe with pleasure. A hare's nostrils. A rascal attracts notice. A bargain in jewels. Morsels of bread. A dying lawyer's request. The dwarf is heir to the island. Poplar leaves quiver.

25

prison
poison
sermon

equal
brutal
usual

heaven
forehead
threaten

comfort
compass
company

valise
sardine
machine

Add —en to lead, wax, flax, birch, wood, earth, wheat, oat, ash; as, leaden. Copy,—A pale maid kneads dough for bread.

Prisons and jails have few comforts. The bottle contains poison. Brutal deeds. Equal in size. The preacher's forehead was high. He spoke of heaven. As usual, the sermon was brief. Is your company coming? Fetch my leather valise. I value my sewing-machine. The needle of the compass points to the North Pole. December's skies threaten hail. The mounted police. A dreary season. The polar seas. A box of sardines.

26

rogue
plague
fatigue

pastor
favor
humor

ghost
yolk
balky

bullet
pulley
pulpit

rifle
warble
walrus

Place un— before do, lock, dress, veil, seat, fold, hinge, twine, clasp; as undo. Copy,—On the road are boughs and knotty wood.

The rogue is tricky but good-humored. He requests a favor, a loan of a hickory stick. Thieves plague us. The rope passes through the pulley. The pastor of the church is fatigued. His pulpit is of carved walnut. The mules were balky. Rifle bullets are of lead. A ghost story. Eat the yolks of eggs. Birds warble. An Eskimo dresses in furs of the seal, walrus, or white bear.

27

onion
million
opinion

error
errand
harbor

ivory
history
horrid

Olive
parasol
seldom

region
fashion
cushion

Put dis— before like, please, grace, place, cover, agree, lodge, obey, appear; as dislike. Copy,—The sewing girl sews a seam.

Millions of onions are grown in light soil. Olive seldom offers an opinion on any question. She makes few errors. I go on errands. Touch lightly the white ivory keys. Your parasol is quite in fashion. The cushion is lying on the lounge. Several steamboats made the harbor. Do you read history? That horrid wretch. The Eskimo dwell in the frozen regions. Their reindeer live on moss.

28

donkey
jockey
volley

alley
chimney
turkey

turtle
curdle
current

nettle
brittle
tattle

hostler
hustled
freckled

Add —s to day, play, key, turkey, jay, monkey, boy, joy, alley, toy, way; as, days. Notice the vowel before y.

Two jockeys rode the prize donkeys. Fire two volleys up the valley. I lent four dozen alleys. Chimneys are built of brick and mortar. Turkeys are dear. He sees a turtle caught. The current of the river is rapid. The milk curdles. The crowd hustled the thief along. A freckled face. Nettles scratched his palms. A hostler stayed at our hotel. Don't tattle. Hickory is not brittle wood. Goats graze in the lane.

29

journey
nourish
flourish

carrot
beckon
buckle

baggage
engine
endure

civil
citron
citizen

belief
mischief
kerchief

Add —ful (full) to fear, harm, trust, shame, truth, fright, grace; as, fearful. Copy,—A well-bred youth won the medal.

Boiled carrots nourish calves. Reckon the cost of your journey. Palm trees flourish in the south. Buckle my straps. Our friends beckon to us. The baggage is checked. I build steam-engines. I can't endure liars. This soldier prays every day. He is civil and polite to the citizens. Do no mischief. It is my belief that the thief carried off the citron in his handkerchief.

30 (Review)

belief
usual
ivory
valise
alley

ghost
onion
guest
equal
citizen

sermon
fatigue
poison
seldom
plague

heaven
parasol
engine
compass
current

machine
journey
opinion
chimney
mischief

She carries a parasol. Poisons usually kill. The heavens are the higher regions. A muddy stream seldom has a strong current. Our guest's valise. An ivory-handled knife. Sermons on our belief. A narrow alley. Long journeys fatigue me. A knitting machine. A sailor's compass. The hostler plagues me. His good-humor and mischief amuse the citizens. A toy engine. My friend grows onions and citrons. Be civil children.

31

parrot
ballot
balloon

ascend
descend
lecture

erect
direct
expect

tassel
stirrup
rescue

pursue
avenue
continue

Add —less to law, sleep, cease, leaf, shoe, smoke, dust, cloud.

The parrot says "Pretty Polly." Vote by ballot. We ascend in a balloon. The guide directs us. We intend to descend in half an hour. Stand erect. He expects to lecture. My cushions have tassels. The saddle has stirrups. Hounds pursue the hare. A team of balky ponies on our avenue drew a crowd of people. Continue to improve. Rescue us from being drowned. Jacob and Esau were the sons of Isaac. Rachel was Joseph's mother.

32

awful
awkward
awning

grumble
thimble
ramble

oblige
refuge
college

package
passage
message

choir
chorus
anchor

Add —en to wide, white, like, straight, bright, broad, light; as, widen. Copy,—I need a whole bundle of tracts here.

An awful example. We sought refuge in a narrow passage, under an awning. The package is awkward to carry. Oblige me by taking this message. The student rambles about the college grounds. Esther grumbles over her sewing. Her thimble is too large. I'll sing the low bass notes. Join in the chorus. The ship's anchor is heavy. The value of Canada's wheat, cheese, and cattle increases rapidly each year.

33

myth
hymn
lynx

Egypt
gypsy
system

mimic
comic
frolic

antic
picnic
cambric

violet
violin
violent

Add —er to bake, bathe, bite, write, smoke, vote, poke; as, baker. Copy,—Ring the bells. The church bell tolled slowly.

Myths are strange stories. The lynx is a cousin of the tiger. Sing hymns, not comic songs. The parrot mimics my voice. The black-eyed gypsy tells fortunes cleverly. Play the violin gently not violently. Smell the odor of violets. What system of writing are you taught? Watch the antics of the young bears as they frolic in their den. A cambric handkerchief was tied in knots at the picnic.

34

type
style
rhyme

ceiling
receive
deceive

either
neither
column

gospel
gossip
gosling

tomb
ostrich
purchase

Put —'s after turkey, donkey, company, army, fly; as, The fly's wing. Copy,—A steel knife. The brakes creak.

Purchase the nursery rhymes printed in large type. Either style will suit. Gossips tattle idly. The ceiling is high. I received neither the ribbon nor the ostrich feather. Doesn't he deceive you? Add the column of figures. A gosling is a young goose. 'Gospel' means good news. Richard, the Lion Heart, was a brave knight. He fought the Turks in the Holy Land to rescue from them the sacred tomb of our Lord.

35

idea
eagle
measles

total
profit
secret

ocean
voyage
truant

prosper
whisper
whisker

Canadian
guardian
Christian

Add —er to cut, dig, chop, chat; as, cutter. Add —y to knot, fat, sun, star, spot, wit; as, knotty. Copy,—Hurrah for Santa Claus and Christmas! The doe's fawn. New Year's Eve.

Eagles are birds of prey. I have an idea that the children have measles. The beaver is a Canadian emblem. Kittens have whiskers. The truant whispers a secret to his guardian. Many merchants prosper. Their total profits increase. Our forefathers came from Christian countries. Their ocean voyage required several weeks.

36 (Review)

idea
gypsy
type
picnic
hymn

rescue
tassel
ceiling
ascend
parrot

chorus
oblige
awful
anchor
college

secret
violet
truant
rhyme
violin

frolic
total
eagle
ocean
column

A gypsy's idea. We need faith and courage. The hymns, rhymes, and choruses are in small type. Lambs frolic. Rescue the bitten parrot. The descent was awful. The ocean steamer is a total wreck. Oblige me by singing a college song at the picnic. The truant watches the eagle. Our secret thoughts. The columns ascend to the ceiling of the tomb. My parasol has a violet tassel. We received a message to weigh anchor.

37

jostle
bustle
gristle

chatter
shatter
shutter

gamble
nimble
rumble

release
increase
decrease

salad
salary
banana

Add —ish to snap, style; fat, rogue; pet, slave; red, ape; hog, blue; as, snappish, stylish. Copy,—Don't stare at the nun's veil.

The pupils wrestle and jostle each other. Try the lettuce salad. He bustles off to close the shutters. There is gristle in the beefsteak. Will the price of bananas increase or decrease? Monkeys chatter. Their fingers are active and nimble. Heavy wagons rumble along the road. Does thunder shatter window-panes? Release the prisoner. He moans and groans. He loses money by gambling. The honest youth wears stylish clothes. His salary is paid weekly.

38

deny
reply
supply

chequers
chestnut
chipmunk

burly
furled
sturdy

occur
fluid
bacon

process
success
subtract

Add —ing, —es, —ed, to pity, copy, deny, reply, study, supply; as, pitying, pities, pitied. Copy,—A baby's shoe.

A burly butcher supplies our bacon. Can you subtract? I'll explain the process. The sturdy boy denies throwing chestnut burs. It often occurs. I'm chuckling over my success at chequers. Please reply by next mail. Beef teas are fluid. The chipmunk has stripes on its back and pouches in its cheeks. He unfurled the Union Jack. Busy until recess.

39

copper
cobbler
toddler

tingle
mingle
shingle

jangle
wrangle
bungled

scorn
scoff
scowl

address
express
possess

Add —ing, —es, —ed, to spy, pry, bury, marry, hurry, worry; as, spying, spies, spied. Copy,—Our family's name.

Don't linger any longer. My fingers tingle with cold. Wait for the wee toddler. The maid's proud gait. Men jangle and wrangle over such trifles. Value this bungled piece of work. Two foul creeks mingle. Shingle the roof. The copper kettle. The cobbler sews shoes. He should scorn to beg. Don't scoff, or scowl at beggars. Doesn't he possess great wealth? Send the parcel by express to my address.

40

novel
hovel
panel

rocket
bucket
bracket

slipper
blister
distress

perfect
permit
perform

repeat
defeat
retreat

Add —ing, —s, —d, to die, tie, lie, hie, as dying, dies, died. Copy,—The enemy's camp. A lady's veil.

In these hovels the women are almost always reading novels. Paint a perfect panel. The rockets ascend and burst. An oaken bucket or pail. Fasten the bracket with a nail. A pair of leather slippers. Blisters may cause much distress. Permit me to repeat the tale. Perform gracefully. Their army suffered defeat. Many soldiers perished in the retreat.

41

alter
halter
reward

squad
squib
esquire

tether
whether
together

insult
result
sultry

dictate
imitate
separate

Add —ing, —s, —ed to pay, say, lay; as, paying, pays, paid; and —ly, to gay, day, as gaily. Copy,—He sees leeks in the lane.

Alter the figures. What is the result? What reward does Thomas Johns, Esquire, offer? See the squads of soldiers drilling. Don't insult our friends. Make a squib of this firecracker. A sultry Tuesday. Tie this rope to the horse's halter. Tether him to the stake. Imitate Paul's groan. Dictate loudly. I don't know whether they board together or in separate cottages.

42 (Review)

chatter
gamble
dictate
rumble
gristle

reply
occur
salad
bacon
fluid

linger
scowl
jangle
cobble
novel

banana
possess
defeat
esquire
wrangle

whether
increase
subtract
success
separate

My teeth chatter. A dog chews tough gristly meat. Have some bacon or salad. It won't occur again. A train rumbled past. Try a banana. Fluids flow easily. Choose a novel. Subtract ninety. Squire Hughes lingers a moment. The cobblers separate. The miners jangle and wrangle as they gamble. One chuckles, the other scowls. Increase the learning you now possess. Sometimes defeat has led to success.

43

engage
carriage
marriage

serge
gauze
sieve

whoop
giggle
wiggle

aisle
brake
script

trustee
prosper
tobacco

Copy,—due, duly; true, truly; whole, wholly.

The trustees have engaged a teacher. The carriage has a brake to check its speed. Don't crowd in the aisle of the church to see the marriage. May they prosper. Boys whoop. Girls giggle. Read the words in script. Make screens of thin gauze. Use a coarse sieve. Your serge suit smells of tobacco. Eels squirm and wiggle. Yours truly. Duly paid. Wholly evil.

44

abuse
accuse
refuse

funeral
murder
further

bury
coffin
hearse

edging
stingy
bleach

elegant
elephant
alphabet

Never abuse dumb animals. We accused him of stealing. He refused to talk further about the murder. Bury the dead. A plain coffin. The black hearse. Tying his shoe. The edging is torn. A stingy quart. The cotton is bleached. The elephant's figure is not elegant or graceful. Repeat the whole alphabet.

Dare to do right! Dare to be true!

The failings of others can never save you;

Stand by your duty, your honour, your faith,

Stand like a hero and battle till death.—Wilson.

45

cough
trough
depth

length
strength
breadth

injure
minute
promise

declare
prepare
compare

pious
famous
nervous

My clerk is cheerful but pious. A cough makes me nervous. Famous doctors. Promise to prepare. Under the eaves is a zinc trough. Don't injure your health. Compare answers. The judge will declare the result in a minute. The length and breadth are equal.

All hail to the broad-leaved Maple!

With her fair and changeful dress,

A type of our youthful country,

In its pride and loveliness.

46

coins
noisy
loiter

voice
rejoice
appoint

acre
agent
crate

soul
choir
reign

instant
distant
station

Collect old coins. King George reigns. The noisy freight train. A distant station. The busy agent sells crates of choice wares. He doesn't loiter an instant. Half an acre. Appoint the hour. The choir sang a hymn. I rejoice to hear that the ointment will heal your wound. The clothes were washed, wrung out, then dried on the smooth beach. Tow the boat. Choose an awl. There is constant pain in my eyes.

47

desire
retire
advise

advice
decide
excite

pitcher
catcher
hatchet

repair
rowdy
memory

anxious
plumber
umbrella

Add —ing, —d, to dye, singe, eye, toe, hoe, shoe, canoe; as, dyeing, dyed; toeing, toed. Dyeing the cloth red.

The pitcher is excited. The catcher desires to retire. The team is anxious. Give the rowdy some good advice. His memory fails him. The plumber advises me. I decided to buy a hatchet. Repair my umbrella.

48 (Review)

acre
soul
coin
sieve
choir

serge
aisle
brake
bury
gauze

bogus
whoop
hearse
accuse
trough

injure
nervous
loiter
anxious
plumber

minute
tobacco
breadth
marriage
elephant

An acre of land for a burying ground. The soul never dies. A sieve to sift flour. A cloak of blue serge. The choir march up the aisle. Indians whoop. Apply the brakes. Don't touch poison-ivy. A thin gauze covers the glass hearse. We accuse the plumber of using bogus coin. Tobacco injures the health. Drive the calves from the trough. We rode the elephant. For some minutes we were nervous. The breadth of the field. I loitered to view the marriage.

49

motor
liquor
police
justice
goblet
brooch

social
special
christen
attempt
hearsay
farewell

exercise
examine
example
scramble
eyesight
fortnight

bedstead
headache
multiply
arithmetic
lonesome
good-bye

Write in a short sentence each word in these columns. Use properly in sentences each of the following: too, knows, here, their, new, write, wring, pair, fore, buy, blew, road, aunt, cent.

Canada, Canada, land of the Maple,

Queen of the forest, and river, and lake;

Open thy soul to the voice of thy people,

Close not thine heart to the music they make.—Reade.

Rules.

1. The letters f, l, or s at the end of words of one syllable and after a single vowel are usually double; as, muff, ball, grass.

2. Words ending in e usually drop it on adding ing or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

3. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant on adding ing, ed, or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, rob, robbed; mad, madden; admit, admitting; begin, beginner.

4. Words in y with a consonant before it usually change the y into i when a suffix not beginning with i is added; as, cry, cries, crying.

5. The apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of one or more letters; as, didn't for did not; can't for cannot; let's, let us; I'm, I am; you're, you are; isn't, is not.

Review of the Difficult Words.

accept
accuse
acre
address
aisle
alley
alphabet
anchor
ankle
annual
  10

anxious
argue
arithmetic
ascend
attempt
auction
auger
August
author
autumn
  20

avenue
awkward
awful
awning
baggage
balky
balloon
balm
balsam
banana
  30

bargain
bathe
bedstead
belief
beneath
borne
bosom
breadth
bridal
brittle
  40

brooch
buffalo
brutal
butcher
calm
cambric
canoe
capital
capsize
carriage
  50

caution
ceiling
cellar
chestnut
chimney
choir
chorus
christen
Christian
Christmas
  60

circus
cleanse
citizen
coarse
college
column
compass
continue
cough
creamery
  70

crease
curious
current
curtain
cushion
custom
dealt
deceive
descend
dictate
  80

divide
dough
drowned
dungeon
dwarf
eaves
either
elephant
enemy
engine
  90

English
enough
equal
error
example
except
excite
exercise
eyesight
fatigue
  100

feather
February
flannel
flourish
forehead
fortnight
fuel
fulfil
funeral
furious
  110

gamble
gauze
ghost
glimpse
gnaw
good-bye
gristle
grizzly
guardian
guessed
  120

guest
guide
gypsy
handsome
headache
hearsay
heaven
heir
hoard
hoarse
  130

horehound
hostler
humor
hustled
hymn
iceberg
icicle
imitate
injure
ivory
  140

jewel
journey
justice
kerchief
knead
knit
knock
knots
knuckle
laundry
  150

lawyer
liquor
loiter
lonesome
luncheon
lynx
machine
marriage
mayor
measles
  160

measure
medal
meddle
merchant
message
million
minute
mirror
mischief
molasses
  170

morsel
muffler
multiply
muzzle
myth
neither
nickel
nimble
nostril
oblige
  180

occur
ocean
onion
opinion
ostrich
oysters
palm
parasol
parrot
peddle
  190

pedlar
people
picnic
pigeon
pistol
plague
plaid
plait
pleasant
plumber
  200

poison
police
possess
potato
prompt
pulley
pulpit
purchase
purpose
pursue
  210

quartz
quiver
rascal
razor
receive
refuge
region
reign
reins
rejoice
  220

request
rescue
rhyme
roam
rogue
rough
royal
saddle
salad
salary
  230

sandwich
sardine
saucer
sausage
scramble
script
scuffle
secret
seldom
sentence
  240

separate
serious
several
shepherd
shovel
sieve
skilful
soaring
social
soldier
soul
special
sponge
squirrel
stirrup
  255

subtract
success
sword
syrup
system
tassel
temple
tempt
thimble
thrones
through
tobacco
together
tomb
tough
  270

toward
treasure
trough
trowel
Tuesday
twinkle
union
until
usual
valise
veil
victory
violent
voice
volley
  285

voyage
weather
Wednesday
welcome
welfare
wharf
whether
whose
worship
worsted
wrangle
yeast
yield
yolk
zinc
  300

Thy choicest gifts in store

On him be pleased to pour,

Long may he reign!

May he defend our laws,

And ever give us cause

To sing with heart and voice,

God save the King.

Pronounce.

Note.—See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced.

acorn, ā´korn
acts, akts
again, a gen´
alder, a̤l´dėrąl´dėr
always, a̤l´wāysąl´wāys
alms, ämz
ant, ant
any, en´ni
apron, ā´prun
asked, askt
aunt, änt
balm, bäm
bath, bäth
baths, bäTHz
bathe, bāTH
beard, bērd
burst, bėrst
calf, käf
calm, käm
can't, känt
catch, kach
creek, krēk
crept, krept
dance, dans
daub, da̤bdąb

daunt, da̤ntdąnt
deaf, def
dew, dū
dost, dust
duke, dūk
duly, dū´li
e'er, ār
elm, elm
err, er
every, ev´ėr-i
fluid, flṳ´idflų´id
food, föd
for, for
from, from
gape, gāp
God, god
grimy, grī´mi
half, häf
halve, hav
haunt, ha̤nthąnt
helm, helm
hoist, hoist
hoof, höf
idea, ī-dē´a
ivory, ī´vōri

just, just
kept, kept
laugh, läf
leapt, lēpt
length, leng´th
lief, lēf
loam, lōam
loose, lös
lose, löz
moth, moth
new, nū
niche, nich
none, nun
oaths, ōTHz
of, ov
often, of´n
orphan, or´-phan
oven, uv´n
palms, päms
peril, per´il
piano, pi-ä´no
plaid, plād
plait, plāt
poem, pō´em
pretty, prit´i

psalm, säm
quoit, koit
quoth, kwoth
real, rē´al
resin, rez´in
rinse, rins
roof, röf
said, sed
salve, säv
several, sev´ėr-al
sewer, sū´er
shrub, shrub
since, sins
sixth, siksth
sleek, slēk
soot, söt
suit, sūt
syrup, sir´up
taunt, ta̤nttąnt
teat, tēt
tepid, tep´id
tiny, tī´ni
tulip, tū´lip
with, wiTH
yeast, yēst

Fāte, fa̤llfąll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin, nōte, not, möve; tübe, tub, bṳllbųll; TH, then, th, thin; oil, chain.

STANDARD III. Senior.
GRADE 5.

1

halve
salve
salmon
almonds

quality
quantity
squander
squabble

tenant
vacant
gallant
remnant

balance
distance
instance
substance

Add —ing to lose, line, lace, pare, idle, leave, ache; as, losing.

Apply salve to the gallant soldier's sore eyes. He halved the citron in an instant. Divide the almonds. Don't squander your substance or earnings. Our tenants paid the balance due. The cottage is some distance off. Squabbling, for instance, hinders quiet work. The remnant of the serge is of choice quality. Great quantities of salmon are caught in the Fraser.

2

ulcer
cancer
grocer
officer

famine
imagine
heroine
medicine

primary
library
contrary
burglary

guidance
grievance
entrance
hindrance

Add mis— to step, state, spell, spend, sent, shaped; as, misstep.

A primary pupil's guidance was welcome. The burglary at the grocer's puzzles me. A narrow, misshapen entrance to the library will prove a serious hindrance. Contrary to orders, the officer misspent the money. He gulped a dose of acid medicine. Don't misspell common words. She imagines herself a heroine. The India famine. The knight's grievance. Cancers and ulcers are diseased growths.

3

altar
almanac
alderman
balcony

warrior
warrant
warfare
war-whoop

alms
isles
phases
phrases

tedious
various
bilious
studious

Add —ing, —es, and —ed to empty, reply, marry, bury, study, supply, defy, satisfy; as, emptying, empties, emptied.

The warrior knelt at the altar. The tedious warfare had wearied him. The almanac foretells the moon's various phases. What ails the studious scholar on the balcony? Merely a bilious headache. I bade him total the column. I'm satisfied with the supplies. Phrases are not sentences. Isles in the ocean. An Indian's war-whoop. Elect an alderman. Asking alms is begging.

4

fertile
sterile
hostile
reptile

badger
cudgel
burrow
burial

merely
anxiety
nuisance
riddance

lattice
poultice
crevice
liquorice

Join —ing to upset, begin, forget, omit, prefer; as, upsetting.

Poultice your sore throat. Liquorice relieves a cough. I ate oyster patties. Huge ants crept through the crevice. Alter the lattice porch. His enemies, trudging along with heavy cudgels, looked very hostile. He brews ale or beer from malt. The soil is not fertile, but sterile, fit merely for a burial ground. I relieved a lawyer's anxiety about his collie. Are lizards reptiles? We made a riddance of the badgers. Their burrows were a nuisance.

5

honest
exhort
exhibit
exhaust

stomach
monarch
vinegar
vineyard

plumage
foliage
drainage
advantage

barrier
carrier
terrier
furrier

Put dis— before honest, loyal, proved, agreed, lodge, quiet, honor, credit, figure, own; as, dishonest.

The Monarch of Great Britain and Ireland. Italy has many vineyards. The mail-carrier exhorts us to be honest. I'm exhausted by climbing the barrier. Farmers know the advantage of tile drainage. The furrier exhibits an Irish terrier. Vinegar disagrees with my stomach. Parrots of gayest plumage flew through the dense foliage.

6 (Review)

isle
salve
altar
grocer
vacant
honest

foliage
exhaust
anxiety
furrier
phrases
nuisance

terrier
library
stomach
exhibit
riddance
almonds

poultice
medicine
vineyard
squabble
grievance
hindrance

Grocers sell teas, coffees, spices, almonds, but not salves or medicines. The furrier exhibits a lynx. Thieves are dishonest. In the library the owner of the vineyard aired his grievance. The thorny brambles and thick foliage were hindrances. The Scotch terrier knows the mail-carrier's knock. A weak stomach causes anxiety. Poultice my thumb. Buried in a sacred isle.

7

starry
scarred
giraffe
lacrosse

bargain
chieftain
scaffold
stubborn

vague
league
plague
brogue

gallery
slippery
millinery
machinery

Copy,—A baby's brooch. I bought two ladies' brooches. A lady's blouse. Ladies' blouses for sale. Enemies' camps.

The rogue used Irish brogue. Slippery stairs led to the gallery. I'm captain of the lacrosse team in the junior league. The starry skies. Ladies' millinery is often expensive. The Scottish chieftain was a stubborn fighter. He had a vague idea of escaping the scaffold. The giraffe is scarred with wounds. A plague of gnats and flies. The machinery was sold at a bargain.

8

credit
summit
culprit
benefit

severe
severity
persevere
interfere

piety
nicety
gimlet
eaglet

delicate
intimate
fortunate
porcupine

Copy,—A jockey's horse. Two jockeys' horses. A donkey's travels. Monkeys' tricks. Donkeys' ears.

Moderate supplies will not satisfy the eaglets on the rocky summit. A porcupine's quill pierced the unfortunate culprit's thigh. Persevere in boring the hole; but don't interfere with my gimlet. The severe weather will benefit my niece. Notice the nicety of their speech and the piety of their intimate friends. High ceilings. A hart is a male deer. A fierce boar chased Ernest.

9

frolic
traffic
elastic
electric

crystal
mystery
bicycle
tricycle

cleanly
heather
cunning
lullaby

inferior
superior
interior
exterior

Copy,—Men's and boys' overcoats. Women's parasols. Girls' waists. Infants' wraps. A turkey's feather. Turkeys' wings.

The exterior and the interior of the engine are polished. Most babies' eyes look cunning. A sweet lullaby. I prefer a bicycle to a tricycle. An elastic band disappeared in the frolic. The electric light is a mystery. Employ cleanly and superior servants. Freight traffic is heavier. Dye the arrows red. Ewes graze in the meadows. Heather is purple. Water, clear as crystal.

10

crackle
shackle
chuckle
speckled

lynch
syringe
patient
quotient

agreed
indeed
proceed
succeed

familiar
peculiar
horizon
horizontal

Add —d, —ing to glide, disable, glance, grudge, provoke, tremble, trickle, trifle, trudge; as, glided, gliding.

He agreed to proceed slyly. Shackle the prisoner. The torch is crackling. Use the syringe. He chuckles as he buckles the harness. His eyes seem familiar but his walk or gait is peculiar. The horizon seems ablaze. Negroes are sometimes lynched in the Southern States. Horizontal beams. Be patient, the quotient is correct.

11

preface
surface
retrace
embrace

bureau
biscuit
ketchup
moustache

knoll
knavish
increase
decrease

vagrant
fragrant
stagnant
ignorant

Join —ness to slow, fast, rough, smooth, weak, numb, coarse, prompt, calm, deaf, mean, even, plain, keen; as, keenness.

The brief preface shows sense. The whole surface seemed knolls, rough boulders, and stagnant pools. The knavish pedlar carries biscuits and ketchup. The vagrant twirls his moustache. A quaint bureau fragrant with roses. Ignorant of Canadian customs. Pause for each clause. Misers' hoards increase; their comforts decrease. Retrace your footsteps. A mother's embrace.

12 (Review)

clause
league
culprit
knavish
bureau
quotient

peculiar
chieftain
persevere
ignorant
moustache
machinery

biscuit
syringe
patient
decrease
lacrosse
mystery

lynch
giraffe
gallery
bicycle
superior
delicate

Our maid was ignorant of the mysteries of dyeing. By persevering she succeeded in kneading dough for biscuit. She has a peculiar stare, but is certainly a superior servant. The chieftain waxes his reddish moustache. They may lynch the culprit who knavishly interfered with the machinery. On the bureau is a model of a bicycle near a picture of a giraffe. The patient is in delicate health.

13

gaudy
pauper
haunted
gauntlet

musical
medical
musician
physician

withhold
nowhere
loophole
threshold

accident
hesitate
meditate
obstinate

Add —ness to saucy, heavy, weighty, cleanly, lazy, lively, easy, chilly, hasty, musty; as, sauciness.

The musician meditates on a new hymn. The heir's birthday. Nowhere would physicians or medical men withhold medicine from a pauper. The obstinate knave's laziness and sauciness made them hesitate. The great heaviness or weightiness of lead. I innocently caused an accident. The door-hinges creaked. He threw the gauntlet on the threshold of the haunted chamber.

14

hyena
hyphen
cycling
hyacinth

victuals
cayenne
conquer
conquest

dye-stuff
rye-bread
therefore
buckwheat

ravine
vaseline
benzine
magazine

Add —y to humble, noble, single, double, forcible, ease, able, ample, simple, wheeze; as, humbly.

"Rye-bread" requires a hyphen. Before the tempest it was calm in the ravine. Use cayenne pepper sparingly on victuals. Benzine removes stains. Vaseline is advertised in the weekly magazine. The savage hyena was conquered. We see lovely hyacinths when cycling. Lye comes through leaching ashes. Dye-stuff injured his eyesight, therefore he wears glasses.

15

talons
dragon
ransom
random

baffle
ruffle
tussle
muddle

mumble
hubbub
smuggle
straddle

infancy
vacancy
resemble
assemble

Join —d, —ing to meddle, tattle, haggle, prattle, crinkle, cackle, kindle, stifle, puddle; as, meddled, meddling.

The eagle's cruel talons. St. George slew the dragon. A blazing chimney baffled the brigade. After a severe tussle he seized the smuggler's dagger. Avoid mumbling words. Random efforts are usually vain. Ransom the captive from the tower. Choose a roan mare. In infancy he resembled my nephew whose legacy he enjoys. Crowds assembled. Fill the vacancy. A good policy.

16

ulster
bolster
upholster
register

moisten
moisture
pastime
furniture

tangle
triangle
mangled
dangling

garbage
herbage
encourage
discourage

Write —ing after piece, pierce, grieve, dangle, jingle, arise, deserve, drizzle, resemble, assemble; as, piercing.

My ulster resists moisture. Weigh the feather bolster. Erase their names from the register. Flying kites is a boy's pastime. A triangle has three corners. Moisten the clothes. A mangled limb. Bury the decayed herbage and other garbage. See the cord dangling. Upholster the lounge at the furniture factory. Encourage the scholar. He seems discouraged.

17

affect
protect
inspect
prospect

bantam
banners
fleeting
greeting

plight
delight
sight-seer
twilight

satchel
thatched
petticoat
hoar-frost

To worthy, hungry, speedy, crusty, cheery, airy, weary, angry, sturdy, dreary, add —er, —est; as, worthier, worthiest.

The prospect of bathing at twilight delights us. Satchel in hand, he inspected our quiet village. Even the sight-seers were affected by the children's greeting. A thatched roof often leaks. See the hoar-frost glisten. A sorry plight, a clumsier gait. Protect the herdsman's bantams. Baby clutches a red banner. The fleeting hour.

18 (Review)

gaudy
plight
ravine
tussle
affect
hyphen

ransom
ruffle
satchel
smuggle
victuals
moisture

pastime
muscle
cycling
fatigue
nowhere
therefore

cayenne
withhold
vaseline
physician
threshold
magazine

Hewing wood exercises the muscles. Cycling for pastime causes slight fatigue. A whole horde of smugglers. My victuals were withheld. A sorry plight. He threw the magazine on the threshold, and seized his satchel. He was fined for using foul oaths. My heart was, therefore, sore with grief. Nowhere in the ravine have I seen moisture or hoar-frost. Physicians wrap up in furs.

19

dealt
deafness
stealthy
endeavor

trounce
trousers
aroused
announce

matron
sexton
summon
Solomon

vulgar
grammar
similar
particular

Put en— before able, noble, large, rage, circle, dear, camp, wrap, feeble, slave, title; as, enable.

The hale and hearty sexton is threatened with deafness. The matron of the hospital dealt with the rogue. The thief in tweed trousers was severely trounced. Endeavor to learn grammar. The calendars are similar. We received a summons to haul down our colors. The sun's rays. Steer for the pier. Vulgar talk arouses the wrath of the officers and guests. A sly, stealthy step.

20

sinews
pewter
skewer
steward

oarsmen
boarding
reproach
approach

rebel
tunnel
spaniel
Spaniard

Arctic
Pacific
Atlantic
Antarctic

Add —ful to mourn, power, respect, hope, delight, youth, trust.

The injured oarsmen moan and groan with pain but utter no oaths. A gaunt Spaniard sought a boarding-house. He reproached his spaniel for approaching the gray mare and foal. Near the tunnel entrance is a lime-kiln. The rebels swore on the Holy Book. Through a clever ruse we won a goal. A pewter spoon. The steward's muscles and sinews are strong. A skewer fastens the roast. The Pacific and Antarctic oceans.

21

terror
horror
traitor
portrait

insane
profane
baneful
hurricane

absence
essence
commence
difference

vicious
precious
gracious
spacious

Copy,—Negro, negress; emperor, empress; duke, duchess; prince, princess; actor, actress; hunter, huntress.

Their profane oaths, baneful and vicious language filled us with horror. A fire commenced in our absence. The servants were almost insane with terror. Portraits and precious keepsakes of our gracious empress were seized by the traitors. Many rare jewels were buried on the ocean beach. There is a difference between the juice and the essence of lemon. A furious hurricane.

22

adore
encore
restore
explore

necktie
nickname
shamrock
shipwreck

thrifty
panther
Sabbath
sheathed

wallop
wallow
drenched
wrenched

Join —ful to will, skill, peace, grace; as, wilful, graceful.

Swine wallow in the mire. The soldier on guard was drenched with rain. He sheathed his sword. He wrenched the pistol from the villain's grasp, and walloped him. In exploring the Arctic seas, we heard awful tales of shipwreck. Select pieces for encores. I admire the four-leaved shamrock. Panthers and hyenas are savage. Avoid nicknames. Plaid neckties. The holy Sabbath. Worship and adore Him. Restore all borrowed supplies.

23

zero
cargo
volcano
mosquito

quarry
quarrel
bankrupt
scripture

sulphur
triumph
prophet
camphor

comical
festival
vertical
practical

Add —ess to lion, poet, heir, count, baron, govern; and to mister, tiger, hunter, songster, waiter; as, mistress.

Write a zero or naught. A practical builder hews stone from the vertical walls of the quarry. The cargo of bankrupt stock has arrived. The harvest festivals are announced in autumn. The chief returned in triumph. The New Testament Scriptures. I smell camphor. Great musical revivals commenced in Wales. The mosquitoes annoy the actress. Sulphur is hurled from the volcano.

24 (Review)

zero
dealt
encore
quarry
Arctic
wallow

arouse
traitor
profane
essence
trousers
vertical

vicious
sulphur
quarrel
prophet
summons
wrenched

portrait
approach
scripture
mosquito
precious
difference

A vicious beggar approached the lime-kiln. His profane oaths aroused the portrait painter's anger. The hale old sailor hauls loads of sulphur to the piers. A hearty encore. The deer has lain down among the fir trees. The giraffe was led to a high stake and tied there. A quarrel commenced near the quarry. The Arctic Circle. The prophet Daniel. Read the Scriptures through.

25

accent
decent
century
innocent

victor
victim
verdict
Victoria

science
scissors
scenery
scented

element
elevator
skeleton
celebrate

Put im— before pure, proper, perfect, polite, patient, prudent.

The victim of the wreck was an innocent pianist, skilled in the elements of science. The victor was a decent but impatient lawyer with a Scottish accent. What delightful, rugged scenery! An imperfect skeleton of a buffalo. The verdict was in our favor. The storm destroyed a huge elevator. The twentieth century celebrates Queen Victoria's birthday. A scented cambric handkerchief. He peddles scissors and skeins of yarn.

26

solemn
condemn
Saviour
behavior

gouge
indulge
draught
laughter

twitch
twitter
whinny
whimper

peasant
pheasant
assistant
assistance

Place dis— before mount, lodge, courage, grace, unite, continue.

The crippled peasant dreaded the assistant's threat to poison his pheasants. Be truthful in business. Swallows twitch and twitter. The steeds whinny when unhitched from the whipple-trees. The hounds whimper. The Chief Justice solemnly condemned the officer. The Saviour of the world awed their wicked behavior. The chimney-flue has a great draught. Roars of hearty laughter.

27

afford
assort
absorb
portion

apparel
apparent
excellent
continent

assert
dessert
goddess
headdress

sculptor
bachelor
professor
conductor

Put fore— with tell, see, run, warn, show, stall; as, foretell.

After dessert, a professor read a droll essay on our continent. The celebrated sculptor is apparently a bachelor. He moulds the figure of a goddess. The excellent actress in neat apparel is absorbed in headdresses. The heiress foresees fraud but feigns assent. The conductor jostled the people in the aisle. Assort a portion of the colors. Use minnows as bait for bass.

28

whir
whirl
virgin
origin

intrude
confuse
consume
conclude

salute
dispute
compute
execute

visible
possible
terrible
horrible

Put in— before correct, complete, direct, human, exact, active.

The barren trees are consumed. Virgin soil has never grown grain. Horrible crimes possibly owe their origin to disputes. The intruder withdrew, seeming quite confused. Whirled round by machinery. Terrible bruises were visible. The dead bugler's bier. Salute the duchess. I concluded the accused would duly execute the dredging. A partridge whirred past.

29

acute
curate
cucumber
cultivate

adult
consult
druggist
luggage

polar
popular
regular
singular

movable
probable
valuable
vegetable

Join mis— to chance, use, lay, lead, led, call, deal, hap, quote.

The curate suffers acute grief. Consult a physician or a druggist. A teaspoonful of this draught is probably enough for an adult. Cultivate wholesome vegetables or cucumbers. Silk caterpillars are valuable. Polar bears devour seals. An inhuman butcher slashed the dun-colored deer. Regular attendance. Singular behaviour. The dyer seems popular.

30 (Review)

whirl
essay
polar
twitch
curate
whinny

origin
actress
dessert
accuse
solemn
sulphur

terrible
execute
regular
skeleton
decency
valuable

visible
scissors
prophet
bachelor
cucumber
headdress

The bachelor's scissors are valuable. An essay on the origin of sulphur. For decency's sake. The actress wears a movable wreath as a headdress. Two terrible dragons were visible. Of course the lynx steals bait. The prophets were accused and executed. A sign of meanness and baseness. The curate's speech at dessert was too solemn. Regular meals improve one's health.

31

brier
fiery
variety
society

debtor
editor
janitor
operator

opinion
religion
rebellion
dominion

permit
admitted
remitting
submission

Add —ed, —ing to admit, remit, permit, submit; as, admitted.

Legions of British soldiers and fiery hordes of savages fought during the rebellion in Egypt. All debtors must settle their accounts with the editor. The janitor of the school paid the operator. "Good-day," cried the mower, whetting his scythe. Briers have grown among the lilies and furze bushes. Permit no wrong. The gambler's companions submitted. Our country is a dominion. We have a variety of opinions in our society.

32

cutlet
omelet
banquet
pamphlet

jovial
billiards
burdock
bulrush

ruffian
guardian
historian
librarian

fraction
affection
recollect
collection

Put —ly after cool, cruel, royal, central, jovial, natural, exact.

At the banquet I ate a cutlet and an omelet. Our guardians seized the ruffians. He coolly knelt. I guessed the quantity exactly. Do you recollect my collection of problems on fractions? The genial historian has written a pamphlet. The librarian bought tracts. He pried into the secret of our large profits. The actor is jovial and plays billiards. A burdock is a coarse weed. Bulrushes or cat-tails grow in swamps.

33

oval
vocal
petal
formal

oral
coral
floral
mortal

infinite
definite
opposite
favorite

admirable
reasonable
confession
profession

Put —er, —est, —ly with icy, haughty, guilty, shabby, steady, sleepy, pretty, gloomy, noisy, mighty; as, icier, iciest, icily.

Petals are oval-shaped. What admirable vocal music! I made an oral confession. Act reasonably. Coral beads. Bicycle pedals are made of steel. Dredge opposite the pier. Florists deal in floral wreaths. The prophets taught the people to value their immortal souls. Mention a definite sum for freight. The heavens seem infinite.

34

valiant
brilliant
ridicule
vestibule

dribble
dwindle
constable
estimable

appeal
reveal
conceal
congeal

cavalry
mineral
political
principal

Add —able to love, move, tame, blame, value; as, lovable.

A valiant cavalry charge won the fight. Bleak, level plains. The syrup dribbles. The profits dwindle away. Conceal the precious minerals. The brilliant light revealed several new features. Lambs bleat. Sun-bleached linen. The vestibule floor creaks. You resemble our estimable principal. Ice is water congealed. He ridicules the miner's bare pate. The choir chants a psalm or hymn. Observe the pauses. A political speech. Appeal to the judge.

35

general
eternal
internal
external

forgery
drapery
drollery
drudgery

actual
gradual
punctual
continual

derrick
barracks
bullock
hammock

Write over— with rate, run, ride, reach, joyed; as, overrate.

The generals alight. Their arrival at the barracks was the signal for freeing negroes from slavery. Internal or external injury. A gradual growth. Almighty God is eternal. The pale widow's mite. Two mettlesome steeds. The drapery blazed up. Forgery is a serious offence. Drudgery is continual labor; drollery, odd humor.

36 (Review)

fiery
blight
creak
bleach
actual
vocal

debtor
floral
omelet
ruffian
conquest
punctual

several
eternal
conceal
banquet
guardian
drudgery

rebellion
recollect
admitted
ridicule
opposite
reasonable

Conceal the gilt sword. Ruffians tease the bear. At the banquet the guardian seemed bored by debtors. Gamblers admitted their profits. The mason's plumb-line. I recollect the Indian rebellion. The debtor's temper was fiery and unreasonable. The vocal solo was ridiculed. The conquest of several islands. Nuns' veiling. This floral wreath seems actually bleached. An eternal scourge.

37

dairy
despair
exclaim
claimant

bronze
apology
hideous
listener

statue
tissue
immense
specimens

juvenile
appetite
dove-cot
anecdote

Put —ing after urge, charge, rage, dodge, pledge, judge, manage, oblige, race, measure, praise; as, urging.

An immense statue of bronze metal was visible. Goblins were hideous. I wear a specimen medal on my mantle. "A lion's mane!" exclaimed he. A faithful dairy maid. Peel the oranges in tissue paper. No apology is needed. The claimant for damages suffers an agony of despair. An amusing anecdote. A keen appetite. A juvenile carpenter built a dove-cot.

38

ewer
ewe-lamb
dewdrops
brand-new

wizard
hazard
gizzard
blizzard

lobster
canister
cashier
clothier

obedient
obedience
experience
experiment

Add —ed, —ing to model, level, travel, equal, quarrel, cancel, ravel, shovel; as, modelled, modelling.

The cashiers were obedient and rarely quarrelled. Meddle less with minor affairs. I heard a clothier's experience. A brand-new plate glass. Ewers or jugs of water. Maize is Indian corn. He hazards his safety by travelling in blizzards. Fowls have gizzards. Our mettle won the main battle. The wizard's charms. Try some experiments. Tea canisters. Boiled lobsters.

39

captor
captive
candor
clamor

cholera
character
backache
mechanic

ear-rings
Methodist
memorize
accompany

canvass
carcass
trespass
windlass

Join —ed, —ing to tunnel, pencil, label, gravel, tassel, barrel, carol, gambol; as, tunnelled, tunnelling.

Captors of negroes used blood-hounds. The captive women sold their ear-rings. Canvass the mechanics. Obscure sounds of a startling character accompanied the earthquake. Memorize the chorus. They meddle with our windlass and trespass on our premises. They're labelling the parcels. Speak with candor. Avoid noise or clamor. Bury that carcass. Cholera is unknown here.

40

borax
smilax
conveys
surveys

soldered
dandelion
cinnamon
raspberry

allspice
colander
Yukon
Montreal

effect
difficult
architect
catechism

Add —ing to inquire, increase, suppose, accuse; as, inquiring.

Were you conveying allspice or cinnamon from the freight train? Survey the wreaths entwined with smilax. Borax is used in soldering metals. Squeeze the raspberries through a colander. What effect has chilly weather on dandelions? The architect's scheme is difficult to grasp. He knows the catechism by rote. The Yukon is many leagues from Montreal.

41

commit
command
commence
recommend

excel
expel
compel
comrade

compass
cardinal
hiccough
knowledge

caress
assess
discuss
district

Put —s, —ed after obey, annoy, survey, employ, display, array. Add —es to grocery, dairy, ally, folly, quarry; as, groceries.

I recommend that we command the officer to commit the comical rascal to jail, and expel his comrades. The district will compel the Mayor to aid the villagers. We've commenced to discuss business. He excels in a knowledge of the cardinal points of the compass. Caress the child with hiccoughs. A wheelwright makes naves and spokes.

42 (Review)

dairy
boggy
sphere
chord
effect

wizard
clothier
survey
commit
camphor

despair
hiccough
colander
architect
blizzard

ear-rings
catechism
blackguard
raspberry
obedience

The patient clothier wears a bronze medal. The trails seem a maze of cross-roads. Pare the juicy pears. The sweet-scented, new-mown hay. Hawks soar o'er the strait. My thick-soled shoes creak. A chord in music. A wizard's tricks. In obedience to the architect. I fear a blizzard. Hiccoughs annoy me. I despair of ever committing the catechism to memory.

43

bakery
brewery
pottery
knavery

surgery
delivery
discovery
embroidery

tinware
barefoot
cylinder
clergyman

council
surround
boundary
warehouse

Join —able to admire, desire, excuse, dispute; as, admirable.

Delivery wagons haul flour to the bakery. A brewery at the city boundary is wrecked. The clerk's knavery. A lone warehouse near the freight yard. Elect eight aldermen to the city council. The iron roller is a hollow cylinder. I cut my bare wrist on a piece of pottery or tinware. The clergyman is distinctly heard. Idol worship exists in India. She wears rare finery and embroidery. He made a discovery in the surgery.

44

necessity
necessary
possession
procession

attach
attacked
mucilage
pencilled

rigor
vigor
honor
harbor

complain
Champlain
waistcoat
mail-pouch

Add —y to paste, grease, pebble, sponge, possible; as, pasty.

Attack them with vigor. Attach pieces of rope if necessary. Detached rocks made the descent dangerous. Mucilage is a necessity in an office. Champlain explored several rivers in the interior of Canada. The mail-pouch was rifled. My waistcoat pocket. Her pencilled eyebrows. The lynx's lair. Complain to the City Council. The procession took possession of the street.

45

ballad
ballast
cannon
channel

laurel
auburn
assault
applause

signal
arrival
ordinary
asparagus

oneself
bayonet
gingham
dumpling

Put —some after glad, delight, bother, trouble, blithe, frolic.

Vessels need ballast to cross the channel. Wrest the reed or cane from that liar. The wreck is wrapped in mist. My niece is combing her auburn hair and tying it with dyed ribbons. She sang several ballads, winning laurels. An ordinary gingham apron. Tender asparagus for dessert. Manual training is of great benefit to oneself. The gradual descent of the road. An apple dumpling. The pilot made no assault. The captain's bayonet.

46

torrent
decorate
monitor
astonish

villain
mermaid
maintain
remainder

cooing
cuckoo
raccoon
heirloom

castor
bishop
scallop
atmosphere

Join —ness to clumsy, flimsy, gaudy, haughty; as, clumsiness.

The monitor's haughtiness was maintained. A torrent's roar. I rowed near the sea-beach with sculls. An enemy's revenge. A bishop's white robes. Decorated with scalloped lace. The villain's prison cell. A drier atmosphere. Cooing pigeons. The cuckoo clock is an old heirloom. Buffalo and raccoon robes for sleighs are made without seams. Castor oil is prepared from seeds.

47

receipt
leisure
seizing
deceive

swoon
saloon
balloon
spittoon

journal
courage
courtesy
adjourn

gentry
laundry
foundry
gallantry

Add —ness to weary, steady, muddy, woolly; as, weariness.

The cooper makes barrels of hoops and staves. The saloon-keeper wrung his hands in sheer despair and swooned. I'm aware that courage and courtesy are national traits of the French. The council adjourned. The foundry moulds iron patterns. Erase all false entries. A daily journal. A receipt from the laundry. His leisure and gallantry deceived the gentry.

48 (Review)

villain
leisure
council
descent
brewery
bayonet

flavor
assault
camphor
oneself
raccoon
cylinder

channel
torrent
spheres
necessary
ordinary
warehouse

heirloom
mucilage
boundary
waistcoat
necessity
atmosphere

He leant against the lime-kiln. The lynx has lain down in his lair. I need a key for the mail-pouch. Idols are deaf and dumb. A great herd of deer. Raccoon overcoats. Torrents make their descent through the rugged channels. Warehouses are not necessary in ordinary business. Cylinders are not spheres.

Review of the Difficult Words.

absence
absorb
accent
accident
actual
acute
adjourn
admirable
advise
affect
almanac
almighty
almonds
alms
altar
allspice
anecdote
announce
anxiety
apology
apparel

appeal
appetite
applause
approach
arrange
asparagus
assemble
assert
assistant
atmosphere
attach
auburn
bachelor
backache
baffled
balance
balcony
ballad
banquet
barefoot
bargain

barrier
bayonet
behavior
benefited
benzine
bilious
billiards
bleach
biscuit
borax
boundary
brier
brilliant
brogue
bronze
bureau
burglary
burial
cancer
candor
canvass

cannon
captive
camphor
carcass
carrier
cashier
castor
catechism
caterpillar
cavalry
cayenne
chaplain
Champlain
channel
character
chieftain
chuckles
cinnamon
claimant
clamor
cleanly

clothier
colander
commence
companion
compel
complain
conceal
condemn
conductor
confession
conquest
continual
council
courtesy
crackle
crevice
crystal
cucumber
cudgel
cultivate
curate

cycling
cylinder
dairy
dandelion
deafness
debtor
decayed
decency
deceit
decorate
decrease
definite
delicate
delivery
dearth
despair
dessert
difference
difficult
discourage
discovery

dominion
draught
drollery
drudgery
dwindle
dye-stuff
ear-rings
effect
elevator
embroidery
encore
endeavor
estimable
ewe-lamb
excellent
exclaim
execute
exhaust
exhort
experience
exterior

external
familiar
famine
favorite
festival
fiery
foliage
foresee
fortunate
foundry
fragrant
furrier
gallant
gaudy
gauntlet
gingham
giraffe
gizzard
goddess
gouge
gracious

grammar
grievance
grocery
guidance
haddock
harbor
hazard
headdress
heather
heirloom
herbage
heroine
hesitate
hiccough
hideous
hindrance
hoar-frost
horizontal
hyacinth
hyphen
immense

innocent
interfere
irregular
isles
jovial
knavish
knowledge
language
lattice
league
leisure
librarian
liquorice
luggage
lullaby
lynch
magazine
maggot
mail-pouch
maintain
manual

mechanic
medicine
memorize
merely
millinery
moisten
monarch
monitor
moustache
movable
mucilage
musician
mystery
necessary
nuisance
obedience
obstinate
omelet
oneself
opposite
origin

Pacific
pamphlet
paragraph
particular
pastime
patient
peasant
peculiar
petticoat
phrase
pheasant
physician
plague
plumage
political
popular
porcupine
portrait
possible
poultice
practical

precious
principal
professor
prophet
punctual
quotient
raccoon
raspberry
reasonable
rebellion
receipt
recommend
rectangle
remnant
reptile
riddance
ridicule
ruffian
rye-bread
salmon
salve

satchel
Saviour
scaffold
scenery
scissors
science
seizure
severity
sexton
shackle
similar
sinews
skeleton
slippery
smuggler
solder
solemn
Solomon
spacious
specimen
sphere

spittoon
squabble
stagnant
sterile
steward
stomach
stubborn
studious
sulphur
superior
summon
surgery
survey
tedious
terrier
therefore
threshold
traffic
traitor
triumph
trudging

tussle
unusual
upholster
valiant
various
vaseline
vertical
vestibule
Victoria
victuals
vigor
villains
vineyard
virgin
warehouse
warrant
warrior
war-whoop
windlass
withhold
wrenched

STANDARD IV. Junior.
GRADE 6.

1

baboon
harpoon
caboose
papoose

survive
surmount
surround
surrender

melody
harmony
injury
industry

melodious
harmonious
injurious
industrious

Add —ful to care, spoon, pail, mouth, tear, sorrow, wonder, mirth.

The whale survived the harpoon's injurious effects. The city will surrender ere the troops surround it or surmount the towers. Their melodious voices seem in perfect harmony. The squaw's papoose slept in the caboose. The industrious carpenter's adze. Wear a ruff. Our yacht is a swift sailer. Baboons are apes.

2

dial
diary
diamond
dialogue

falcon
weapon
jealous
zealous

fidgety
hedgehog
partridge
cartridge

colony
colonial
envious
previous

Put —less after speech, flaw, fault, shame, tear, thought, doubt.

Falcons are trained hawks. Partridge are called grouse. The hedgehog's weapons are quills. The zealous preacher's diary contained an account of a previous wreck. Be not jealous or envious of people wearing diamonds. Colonial means belonging to a colony. The dial of a clock. Alter our dialogue. The fidgety maiden dreaded all weapons. We load pistols with cartridges.

3

liable
denial
defiant
reliance

peony
surgeon
sturgeon
melodeon

grateful
pressure
forbade
forbidden

angular
irregular
circular
particular

Add —ing to lodge, trudge, grudge, pickle, crumble, curdle, gurgle, cripple, pierce, rescue, partake; as, lodging.

After some pressure the surgeon sent a defiant denial. Put no reliance in irregular scholars. Angling with bait for sturgeon is strictly forbidden. You are liable to be fined. In this particular case a surgeon dressed the wound. In vain he forbade their teasing the lynx. I gratefully accepted the red peony. Play the melodeon. Make angular blocks.

4

notify
modify
signify
qualify

divine
divisor
division
diligent

esteem
redeem
peevish
discreet

twopence
threepence
halfpenny
blackguard

Join —able to note, love, tame, cure, endure, adore, advise, remove, dispute; as, notable.

Notify the buyers that we'll modify our terms. Twopence per ounce is the wholesale price. The diligent are esteemed. Redeem your sundial. The division is correct but the divisor is wrong. Only a blackguard would steal a child's halfpenny. Place circular rows tier above tier. Our discreet physician has a peevish patient. Are you qualified for the position?

5

tunnel
funnel
furnish
burnish

savor
flavor
tumor
rumor

suet
cruet
frequent
eloquent

describe
subscribe
description
subscription

Place un— before envied, noticed, settled, erring, foreseen, christian, known, married, merciful; as, unenvied.

At the inquest I was frequently requested to furnish a description of the stolen cruet. The steak has the flavor and savor of suet. Accept half-yearly subscriptions from the subscribers. Burnish the brass funnel. Rumors of a wreck in the tunnel. The eloquent doctor cures tumors.

6 (Review)

melody
weapon
caboose
fidgety
jealous
surgeon

liable
funnel
qualify
forbade
diligent
previous

colonial
frequent
circular
pressure
irregular
injurious

surround
diamonds
twopence
halfpenny
partridge
subscribe

At the Colonial Exhibit I bought funnels for twopence. Jealous of a friend. A brooch of real diamonds. Liable for damages. "To forgive is divine." Written in a diary. The fidgety student was diligent and frequently eloquent, but could not qualify for a surgeon. Surround the circular table. The intense heat may prove injurious. During the previous day the pressure of business demanded every minute.

7

guilty
guilds
guitar
guinea

cavity
brevity
nobility
humility

reverse
disperse
immerse
converse

ancient
deficient
efficient
sufficient

Join —ity to scarce, pure, cave, false, secure, chaste; as, purity.

The miner has sufficient gold for a guinea. The women's guild has dispersed. Its members plead for purity and chastity. The guilty officer often shows traits of nobility. This efficient player on the guitar converses with brevity. Be not deficient in humility. Ancient chinaware is very expensive. The staid donkey brayed. Reverse the engine. Immerse the beef in brine.

8

despise
chastise
Chinese
Japanese

sorcery
slavery
archery
flattery

armor
vapor
poached
encroach

luscious
delicious
suspicion
suspicious

Write dis— with abuse, allow, approve, claim, arrange, color, favor, credit, satisfy, respect, qualify, possess; as, disabuse.

The Japanese were encroaching on Chinese territory. The poacher is under suspicion. The luscious peaches and the delicious ice-cream vanished like vapor. Despise flattery. I ate poached eggs. We chastise people for sorcery. The brood of pigeons soared above the stile. Warriors wear steel armor when repairing breaches in the walls. Bowmen boast of their archery.

9

hearth
hearken
heartiness
heart's-ease

parade
paradise
parable
paragraph

blighted
lightning
thorough
doughnut

election
direction
dictation
dictionary

Place un— before aided, aware, bearable, buried, ceasing.

Hearken to the parable of the sower. Soldiers were on parade during the election. The heartiness of their welcome. The doughnut dropped on the hearth unnoticed. We can imagine scenes in paradise. The lightning blighted the beech-tree. The officer gave directions. A wry face. A thorough examination of the skull. Choose a paragraph for dictation. The pansy is called heart's-ease. Consult your dictionary.

10

heathen
sheared
teamster
seamstress

hallo
coasting
wherever
wherefore

lustre
lustrous
wondrous
monstrous

genuine
masculine
feminine
glycerine

Place dis— with taste, honor, honest, united, pleased, loyal.

Seamstress is feminine gender, while teamster is masculine. The sheared goat chased the wheelwright across a rood of pasture to butt him. Hallo! What dangerous coasting! They show a genuine interest in the heathen. Diamonds possess wondrous lustre. These monstrous beasts browse wherever there is no grazing. The captain wrung my hand. Buy four bottles of glycerine.

11

lilac
rival
final
spinal

pinafore
separate
tomahawk
marmalade

niggard
braggart
sluggard
drunkard

engineer
volunteer
auctioneer
mountaineer

Join —ing to hem, refer, regret, expel, wrap, begin, forget, compel, occur; as, hemming.

Her pinafore was daubed with marmalade. The engineer made a final attempt to rescue the drunkard. Ants are neither sluggards nor braggarts. The volunteer will broach the subject. The auctioneer had spinal trouble. The mountaineer wrapped his plaid around him. He was niggardly on his bridal tour. The Indian sought to fight with the tomahawk.

12 (Review)

scene
bridal
hearth
guitar
weapon
sheared

breaches
lustrous
separate
paradise
deficient
feminine

genuine
disperse
election
thorough
luscious
referring

sufficient
glycerine
lightning
occurring
dictionary
auctioneer

Make a thorough search in the dictionary. Is the weapon a genuine pistol? The fuel on the hearth is sufficient. Glycerine is sold by druggists. Buy a new medal. What a lustrous bronze color! Seeing the lightning, the timid women dispersed. I'm referring to colonial acts and scenes. Breaches of the law occurred daily. The auctioneer offered silk, deficient in lustre.

13

pilot
otter
felon
heron

colonel
oppress
express
distress

majestic
domestic
gigantic
romantic

ransack
knapsack
knick-knacks
knickerbockers

Write in— before curable, elegant, different, human, sufficient.

Their chief seized the felon's leather knapsack. I ransacked auction rooms for knick-knacks. The clerk carried some accounts in his knickerbockers. Otters are not domestic animals. We knew the pilot's signals of distress. An address on our romantic scenery. He expressed sorrow for his fault. A gigantic fraud. Never oppress the weak. The colonel's majestic bearing. The crane resembles the heron.

14

coolly
woolly
shrilly
squally

solar
lunar
relapse
collapse

disguise
dissolve
persuade
camomile

addition
petition
partition
competition

Add —ed to shrivel, parcel, gambol, control; as, shrivelled.

A competition in rapid addition. A solar day and a lunar month. Lambs with woolly fleeces gambol in the vale. Squally weather. Don't give camomile flowers to our friends. Dissolve the powder in vinegar. Persuade the guests to sign a petition. The choir sang shrilly. The patient suffered a relapse. He coolly bored through the partition with an auger. The walls collapsed instantly.

15

sewer
lewd
shrewd
jews'-harp

stanza
veranda
mastiff
slouched

miracle
manacles
obstacle
spectacle

massive
passive
strolling
toll-gate

Join —er, —est to simple, nimble, obscure, secure; as, simpler.

The shrewd lawyer sought a clew. The huge mastiff slouched off the veranda. Recite the fourth stanza. I leaned against a massive sewer pipe. He strolled along, playing a jews'-harp. The manacles on his wrists were serious obstacles. I dropped a pair of spectacles at the toll-gate. A lewd, base fellow. Miracles startle the wisest or the simplest.

16

russet
jagged
gossip
daffodil

atlas
paltry
asphalt
falsehood

verdant
verdure
suggest
gesture

surged
purging
passenger
messenger

Add —ing to engage, examine, kindle, bundle, behave, provoke, relieve, grieve; as, engaging.

The roaring, foaming surge caused the passengers to make gestures. Suggest a cheaper passage. Purge the filthy lanes. A quick messenger took my message. The dancing daffodils. Gossips spoke base falsehoods. The rocks had jagged edges. A Canadian atlas for sale. Asphalt pavement. Paltry excuses. The lawn is verdant. Showers and sunbeams cause verdure. A russet apple.

17

bison
talons
beckon
reckon

cruise
council
malady
granary

promote
postpone
wholesale
wholesome

mansion
expansion
omission
submission

Join —er, —est to fleecy, bulky, foggy, cleanly; as, fleecier.

The council may postpone their cruise. Promote the expansion of wholesale trade. I need a cleanlier maid. I tied a coarse cord in knots. Their submission led to the omission of salads from our usual fare. A mansion with a princely salary. A dreadful malady. The falcon's beak and cruel talons. The bison's horns.

18 (Review)

pilot
surge
lunar
felon
sewer
bison

cheque
shrewd
quartz
gossip
cleaver
verdure

gesture
asphalt
colonel
collapse
omission
persuade

disguise
domestic
gigantic
barracks
wholesome
spectacles

Do gossips discuss wholesome subjects? Persuade the city to build a gigantic asphalt sewer. See the felon on the domestic's finger. The omission of gestures and disguise would improve the actress. A shrewd rogue signed a cheque for gold quartz. The colonel left his spectacles in the barracks. Verdure is greenness. The total collapse of the building. The butcher's cleaver is dull. Hunt the bison. The pilot fears the surging sea.

19

insure
assure
demure
procure

tinsel
damsel
morsel
counsel

abates
abandon
whet-stone
homestead

overseer
foreseen
industrial
caterpillar

Write be— before wail, witch, grudge, moan, numb, smear.

Though hoarse I was relieved by a morsel of horehound. A demure damsel assured us that we were heartily welcome. A caterpillar's cocoon. Procure a whet-stone. As was foreseen, the homestead was abandoned by the settler. Tinsel is of slight value. I assure you he will counsel insuring the industrial school. Rubbing abates the aching in my knee-joint.

20

decline
refined
entwine
combine

verbal
proverb
perjury
jurymen

revise
comprise
preside
confide

evident
penitent
president
confident

Join —ness to clumsy, dreary, gaudy, silly, ruddy, haughty, manly, womanly; as, clumsiness.

That witness, wearing the ruff or collar, declined to commit perjury. A refined physician reported verbally. Evidently the judge confides in the jurymen. The counsel is confident that the penitent prisoner will be released on bail. The club comprises a president, the necessary officers, and nineteen members. Revise the old proverb.

21

tonic
topic
tropics
frolicsome

italics
mandolin
Catholic
cathedral

marigold
navigate
obstinate
vaccinate

solitary
sanitary
military
imaginary

Add —d, —ing to ridge, bridge, wedge, lodge, hedge; as, ridged.

Print in italics. The Catholic church is a beautiful, sanitary cathedral. Give that obstinate invalid a tonic before vaccinating him. Captains and pilots navigate ships. The tropics are imaginary lines. The topic discussed was military weapons. A frolicsome youth played a mandolin. I wore a brooch fashioned like a marigold. The draught made the solitary lamp flare.

22

census
isthmus
surplus
omnibus

pallet
mallet
gorilla
vanilla

uniform
unicorn
universe
universal

instinct
distinct
extinguish
distinguish

Write in— before come, close, dwell, trench, dent, lay, grain.

The hotel omnibus meets us. A nutmeg grater. Hares and lambs leap and gambol by instinct. The design is uniform but made of distinct patterns or units. Rude pallets of straw. The isthmus of Panama. Put the surplus money in the wallet. Extinguish the flames. Flavor the custard with vanilla. Does the mayor deign to bow? The universe is the world. I can distinguish gorillas from bears. The lion and the unicorn. A census of the village.

23

syllable
analysis
symbol
sympathy

latitude
solitude
multitude
destitute

corrupt
interrupt
multiple
chipmunk

footwear
bearskin
postscript
door-jamb

Add —es to belfry, diary, nursery, grocery, daisy, charity, misery, dairy, century, lobby; as, belfries.

The destitute hermit dwelt in solitude. The sign or symbol of addition. In a postscript he showed a system of finding our latitude. I'm too hoarse to utter a syllable of sympathy. Clad in bearskin cap and heavy footwear. Substitute zinc for lead. A multiple of four. A multitude of chipmunks scampered off. I interrupted their review. The analysis of the sentence.

24 (Review)

census
tropics
surplus
vanilla
symbol

isthmus
counsel
district
Catholic
perspire

overseer
analysis
sympathy
interrupt
extinguish

military
vaccinate
imaginary
frolicsome
individuals

A new system of analysis. The census reveals a surplus of officers in one military district. A heavy omnibus. The overseer of these individuals is perspiring. The isthmus is guarded. Imaginary fires are difficult to extinguish. Vaccinate the Italian as a sanitary measure. Despise not his counsel in tropic seas. The symbol of peace. Flavor with vanilla.

25

intense
expense
suspense
nonsense

select
defects
afflict
affliction

heifer
mullein
rat-trap
mattress

lenient
convenient
audience
convenience

Write up— before heave, raise, rear, roar, lift, stroke, risen.

An Indian uprising caused intense excitement, much inconvenience, and great expense. Captains mustered their volunteers. Faint from suspense we awaited further news of our sore affliction. Select mattresses of convenient size with no defects. A touching, musical selection greatly affected the large audience. The peer showed affection for children. What nonsense to set a rat-trap there! A heifer grazed among the mulleins.

26

advance
romance
prudence
violence

cutlery
battery
culvert
accident

induced
reducing
produced
introduce

culture
vulture
torture
structure

Join —s to delay, essay, employ, pulley, parley, kidney, volley.

Produce the cutlery which was concealed in the culvert. An electric battery may cause accidents. Vultures attacked the wounded creature with great violence, and tortured it with their beaks and talons. They exhibit prudence, culture, and knowledge in erecting convenient structures. The yeast is in a jar on the hearth. A legend or romance. The English bow was made of yew.

27

genial
menial
trivial
material

particle
decayed
pickerel
mackerel

swath
thwart
reject
bazaar

religion
religious
foreign
sovereign

Place under— with bid, drain, brush, value, mine, rate, score.

The blithe mower's machine cuts a narrow swath. Menial labor is no trivial affair. This genial sovereign knows several foreign languages. Reject all material a particle decayed. One's religion affects others' lives. The injured engineers attended their bazaar. He endeavors to thwart every religious scheme. Buy a pickerel or some mackerel.

28

agate
palate
rebate
frigate

assume
presume
dispute
compute

irritate
fugitive
liniment
regiment

eminent
prominent
semicolon
semicircle

Write —ed, —ing after deny, glory, envy, tarry, reply, study, steady; as, denied, denying.

A prominent village officer envies my agate ring. The delicate pilot on the frigate has an irritated palate. He assumes charge. I presume the captain neither denies nor disputes his ability. Compute the interest. A fugitive from the regiment asked a citizen for liniment. Dr. Sunshine is a most eminent physician. Use fewer semicolons. A semicircle is a half-circle. A rebate for cash.

29

easel
weasel
resign
design

refrain
abstain
extreme
supreme

terrify
territory
interred
referred

partial
initials
essential
confidential

Add —er —est to silly, naughty, ruddy, stalky, puny, tardy, wiry, noisy, icy, greedy; as, sillier, silliest.

A partial design lies on the easel. A supreme court official says it is essential to resign. Strictly confidential. Refrain from sardines and abstain from ale or beer. The late colonel was interred in the new cemetery with martial honors. Acquire more territory. A terrified weasel fled. Whose initials are written here?

30 (Review)

weasel
cutlery
lenient
produce
mullein
suspense

scythe
foreign
trivial
fugitive
violence
structure

palate
thwart
assume
material
sovereign
semicolon

initial
terrify
acquaint
referred
irritated
prominent

Mow the mulleins on the terrace with scythes. Be lenient with a prominent citizen. Listening in suspense. A foreigner attempted violence on our sovereign. Buy steel cutlery of the best material. A terrified fugitive. I assumed you were acquainted. The initials should be capitals. He referred to trivial faults in their language.

31

cactus
tactful
contact
attract

trophy
gopher
dolphin
typhoid

ebony
agony
economy
scoundrel

denounce
pronounce
mahogany
toboggans

Write —s after halo, solo, folio, piano, banjo, lasso, canto, memento; as, halos.

The greyhound caught a gopher. Our curlers won the trophy. Denounce the scoundrel. The senior judge pronounced sentence. A tactful phrase. Erect the steeple according to the contract. The coroner at the inquest. The dolphin often changes color when dying. Ebony is dear. Practise economy. The sewing-machine cover is mahogany. He cried in agony. A lassoed ox gored him. A toboggan slide.

32

recruit
pursuit
herring
haddock

divorce
corridor
tortoise
porpoise

career
pioneer
peelings
teeming

antelope
envelope
velvety
roly-poly

Place inter— with line, lock, mingle, meddle, marry, lard, leave, twine, view, weave, space; as, interline.

Gild the frame. A porpoise pursued the herring. The envelopes in the corridor are of velvety material. Tortoises are turtles. Creeks, teeming with salmon. A pioneer's career seldom led to divorce. In subduing a nation we use forcible means. The roly-poly is surely cooked. The peelings of the potatoes. Eat some haddock. The young recruit started in pursuit of an antelope.

33

fatal
brutal
psalm
pshaw

release
meagre
features
deceased

quoits
feigned
slaughter
smudged

pumice
avarice
jaundice
sacrifice

Join —ly to guilty, hearty, heavy, happy, saucy; as, guiltily.

The disease proved fatal. The details of deceased's career were meagre. Pumice floats in liquid. I feel fatigued. A brutal slaughter. The features seem calm. Release the prisoner afflicted with jaundice. Avarice and greediness are undesirable qualities. Their sacrifice was only feigned. Select a psalm. The smudged moulder can pitch quoits. Pshaw! the file was too brittle.

34

nozzle
drizzle
palings
parings

adieu
ochre
euchre
Europe

frigid
average
revenge
challenge

adventure
calculate
aggregate
congregate

Add —er, —est, —ly to speedy, plucky, hasty, weary, knotty.

Reuben bade adieu to Europe. The victor challenged us to a game of euchre. The aggregate is forty-four, the average eleven. They congregate to seek revenge. The sunbeams glare on the snow in frigid lands. I can gauge a barrel of ale. The apple parings are frozen and rigid. Paint the fence palings with yellow ochre. He held the nozzle of the hose in a drizzling rain. Calculate the cost.

35

sorrel
gospel
marvel
sentinel

gluey
clayey
exempt
brethren

route
tourist
artery
energy

spinach
chicory
grievous
mischievous

Copy,—Gov. means Governor; Gen., General; Col., Colonel; Prof., Professor; B.C., Before Christ; A.D., In the year of our Lord.

The sentinel challenged with great energy a mischievous tourist. The colonel cut an artery. The sorrel horse followed by a different route. The clayey soil was gluey, too stiff for spinach. An exhibition of sleight-of-hand tricks. A mixture of chicory and coffee. He marvels at our grievous affliction. Preach the gospel.

36 (Review)

ochre
pshaw
quoits
tourist
energy
meagre

nozzle
career
clayey
grateful
pioneer
forcible

recruit
typhoid
release
brethren
grievous
features

economy
envelope
mahogany
challenge
mischievous
congregate

The pioneer practised economy in his whole career. Paint the door-jambs with yellow ochre. A crowd congregated. I was grateful for my release. He laments over his brethren's grievous attacks of typhoid fever. A mischievous recruit turned the nozzle on the tourists. The supply of mahogany wood is meagre. A blue envelope.

37

pacify
crucify
glorify
specify

reveal
bereave
pasturage
orphanage

avail
prevail
delaine
maimed

colonize
apologize
patronize
economize

Add —d, —ing to guide, grieve, cease, receive, plague, erase, scare, relieve; as, guided, guiding.

A quaint carriage conveyed the bereaved waifs to an orphanage. The maimed woman is dressed in delaine. Specify a chance to economize. Apologize to the mayor for the pasturage. Colonize the islands and patronize their people. If he prevailed, some would glorify, others crucify him. Endeavor to pacify the rebels. It is of no avail to reveal the secret.

38

bamboo
grooved
dragoon
kangaroo

applaud
defraud
fraction
fractured

intimate
emigrate
obstinate
ventilate

advocate
suffocate
summary
rummage

Put in— before direct, distinct, constant, decent, capable, corrupt.

The squeamish dragoon has a vein of humor. He obstinately refuses to emigrate. Our intimate friends applaud the supple kangaroo's tricks. We shall suffocate unless you ventilate this chamber. The fractured limb was cut off. What fraction of eight is four? Write a summary of the scene. Advocate honesty. The bamboo was grooved. He was defrauded at a rummage sale.

39

Saxon
caldron
squadron
simpleton

scandal
placard
numeral
scabbard

numerous
generous
accustom
customary

positive
inquisitive
negative
interrogative

Add —ous to fury, study, melody, envy, vary; as, furious.

The simpleton read the placard. He gives negative or interrogative answers. He is positively furious at the scandal. Soup was supplied to the squadron from a generous caldron. Draw forth the sword from the scabbard. The inquisitive dwarf, wrapped in numerous robes, occupies his customary seat. We grate nutmegs on the grater. Numerals as four. Briton and Saxon are one. The detective's sight is not defective.

40

jersey
blarney
abolish
demolish

idiot
patriot
chariot
champion

merino
tapioca
myrtle
pyramid

delegate
desperate
reverent
tenement

Write —es after mulatto, mosquito, motto, calico, domino.

Could the pyramids of Egypt be demolished by cannon? I've read of Scottish patriots and warriors. Speak reverently to aged women. Is their son an idiot? We'll abolish crowded tenements. A delegates' meeting. In a chariot rode a wizard clad in myrtle green. I ate tapioca pudding. A desperate rogue tried to blarney us. The champion Jersey cow. Merino wool.

41

acquire
acquaint
prairies
porcelain

treacle
theatre
stirrup
innings

scalawag
vengeance
geography
photograph

turnstile
valentine
turpentine
Hallow-e'en

Write —es, —ed after copy, glory, envy, pity, fancy, modify.

Hallow-e'en is the eve of All-Saints' Day. Buy a porcelain bowl, and a quart of turpentine. A scalawag emptied treacle upon the turnstile. We upbraided her for acquiring a craving for the theatre. St. Valentine's Day. His stirrup broke on the prairie. Photograph the maid studying geography.

42 (Review)

Saxon
jersey
treacle
crucify
patriot
placard

theatre
merino
prairie
scandal
bereaved
summary

accustom
negative
suffocate
acquaint
squadron
vengeance

positive
fraction
generous
dialogue
desperate
economize

Wear a jersey. He speaks plain Anglo-Saxon. A generous patriot is bereaved. The woollen cloak is merino. Thieves were crucified. Here is a summary of the squadrons of Europe. The theatre has fine prairie scenes. A desperate character vowed vengeance. I am positive he was accustomed to economize. May peace prevail. Placard the house. A suffocating chamber.

43

agile
fragile
docile
domicile

penance
peninsula
moderate
temperate

mania
petunia
betwixt
probable

indolent
insolent
crocodile
chocolate

Join —ed to pad, fulfil, blur, strip, excel, mob; as, padded.

The indolent volunteer will probably do penance for insolence. Use chocolates moderately. Be temperate. The elephant is docile. An agile squirrel. A mania for stealing. Petunias have fragile stalks. They flourish betwixt the baron's castle and our domicile. I saw crocodiles lying on a sandy peninsula.

44

phial
phlox
phonic
phlegm

abrupt
illustrate
disciples
discipline

Leonard
leopard
jeopardy
prophesy

flexible
perplexed
occasion
assurance

Put en— before camp, chain, circle, close, courage, girdle, graft.

His disciples had too much assurance. Abrupt words caused a rupture in the discipline. Leonard's life was in jeopardy from a leopard. You seemed perplexed. There is phlegm in my throat. A phonic primer. These flexible stalks are tough. The cheque is genuine. I prophesy a famine. The phlox has purple flowers. A phial of medicine. Illustrate this occasion.

45

pennon
saffron
suburbs
curbstone

landscape
hailstorm
honeysuckle
huckleberry

edifice
precipice
cowardice
prejudice

alcohol
swollen
observant
attendant

Write —able after cure, imagine, note, laugh, reason, fashion.

A swollen limb. Alcohol contains poison. The landscape gardener made their residence attractive with honeysuckle. The hailstorm ruined their huckleberries. The wolf's cowardice. His wary attendant is yellow as saffron but is very observant. He built an edifice near a steep precipice. See their pennon float. He has a prejudice against curbstones in the suburbs.

46 (Review)

docile
mania
phonic
fragile
phlegm

edifice
saffron
leopard
betwixt
penance

alcohol
prophesy
assurance
precipice
geography

swollen
disciples
observant
prejudice
photograph

Photograph the spotted leopard near the precipice. We prejudiced him against alcohol. Betwixt the saffron leaves were slight stalks. Fragile glass in a pasteboard box. His docile, observant disciples had assurance of success. I prophesy a failure in geography. He has a mania for sketching ancient edifices. A few moments of leisure.

Review of the Difficult Words.

abate
adieu
afflict
alcohol
analysis
armor
artery
asphalt
assurance
attract
audience
avarice
average
barracks
battery
bazaar
beetle
bereaved
betwixt
brethren
caboose

caldron
cathedral
census
challenge
camomile
champion
chariot
chastise
chicory
Chinese
circular
clayey
collapse
colonel
colonial
coolly
congregate
convenient
conveys
cowardice
crocodile

crucify
cruet
cruise
customary
cutlery
decease
decayed
defiant
defraud
delaine
delegate
delicious
denial
denounce
describe
desperate
destitute
dial
dialogue
diamond
diary

dictionary
diligent
disguise
dissolve
distinct
divorce
docile
dolphin
domestic
domicile
drizzle
economy
edifice
efficient
encroach
engineer
entwine
envelope
essential
Europe
excavate

expense
extreme
falcon
features
feigned
feminine
fidgety
flattery
footwear
forbade
forcible
foreign
fractions
fracture
fragile
frolics
fugitive
funnel
genuine
geography
gesture

gigantic
gluey
glycerine
gopher
gorilla
granary
grateful
grievous
grooved
guiltily
guinea
guitar
halfpenny
hallowed
harmony
hearken
hearth
heartiness
heathen
hedgehog
heifer

herrings
hallo
homestead
hose-reel
humility
illustrate
imaginary
immerse
industrial
initial
injurious
innings
insolent
instinct
interred
interrupt
introduce
irritate
isthmus
italics
Japanese

jaunty
jealous
kangaroo
lenient
leopard
loyalty
luscious
lustrous
mackerel
mahogany
maimed
majestic
mallet
mandolin
marmalade
martial
masculine
massive
mattress
mauve
messenger

military
miracles
mullein
navigate
nozzle
numeral
obstacles
occasion
ochre
omnibus
oppress
overseer
pacify
palate
palings
parable
paradise
particles
partition
partridge
passenger

patriot
patronize
penance
peninsula
penitent
perjury
permanent
persuade
petition
phlegm
photograph
pickerel
pilot
pioneer
pinafore
porcelain
positive
prairies
precipice
president
pressure

previous
probable
proverb
psalm
pshaw
pumice
pyramid
quoits
quoting
rat-trap
rebate
recruit
reduction
referred
refrain
regiment
reject
release
reliance
religion
resign

revenge
reverent
reverse
romance
route
rummage
rumor
russet
sacrifice
saffron
sanitary
scabbard
scalawag
scandal
scoundrel
scripture
seamstress
semicolon
sentinel
service
sewer

shrewd
shrilly
signify
singular
slaughter
solar
solitary
sorcery
sorrel
sovereign
specify
spectacle
spinach
squeamish
stanza
stirrup
strangle
strolling
structure
sturgeon
subdue

subscribe
suburbs
sufficient
suffocate
suggest
summary
supreme
surged
surgeon
surrender
survive
suspense
suspicious
syllable
sympathy
swath
swollen
tactful
tapioca
tendency
tenement

terrace
territory
theatre
thorough
thwart
tomahawk
torture
tortoise
tourist
treacle
trivial
trophy
tropics
tunnel
turnstile
twopence
typhoid
tyrant
unicorn
upbraid
vaccinate

vagabond
valentine
vanilla
vapor
velvety
vengeance
ventilate
veranda
verbal
verdant
vigor
volunteer
weapon
weasel
wherefore
wherever
wholesome
wondrous
woolly
yacht
zealous

Pronounce.

Note.—See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced.

ally, al-lī´
arctic, ärk´tik
area, ā´rēa
asphalt, as-falt´
avenue, av´e-nū
almond, ä´mund
balsam, ba̤l´sambąl´sam
barren, bar´en
because, bē-ca̤z´bē-cąz´
beneath, bē-nēth´
breadth, bredth
brethren, breTH´-ren
bristle, bris´l
barrel, bar´el
castle, kas´l
cemetery, cem´-ē-ter-y
chimney, chim´ni
clothes, klōTHz
collie, kol´i
column, kol´um
depths, depths
donkey, dong´ki
drought, drowt
eleven, ē-lev´-n
English, ing-glish

errand, er-rand
February, Feb´rṳ-a-ryFeb´rų-a-ry
flannel, flan´el
follow, fol´lō
foundry, foun´-dri
friends, frends
figure, fig-ūr
forbade, for-bad´
glisten, glis´n
greasy, grē´zi
genuine, jen´ū-in
height, hīt´
hearth, härth
heroine, her´ō-in
history, his´-to-ry
instead, in-sted´
kettle, ket-l
kiln, kil
launch, länsh
leisure, lē´zhūr
lettuce, let´is
livery, liv´er-i
minute, mi-nūt´ adj.
mouths, mouTHz
nephew, nev´ū

nothing, nuth´-ing
peony, pē´ō-ni
perhaps, pėr haps´
pumpkin, pump´-kin
princess, prin´-ses
really, rē´al-li
recess, rē ses´
recipe, res´i-pe
respite, res´-pit
ruffian, ruf´i-an
ru´-in, rö´in
saliva, sa-lī´va
several, sev´ėr-al
shriek, shrēk
shrill, shril
slaked, slāked
soften, sof´n
solder, sol´dėr
sterile, ster´il
strength, strength
stupid, stū´pid
toward, tō´ėrd
Tuesday, tūz´dā
turnip, tėr´nip
violet, vī´-ō-let

Fāte, fa̤llfąll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin; nōte, not, möve; tūbe, tub, bṳllbųll; TH, then; th, thin.

STANDARD IV. Senior.
GRADE 7.

1

typical
renewal
magical
chemical
botanical

valiant
hydrant
indignant
stimulant
luxuriant

assailant
occupant
incessant
applicant
consonant

cereals
alleged
civilian
secluded
abominate

Join —al to comic, logic, cubic, sign, brute, recite, remove, arrive.

The applicant made indignant denial of his alleged scheming. The occupants of the secluded domicile gambled incessantly. A valiant civilian shielded a mulatto from a brutal assailant. Our fertile prairies yield a luxuriant growth of cereals. Chemical changes appear almost magical. The rector abominates the use of whisky or like stimulants. The city's hydrants need renewal. With breech-loading rifles we defended breaches in the rampart.

2

miscreant
intolerant
mendicant
immigrant
descendant

critical
tragical
physical
identical
fanatical

prodigal
cannibal
acquittal
occasional
economical

incite
censure
beseech
stalwart
lieutenant

Add —ant to account, assist, claim, defend, attend, repent, depend.

His descendants were prodigal, not economical. Finally they became mere mendicants. Immigrants are intolerant of even occasional censures. The lieutenant was critical of his recruit's physical courage. A stalwart miscreant accused of cannibal practices secured acquittal. Another tragical scene occurred at that identical spot. Pontiac readily incited the fanatical Indians to revolt. An adept in botanical lore went on a canoeing trip. Lye for cleansing woollen shawls has lain here for eight weeks. A mere mite of a bugler moaned beseechingly for a draught of water.

3

raiment
adjacent
reticent
opponent
diffident

indulgent
competent
consistent
provident
permanent

marvel
sequel
infidel
citadel
trammel

gibbet
penitent
obligation
protector
antiquated

Write —ent with differ, insist, confide, reside, provide, compete.

His wily opponent was reticent, divulging few secrets. A gibbet was erected adjacent to the citadel. His antiquated raiment is consistent with his provident custom. Is he competent to revise any permanent obligations? Though hesitating and diffident he stubbornly maintained his stand. The sequel showed how indulgent the protector was to penitent rebels. Do not trammel the posse of police in pursuit of the kidnapper. Broken treaties led to conflict. Consult a treatise on ague. The lawyer gave good counsel to the mayor and village council.

4

deceit
conceit
ceiling
conceive
receiving

fiend
shriek
achieve
relieve
reprieve

prevalent
expedient
stringent
intelligent
benevolent

pleurisy
catarrh
manifest
bigamist
machinist

Catarrh and pleurisy are prevalent. Satan is the arch fiend. The court received urgent requests to reprieve the bigamist. Success is achieved by intelligent effort. It is expedient to use metal ceilings. The benevolent machinist is believed to be conceited. The villain shrieked when his deceit was manifest. Customs officers conceived it necessary to make stringent rules against smugglers. Pistils are seed-bearing organs. Rewarded according to his deserts. A stream with cascades and cataracts.

Note: When sounded like long e, i comes before e, except after c.

5

elegance
defiance
alliance
variance
appliance

arrogance
ambulance
reluctance
annoyance
conveyance

surfeit
forfeit
counterfeit
heinous
inveigle

project
dynamite
terminate
excessive
explosive

Note: When not sounded like long e, the order of the letters is ei.

Use an ambulance for his conveyance to a hospital. A surfeit of wealth leads to arrogance. The use of dynamite and other explosives was an excessive annoyance. With reluctance a counterfeiter produced his skilful appliances. The elegance of his address diverted suspicion from his heinous crimes. As the allies are at variance, the alliance may terminate. By their defiance of justice they forfeited our assurance of relief. His soul was teeming with projects of deceit. A Hindu fakir inveigled me by his cleverness. A wretch reeled over but, seizing the reins, he reseated himself.

6 (Review)

cereal
achieve
incite
typical
catarrh
heinous
renewal

fiendish
reticent
variance
civilian
physical
adjacent
pleurisy

inveigle
dynamite
reprieve
expedient
miscreant
acquittal
counterfeit

descendant
assailant
consistent
machinist
benevolent
lieutenant
conveyance

Improvident mendicants made incessant appeals for relief. A reticent lieutenant achieved mastery over his assailant. Is it expedient to reprieve the miscreant who incited to such heinous crimes? Pleurisy and catarrh are physical ailments. Was it fiendish to use dynamite in besieging a citadel? An arrogant but benevolent machinist deemed it consistent with honor to inveigle counterfeiters. Wheat is a typical cereal. A renewal of the civilians' league led to many variances with the soldiers.

7

offence
defence
pretence
eminence
diligence

deference
eloquence
indolence
excellence
recurrence

device
entice
suffice
spliced
indict

bulwarks
maintain
inditing
commodore
despicable

Form words in —ence from prefer, infer, confer, reside, revere. Give verb forms corresponding to advice, device, practice, prophecy.

For a recurrence of the despicable offence he was promptly indicted before a magistrate. The eloquence of the lawyer sufficed for his defence. In deference to the commodore's request he spliced ropes with diligence. His indolence was truly a pretence to cloak knavery. A bulwark is perched on the lofty eminence. Savory fruits enticed the saucy ruffian. The excellence of his device for maintaining warmth is acknowledged. The document was indited and sealed. It is a wise practice not to prophesy about elections.

8

malice
novice
cornice
solstice
artifice

estuary
obituary
dromedary
secretary
arbitrary

auxiliary
adversary
sanctuary
temporary
stationary

wether
brigand
bureau
enumerate
incredible

Add —ary to beg, note, vision, infirm, imagine, mission, custom.

The malice of his adversary was incredible. Though a mere novice in business, he is made temporary secretary of the grocers' guild. The obituary notice was deceiving. The brigands fled on dromedaries beyond the Nile estuary. The cornice meets the sanctuary ceiling. Is the sun stationary at the solstice? The arbitrary tyrant was won over by a clever artifice. Enumerate the auxiliary verbs. From a circle around the moon many augur foul weather. A tainted wether of the flock. An ermine mantle occupied the mantel-piece. The adze and auger are carpenters' tools. A handsome bureau adorned the ladies' waiting-room.

9

roguery
quackery
colliery
cemetery
artillery

cajolery
treachery
shrubbery
monastery
stationery

axis
oasis
crisis
gratis
trellis

mechanism
ingenious
delectable
periodical
revolution

Join —ery to brave, scene, pot, mock, slave, brew, distil, bake.

Can you distinguish between quackery, cajolery, and roguery? A corps of artillery quelled the feud at the colliery. A cemetery near the monastery is concealed by profuse shrubbery and vines climbing on trellises. The treachery of the guards occasioned an alarming crisis. An oasis in the desert is delectable. The earth's revolution on its axis is shown by an ingenious mechanism. His services are given gratis. Purchase the periodicals at a stationery store. A stationary engine is one not movable. A stationer sells stationery, as a confectioner sells confectionery.

10

oratory
cursory
dilatory
lavatory
dormitory

directory
desultory
obligatory
compulsory
promissory

harass
cutlass
trespass
abscess
embarrass

merciless
malignant
merchandise
curriculum
interrogative

Put —ory or —tory with direct, deposit, prepare, purge, explain.

The college lavatory adjoins the dormitory, not the vestibule. A dilatory customer was embarrassed by the cashier's refusal to discount a promissory note. A cursory glance revealed a malignant abscess. Desultory attacks in the merciless warfare harassed our adversaries. Trespassers were frightened off by guards equipped with cutlasses. Oratory is made obligatory by the new curriculum. I certified to the completeness of the revised directory. Freight charges on the cargo of merchandise are not satisfactory. Alter the exclamatory sentence to an interrogative one.

11

destine
doctrine
aniline
gelatine
sanguine

profile
ductile
missile
imbecile
projectile

license
incense
dispense
condense
recompense

superseded
destructive
apothecary
temperament
Dreadnought

Form words by adding —e to bath, cloth, loath, wreath, breath.

Condensed aniline dyes seem destined to supersede other varieties. He advocates the doctrine of recompensing owners of revoked licenses. The projectiles hurled from a modern Dreadnought's batteries are most destructive missiles. The apothecary does not dispense gelatine or incense. The imbecile is obstinate. Gold is ductile. His countenance as seen in profile indicates a sanguine temperament. The marshal mustered the troops levied in populous centres. A circus troupe delighted the populace.

12 (Review)

indict
missile
artifice
roguery
harass
aniline
dilatory

obituary
imbecile
guerilla
cemetery
business
auxiliary
sanguine

solstice
secretary
projectile
supersede
recurrence
ingenious
despicable

eminence
promissory
curriculum
apothecary
embarrass
treachery
Dreadnought

A stationer was indicted for roguery. The artifice of his counsel sufficed in that crisis. The novice was dilatory in inditing the secretary's obituary notice. The apothecary was embarrassed by despicable treachery. Offensive warfare harassed our auxiliaries. The Dreadnought's eminence is due to projectiles of incredible force. The apparatus for aniline dyeing is ingenious. Sanguine of business success. A recurrence of the solstice. A new curriculum of studies supersedes the old. Ancient missiles are found in a cemetery facing the sanctuary. I purchased two bureaus.

13

ratable
pitiable
laudable
palatable
acceptable

deplorable
impassable
inestimable
inflammable
controllable

sabre
lucre
sombre
spectre
sceptre

equipped
battalion
compassion
phosphorus
expenditure

Form words in —able from agree, excite, prove, deplore, conceal.

The emperor's sceptre is of inestimable value. Few mountain barriers are now impassable. The tax on rateable property is for controllable expenditures. Filthy lucre is a term applied to money got by deplorable practices. The battalion were equipped with acceptable sabres. The spectre in the theatrical scene wore a sombre mien. His laudable attempts to relieve pitiable distress. Phosphorus is highly inflammable. Castor-oil is usually unpalatable. Commiseration lessens grief, yet the lesson of affliction is invaluable. After dessert he usually dozes on a lounge.

14

legible
audible
credible
plausible
digestible

eligible
feasible
admissible
corruptible
contemptible

creator
incisor
impostor
executor
competitor

affidavit
plaintiff
testimony
signature
cauliflower

Add —ible to force, resist, divide, digest, sense, corrupt, produce.

A credible witness made affidavit that the plausible professor was an impostor. The laughter was inaudible. The competitor was ineligible, nor was his testimony deemed admissible. Beavers possess forcible incisors. The executor of the plaintiff's estate is incorruptible. God is our creator. The signature is illegible—a contemptible scrawl. Though perplexing, the project is feasible. Is cauliflower fairly digestible? They were admitted to the queen's presence and their beautiful presents accepted. Undue severity towards criminals is rarely permissible. I gain nought by climbing a knoll. The belle wore a pearl brooch at the bridal party.

15

traceable
chargeable
changeable
damageable
manageable

peaceable
noticeable
serviceable
advantageable
marriageable

integer
coroner
diameter
conjurer
idolater

czar
forte
duet
cede
queue

diet
lieu
guise
alien
adage

Note that the e is retained to preserve the soft sound of c or g.

An alien idolater was in the guise of a native conjurer. The czar is a peaceable ruler. A serviceable rule for finding the diameter of a circle. The Chinaman's queue is noticeable. Coroners' fees are chargeable to public funds. He has two marriageable daughters. Wrestling is my forte. Use goblets in lieu of tumblers. An unmanageable team of ponies. His ideas are changeable. Malleable iron is made into wagon tires. France ceded Canada to England. The celery was unsaleable. Wrap the damageable goods in linen. Two-thirds is not an integer.

16

facial
official
glacial
especial
judicial

artificial
beneficial
provincial
commercial
appointment

gamester
gossamer
barrister
chorister
scavenger

bouquet
recently
government
responsible
community

Note the hyphen in well-bred, ox-eyed, air-tight, text-book, able-bodied, well-meant, high-flier, lion-hearted, fire-escape.

Canada has wonderful commercial advantages. The barrister aspires to a judicial appointment from the provincial government. Glacial action is largely responsible for our Great Lakes. The scavenger's duties are beneficial to the whole community. The facial expression of the gamester is especially severe. A bouquet of artificial lilies was recently presented to the chorister by the choir officials. Gossamer has an interesting derivation. Europeans were here later than the Indians; the latter are dying out. His lax behavior proves that he lacks self-control.

17

physic
mimic
traffic
shellac
bivouac

picnicker
mimicking
trafficked
rollicking
bivouacked

spiritual
inspiring
aspiration
dispiriting
conspiracy

urchin
extinct
corridor
galvanized
wearisome

Note: k is used in these words to keep the c hard.

Zincked or galvanized iron is serviceable. Trafficking in negroes is not wholly extinct. The frolicsome urchins mimicked the simpleton. Bivouacking is usually wearisome. Some rollicking picnickers suffered later from colicky pains. He shellacked the corridor floors. A prominent doctor believes in physicking his patients. He has aspirations to be a pianist. We have spiritual as well as bodily comforts. It was dispiriting to find the conspiracy so widespread. The address on science was most inspiring.

18 (Review)

spectre
integer
bouquet
incisors
coroner
acceptable
plausible

pitiable
sceptre
feasible
affidavit
palatable
signature
chargeable

bivouac
battalion
beneficial
artificial
competitor
conspiracy
government

eligible
plaintiff
impostor
noticeable
trafficker
scavenger
cauliflower

The coroner's signature is noticeable in the affidavit. It was pitiable to see the scavenger wasted to a mere spectre. The bivouac of the battalion was highly beneficial. Cauliflower is palatable. The plaintiff charged his competitors with conspiracy. The government favors a feasible scheme of artificial drainage. The plausible impostor is not eligible for office. A bouquet of daisies was acceptable. Integers are not fractions. Gnawing animals have sharp incisors. Is he a trafficker in liquor licenses?

19

option
fiction
diction
sanction
rejection

deception
expedition
absorption
temptation
competition

rudiment
nutriment
merriment
impediment
compliment

hazardous
physiology
examination
conscience
proposition

Write words in —tion from create, defect, rotate, quote, dispose.

I await the sanction or the rejection of my proposition. Even keen competition need not induce deception. The author received compliments on his recent fiction. We had the option of joining the expedition but deemed it too hazardous. There is an eager absorption of nutriment by a healthy system. He has an impediment in speech, but his diction is choice. Their merriment implies no deception. He tries an examination on the rudiments of physiology. Obey your conscience despite temptations. Send a petition to the city council against flimsy partitions in buildings.

20

terrific
aquatic
athletic
despotic
pathetic

prolific
intrinsic
pugilistic
democratic
aristocratic

vehement
implement
settlement
amazement
complement

ensue
beverage
exhibition
programme
agricultural

Add —ic to angel, hero, tone, algebra, botany, drama, mason.

Pugilistic exhibitions were excluded from the athletic programme. The regiment had a full complement of heroic privates. In the newer settlements agricultural implements are necessary. Our government is democratic, not despotic or aristocratic. We viewed with amazement their use of alcoholic beverages and the pathetic scenes that ensued. The naval conflict was vehement, even terrific. The walrus is aquatic in habits. Our prairies give a prolific yield of wheat, whose intrinsic or inherent worth is great. The United States is a republic. A frantic struggle with a lunatic.

21

deity
agility
facility
civility
sincerity

iniquity
docility
alacrity
vicinity
dexterity

Grecian
magician
optician
politician
electrician

prescribe
displayed
negotiate
worshipped
certificate

Join —ity to intense, absurd, plural, noble, fatal, sincere, docile.

An optician prescribed for my eyes. The politician dwelt on the iniquity of his opponents and his own sincerity. A magician displayed agility and dexterity. Ancient Grecian deities were publicly worshipped by sacrifices. An electrician negotiated for a residence in our vicinity. Civility and sincerity are certificates of refinement. Accepting the challenge with alacrity, he showed his facility in handling weapons. Don't meddle with the gas-meter. Juicy pears are extremely agreeable to the palates of fever patients.

22

apprise
criticise
catechise
advertise
supervise

analyse
paralyse
enterprise
compromise
enfranchise

gaiety
surety
sobriety
notoriety
propriety

collapse
habitual
definition
disputant
intoxicating

Note: Chastise, comprise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, exercise, merchandise, revise, surprise, surmise, also end in ise.

There is no surety that the enterprise will not collapse. He criticised the propriety of using gestures. The deceased was paralysed for years before his demise. To analyse means to resolve into simpler elements. The disputants compromised by agreeing to accept my definition. I apprised the foreigners that they could not vote, as they were not enfranchised. Their disloyalty was a matter of public notoriety. Habitual temperance in using intoxicating liquors is laudable sobriety. Mention the provinces comprised in Canada. Explain the meaning of numerator and denominator.

23

baptize
utilize
realize
civilize
tantalize

patronize
authorize
familiarize
emphasize
sympathize

addict
verdict
dedicate
contradict
predicate

assertion
missionary
justifiable
licentious
bereavement

Join —ize to equal, brutal, real, central, signal, pauper.

He realizes that the verdict is justifiable. Emphasize the predicate. I am authorized to contradict his assertions. Refrain from tantalizing dumb creatures. Patronize home products. The church was dedicated to divine worship. The heathens were baptized in the presence of many spectators. Previously they were addicted to licentious practices. Missionaries aid in civilizing savage peoples. I sincerely sympathize with you in your bereavement. Familiarize yourself with the means of utilizing waste products.

24 (Review)

gaiety
aquatic
analyse
civility
beverage
sincerely
sanction

facility
criticise
optician
paralyse
dexterity
negotiate
magician

docility
decision
vehement
recognize
conscience
intoxicate
physiology

spectator
implement
emphasize
worshipper
competition
programme
bereavement

The worshippers criticised the spectators for lack of civility. The magician's dexterity was advertised on the programme. The optician vehemently condemns beverages that intoxicate. Recognize the sanction of a sincere conscience. He analyses sentences with facility. The mayor's decision recognized the aquatic exhibition. He negotiated a loan to organize an implement factory. His bereavement has paralysed all gaiety. Elephants are remarkable for their docility. There is keen competition in our physiology class. The missionary emphasized the iniquity of perjury.

25

genius
radius
exodus
impetus
stimulus

gladiolus
terminus
narcissus
apparatus
ignoramus

siphon
graphic
epitaph
phaeton
phantom

vision
solicitor
extraordinary
encouragement
manufacturing

Use no hyphen in barefaced, greyhound, breastplate, breadstuffs.

The Bible contains a graphic account of the exodus from Egypt. The narcissus and gladiolus are favourite flowers. Describe the difference between a phaeton and a carriage. The epitaph on the solicitor's tomb was composed by a genius, not an ignoramus. The radius of a circle can readily be computed without special apparatus. Encouragement is a great stimulus to exertion. The terminus of the steamboat route is an important site for manufacturing. The weight of the atmosphere causes liquids to flow in a siphon. A phantom is a fancied, not a real, vision. Abundant harvests give an extraordinary impetus to trade.

26

perilous
covetous
timorous
frivolous
poisonous

felicitous
disastrous
boisterous
gluttonous
miraculous

mileage
acreage
mortgage
equipage
disparage

republic
allowance
adventure
exaggerate
automobile

Add —ous to fibre, nerve, pomp, resin, riot, venom, wonder, zeal.

The acreage under cultivation is exaggerated. He disparages the importance of our felicitous relations with the republic. A gluttonous person is too covetous of dainty victuals. Senators have an ample mileage allowance. To the timorous the adventure appeared perilous. His recovery after swallowing the poisonous draught was miraculous. The automobile is our latest equipage. It may be disastrous to mortgage the residence. Avoid being frivolous or boisterous. Beware the bite of a venomous reptile.

27

session
evasion
version
decision
collision

derision
omission
dimension
dissension
digression

ninths
eighths
twelfths
thirtieths
ninetieths

calculate
utterance
parliament
penniless
pronunciation

Form words in —sion from confuse, infuse, possess, depress, omit, revise. Add —ths to forty, sixty, eighty, hundred, thousand.

There was an omission of two-eighths from the total. The utterance of a penniless passenger gives a new version of the collision. Dissensions in parliament prolonged the session. How many ninetieths equal eleven-thirtieths? His address contained serious digressions from the main issue. Calculate the dimensions of the rectangle to the twelfth of an inch. The decision to modify pronunciation was greeted with cries of derision. There should be no evasion of duty. How much is two-thirds of one-ninth?

28

function
quotation
exemption
redemption
completion

inflection
institution
conjunction
transaction
consumption

mosque
opaque
unique
oblique
antique

renown
campaign
chameleon
congratulate
triumphant

Write words in —tion from exert, digest, donate, incline, reject.

The conjunction has no inflection. His collection of antique vases is renowned. The chameleon is unique in some respects. What is the function of the hyphen? The worshippers in the mosque are not Christians. I congratulated the general upon the triumphant completion of his campaign. Explain the difference between vertical and oblique lines. Ground glass is somewhat opaque. A foreign institution secured exemption from taxation. Consumption is often fatal. I cited quotations from English authors. The redemption of the notes was a costly transaction.

29

duellist
jeweller
traveller
towelling
imperilled

chiselled
medallist
apparelled
councillor
victualler

gentian
artesian
comedian
barbarian
Presbyterian

decrepit
costume
extricate
scrutinize
exhaustible

Note: Words ending in one l double it on adding a vowel suffix.

The comedian is a noted duellist, excelling in the use of the sword. The traveller was apparelled in the native barbarian costume. The councillor advocated artesian wells to give an inexhaustible supply of excellent water. The jeweller chiselled a gentian on the medallist's watch. The licensed victuallers scrutinized the quality of the towelling. A Presbyterian clergyman imperilled his life to extricate the decrepit vagrant. He shovelled the snow away to steer the sleigh easily. People who affect too much politeness rarely effect much real good.

30 (Review)

opaque
acreage
epitaph
twelfths
decrepit
covetous
solicitor

oblique
phaeton
equipage
omission
mortgage
frivolous
ninetieths

victualler
inflection
campaign
counsellor
apparelled
apparatus
felicitous

completion
automobile
miraculous
parliament
exhaustible
congratulate
Presbyterian

There was an omission of the phaeton, automobile, and other equipages from the mortgage. The frivolous solicitor was covetous of being made king's counsellor. The epitaph of the Presbyterian minister is very felicitous. A decrepit victualler was oddly apparelled. The acreage under cereals is a great encouragement. Parliament congratulated the army upon the completion of the campaign. Our prairies appear inexhaustible in fertility. How much is eight-twelfths of seven-ninetieths? A miraculous rescue.

31

labor
valor
dolor
arbor
fervor

succor
rancor
glamor
splendor
demeanor

honorary
valorous
dolorous
humorist
clamorous

cypress
corporal
sycamore
appreciate
accomplish

Note: Instead of the final or in many noun forms our is recognized as a variant. The u in the latter form is invariably dropped when the suffix ous is added.

The mien of the humorist when off the stage is dolorous. The corporal's valorous demeanor was highly commended. He was elected honorary president of the federated labor union. The villain's malice and rancor were severely censured. Her beauty and splendor cast a glamor over all. Deeds of valor are accomplished in the joyous fervor of youth. When in danger of drowning he was very clamorous for succor. In my garden is an arbor sheltered by cypress and sycamore trees. Filled with dolor at the prospect of death. I appreciate Arbor Day.

32

duteous
piteous
aqueous
gaseous
bounteous

righteous
plenteous
nauseous
courteous
erroneous

typify
mystify
rectify
beautify
sanctify

illuminate
almsgiving
manuscript
compassionate
circumstantial

Add —ify to class, pure, false, glory, ample, intense, just, diverse.

Steam is aqueous vapor. He was very courteous when requested to rectify the erroneous statement. Castor-oil typifies a nauseous draught. Bounteous almsgiving and righteous behavior beautified his life. Gaseous products from coal illuminate our houses. A plenteous peach yield. The circumstantial evidence merely mystified the jurors. Her piteous appeal fell on compassionate ears. A duteous daughter sanctifies a home. He was accused of falsifying the manuscript. A pair of moccasins. He related an anecdote of a penniless acquaintance of ours.

33

dubious
hilarious
obnoxious
laborious
penurious

notorious
delirious
ingenious
luxurious
abstemious

rarefy
liquefy
putrefy
stupefy
rascality

corduroy
telephone
vagabond
phonograph
temperature

Join —ous to injury, envy, mystery, vary, victory, study.

When delirious his temperature was so high as to cause anxiety. He seemed dubious of victory. When he won there was hilarious rejoicing. Heat liquefies metals. Using tobacco tends to stupefy a youth. He is not luxurious, but rather penurious, in his tastes. Obnoxious weeds should be ruthlessly destroyed. Instances of long life are chiefly among the abstemious. Putrefied meat is poisonous. The vagabond was notorious for his rascality. Edison is a type of the laborious and ingenious inventor. To him we owe the phonograph. The telephone was invented by a Canadian, Dr. Bell. The air is rarefied as one ascends. Corduroy trousers.

34

cavalier
fusilier
grenadier
brigadier
chevalier

gaselier
chandelier
electrolier
financier
chiffonier

geranium
aquarium
gymnasium
harmonium
nasturtium

resolute
originally
inadequate
discordant
establishment

Note: No capital is needed in such phrases as, morocco leather, plaster of paris, french polish, prussian blue, turkey red, etc.

Originally soldiers were described by the particular weapon used; as, grenadier, fusilier, bombardier. The chandelier is the most ancient, next the gaselier, and now the electrolier. The financier encouraged the establishment of a gymnasium. Place a bouquet of geraniums and nasturtiums on the chiffonier. The brigadier was resolute in exacting obedience. Our school aquarium is inadequate. The church harmonium is woefully discordant. Cavaliers or chevaliers were armed horsemen.

35

mutineer
domineer
gazetteer
buccaneer
scrutineer

athlete
compete
secrete
complete
concrete

secede
accede
concede
precede
stampede

cupola
asthma
militia
naphtha
orchestra

Note: Agreed, exceed, indeed, proceed, succeed.

The mutineers seized the ship and started as buccaneers. He proceeded to complete the cupola. The athlete conceded the advantage to his rival. He graciously acceded to my request. Some dissatisfied members seceded from the orchestra. A wooden pavement preceded the concrete one. The scrutineer succeeded in preventing our secreting the ballots. The militia domineered over the citizens. Purchase a naphtha launch. Fire caused the tethered horses to stampede. We did not compete for publishing the gazetteer. Asthma is frequently fatal.

36 (Review)

accede
militia
piteous
asthma
cypress
concrete
succor

gaselier
naphtha
adequate
sanctify
splendor
ingenious
rascality

putrefy
telephone
sycamore
plenteous
aquarium
humorous
orchestra

financier
geranium
preceding
nauseous
obnoxious
demeanor
manuscript

The militia proceeded to succor the cavalry. The financier's demeanor was obnoxious to the orchestra. Sycamore trees are plenteous, but cypresses are scarce. The orchestra played humorous pieces at the aquarium. Concrete the cellar. It was piteous to witness the asthma patients. Telephone for an adequate supply of naphtha. A piece of ingenious rascality. In the preceding year the queen acceded to the request of her subjects. Putrefying vegetables are dangerous. A manuscript shows a gaselier.

37

judicious
capacious
malicious
audacious
sagacious

veracity
ferocity
vivacity
scarcity
capacity

adhere
sincere
austere
cashmere
hemisphere

reticule
renegade
adherence
characterize
archipelagos

Change ferocity, vivacity, capacity, sagacity, veracity to forms in —ous. Make nouns in —ity from atrocious, capacious, sagacious.

The sagacious collie exhibits no ferocity. The audacious renegade adhered to his malicious fiction. Though austere in features he has great vivacity in manner. A sincere, judicious adherence to right principles characterized the governor. I am conscious of the scarcity of men with eminent business capacity. Veracity signifies strict regard for truth. Genuine cashmere shawls come from Asia. There are few archipelagos in our hemisphere. A foreign guide carried a bowie knife in a capacious reticule.

38

fictitious
vexatious
ambitious
infectious
expeditious

curiosity
inferiority
generosity
university
immensity

opium
asylum
gypsum
quorum
museum

committee
inordinate
overwhelm
magnificent
acknowledge

Make noun forms of words in —ious, and adj. forms of those in —ity.

The university possesses a magnificent museum. Infectious diseases are readily spread. Hire an expeditious conveyance. Be cautious to abstain from opium. The patients at the asylum gave fictitious names. Gypsum frequently contains the fossil remains of extinct animals. Owing to the lack of a quorum the committee transacted no business. Inordinate curiosity is often vexatious to others. Though almost overwhelmed by adversity they manifested princely generosity. The immensity of the British empire is now fully acknowledged. He is ambitious to control the woollen industry.

39

secrecy
privacy
delicacy
clemency
obstinacy

cordial
congenial
parochial
centennial
testimonial

beacon
matron
venison
environs
oblivion

beguile
revenue
heighten
ceremony
complexion

Write sec. person sing. of pray, prayed, bless, hate, ruled; e.g., burnest.

The delicacy of the matron's complexion is very noticeable. The city's environs have asphalt avenues. The emperor is renowned for clemency. The centennial ceremonies rescued many quaint customs from oblivion. The rector maintained secrecy as to his parochial revenues. Congenial companions beguiled a tedious voyage. Obstinacy merely heightened the culprit's guilt. The princess is most cordial towards friends in the privacy of her home. Beacon lights are essential to the safety of sailors. I won a testimonial for good behavior. Savory venison is digestible.

40

accurate
duplicate
intricate
elaborate
collegiate

initiate
fascinate
anticipate
expectorate
emancipate

indicative
nominative
transitive
subjunctive
comparative

obscene
crescent
sciatica
ascertain
condescend

Write verb forms like prayeth, from love, mourn, fear, see, reign.

I ascertained that the principal of the Collegiate Institute anticipates a big attendance. The crescent moon is the Turkish symbol. His scheme is too elaborate and intricate. I sent a receipt in duplicate. He distinguishes accurately between the indicative and the subjunctive mood. The empress condescended to occupy a comparatively mean cottage. Serpents are said to fascinate and stupefy their prey. England emancipated negro slaves about 1808. Refrain from obscene language. A skilful doctor relieved my sciatica. Avoid coughing and expectorating phlegm on the street.

Review of the Difficult Words.

abscess
absorption
abstemious
acceptable
acknowledge
acquaintance
acquittal
adherence
adjacent
admissible
adversary
affidavit
agriculture
amazement
ambitious
analyse
anecdote
aniline
annoyance
anticipate
apologize
apothecary
apparel
appliance
appreciate
aquarium
archipelago
aristocratic
arrogance

artesian
artifice
artillery
ascertain
asphalt
asthma
asylum
athlete
audacious
austere
authorize
automobile
auxiliary
baptize
barbarian
battalion
beneficial
benevolent
bereavement
beverage
bivouac
boisterous
bouquet
bounteous
brigadier
buccaneer
campaign
cannibal
capacity

cashmere
cataract
catarrh
cauliflower
cavalier
cemetery
centennial
cereals
ceremony
chandelier
changeable
characterize
chorister
citadel
civilian
clamorous
clemency
collegiate
colliery
comedian
commercial
committee
commiserate
comparative
compassionate
competition
complete
complement
complexion

compliments
compulsory
concede
conceit
concrete
confectionery
congenial
congratulate
conscience
consonant
conspiracy
consumption
conveyance
cordial
corduroy
cornice
coroner
corridor
costume
councillor
counsellor
counterfeit
courteous
covetous
crescent
criticise
curriculum
cursory
cypress

damageable
deception
decision
decrepit
deference
delicacy
delirious
demeanor
descendants
despicable
dexterous
diameter
dilatory
diligence
disparage
dissension
divisible
docility
doctrine
dromedary
duplicate
duteous
dynamite
economical
electrician
eligible
eloquence
emancipate
embarrass

emphasize
enfranchise
encouragement
epitaph
equipage
erroneous
especially
estuary
exaggerate
excellence
exclamatory
executor
exemption
exhaustible
expedition
extinct
extraordinary
facility
familiarize
fascinate
fanatical
feasible
felicity
ferocious
fiction
financier
frivolous
function
gaselier

gentian
gluttonous
gorgeous
government
Grecian
gymnasium
hazardous
heinous
hemisphere
humorist
identical
idolatrous
imbecile
immigrant
impassable
impediment
imperilling
implement
impostor
inadequate
incessant
incisor
indolence
infectious
integer
interrogative
intoxicant
intricate
inveigle

judicious
license
lieutenant
liquefy
luxuriant
machinist
magician
magnificent
malicious
manuscript
marriageable
merciless
merriment
mimicking
miraculous
moccasin
mortgage
museum
naphtha
nasturtium
nauseous
negotiate
ninetieths
nominative
nutriment
obituary
obligatory
obnoxious
obscene

offensive
officious
omission
optician
opponent
orchestra
original
overwhelm
palatable
paralyse
parliament
parochial
peaceable
penurious
periodical
permanent
phaeton
phonograph
phosphorus
physical
physiology
picnicker
piteous
plaintiff
plausible
plenteous
pleurisy
politician

preceding
predicate
Presbyterian
pretence
privacy
programme
projectile
promissory
pronunciation
provincial
putrefy
raiment
rancor
rascality
receipt
recurrence
recommend
redemption
renewal
renowned
reprieve
rescuing
resolute
reticent
reticule
revenue
righteous
roguery

sagacious
saleable
sanction
sanctuary
sanguine
savory
scarcity
sciatica
scrutinize
seceded
secrecy
secrete
secretary
serviceable
shrubbery
signature
sincerely
sobriety
solicitor
solstice
spectator
splendor
stampede
stationary
stationer
stimulus
suffice
supersede

supervise
surfeit
sycamore
sympathize
tantalize
telephone
temperament
temptation
testimonial
timorous
tragical
transaction
treachery
triumphant
typify
utilize
utterance
variance
vehement
venison
veracity
vexatious
vicinity
victualler
vivacity
wearisome
woollen
worshipper

Small Difficult Words.

accede
acreage
adage
adhere
adze
agile
alien
allies
antique
apprise
aquatic
arbor
axis
basque
beau
beguile
belle
blonde
bureau
cede
chord
cite
civility
crisis
deceit
deity
diction
diet
dozing

draught
ductile
duet
duly
eighths
ensue
ermine
evasion
eyelet
facial
fakir
fervor
feud
fiend
fossil
forte
fusilier
gaiety
gibbet
glacial
gnash
graphic
gratis
guild
guise
gypsum
harass
haunch
heighten

hoax
incite
indict
indite
issue
joist
knack
lair
legible
lieu
lilies
loathe
lore
lucre
mauve
meagre
merely
mien
mileage
militia
missile
mites
mosque
novice
oasis
oblique
odious
opaque
option

oriole
pitiable
plague
posse
prairie
precede
profile
prolific
pshaw
queue
quorum
rarefy
rateable
realize
recent
rectify
rector
relief
revenue
roguish
rouge
rout
route
sabre
sacque
sceptre
scrawl
sequel
session

shield
siege
sieve
siphon
site
sleight
sparsely
spectre
stealth
stupefy
succor
surety
symbol
toque
trellis
troupe
truly
twelfth
typical
unique
vagrant
valor
version
villain
vision
wether
wholly
woeful
wrought

STANDARD V. Junior.
GRADE 8.

Note.—In this grade exercises in derivation should be given for seat-work.

1

nuisance
grievance
compliance
accordance
significance

allegiance
resistance
pursuance
inheritance
perseverance

artificer
poulterer
interpreter
fishmonger
parishioner

maritime
pedestrian
relinquish
attachment
indefatigable

By indefatigable perseverance the rector won the loyal attachment of his parishioners. A skilful artificer executed this emblem. The fishmonger's stall adjoins the poulterer's. The interpreter converses fluently in several languages. In 1812, the Canadians offered valiant resistance to the Americans. On a pedestrian tour baggage is a nuisance. The Boers recounted their alleged grievances. In accordance with the judge's decision, the sheriff secured inheritance of the estate. Their allegiance to the sovereign is of great significance. In pursuance of treaty agreements they relinquished all maritime possessions. Ready compliance with requests.

2

incessant
defendant
irrelevant
exorbitant
extravagant

malignant
supplicant
conversant
complainant
predominant

auditor
ancestor
aggressor
chancellor
benefactor

affability
boatswain
handiwork
confederate
cousin-german

The complainant and the defendant are cousins-german. He asks exorbitant prices for his handiwork. His predominant characteristic is affability. The auditor says the outlay for police is extravagant. Our ancestors scarcely comprehended Canada's wonderful wealth. Cancer is a malignant disease. The haughty aggressor gave his confederate a significant look. The boatswain's testimony was deemed irrelevant by the chancellor. The incessant entreaties of a wretched supplicant were answered by a generous benefactor. I am conversant with all the circumstances.

3

lamentable
formidable
remediable
accountable
commendable

irrevocable
disreputable
inconceivable
indispensable
irreconcilable

adjutant
buoyant
pageant
confidant
ascendant

tariff
sumac
suavity
premier
combating

Samson's one lamentable failing wrought his irrevocable ruin. A buoyant spirit sustained the adjutant when combating formidable foes. The historic character of the Quebec pageant is accountable for its success. The disaster to the relief corps is irremediable. The premier's uniform suavity is most commendable. His disreputable behavior changed stanch friends into irreconcilable enemies. The distance to the fixed stars is inconceivable. Make few confidants. The high-tariff party was in the ascendant. Bring only indispensable necessaries. Sumac leaves are used in tanning. The Protestant divine wore a surplice.

4

delinquent
malevolent
antecedent
fraudulent
belligerent

recipient
proficient
armament
munificent
omnipotent

accessible
invincible
susceptible
exhaustible
corruptible

paraffin
kerosene
marauder
firmament
resources

Their armament, vaunted as invincible, was readily conquered. The starry firmament proclaims the omnipotent Creator. The belligerent tribes offered a stout resistance to the marauders. Be not susceptible to flattery. He inherits his ancestors' malevolent disposition. Paraffin candles were antecedent to kerosene oil. The delinquent debtor had made fraudulent statements of his resources. The fortunate recipient of the prize is a proficient musician. He was a munificent benefactor to the hospital. He evinced inexhaustible energy. Were the city's officials wholly incorruptible? The ibex browses at almost inaccessible heights.

5

deference
existence
penitence
negligence
conscience

precedence
abstinence
occurrence
abhorrence
interference

ostensible
intelligible
discernible
irresistible
imperceptible

eclipse
telescope
seniority
gratifying
enunciation

"Conscience doth make cowards of us all." During the earthquake we trembled for our very existence. Prolonged abstinence from a meat diet impaired his strength. Such gross negligence is indefensible. The tornado was irresistible. His penitence was more ostensible than genuine. Clear enunciation aids in making reading intelligible. In deference to his seniority he was accorded precedence. I feel abhorrence for interference in politics by women. The eclipse was discernible through a telescope. A slight, even imperceptible difference. A gratifying occurrence.

6 (Review)

pageant
ancestor
artificer
nuisance
existence
maritime
recipient

benefactor
gratifying
susceptible
occurrence
fraudulent
enunciation
parishioner

bulletin
caravan
upheaval
fulfilment
sacrament
matrimony
enthusiasm

corpse
episode
vacation
banisters
shanghai
appendix
rhinoceros

The parishioners made their generous benefactor the recipient of a salver. Our ancestors' fanciful costumes were seen in the pageant. A recent edition of the book has the addition of an appendix. The episode of their rescue was a gratifying occurrence. A fierce grizzly bear mauled his prey. Though in attendance, the hospital assistants and attendants were of little assistance to the surgeon. The artificer was susceptible to cajolery. He acknowledged the existence of fraudulent receipts. In vacation I go to the maritime provinces. The mangled corpses were a grisly sight.

7

raillery
dysentery
effrontery
buffoonery
debauchery

interstice
dentifrice
armistice
apprentice
accomplice

judgment
argument
lodgment
abridgment
acknowledgment

lichen
lenient
gratuitous
miscreant
cantaloupe

The apprentice is addicted to debauchery. The dentifrice was a gratuitous gift. A respite from buffoonery. The Commander-in-Chief signed an armistice after an argument. Lichens found lodgment and grew in the interstices of the cliff. Well-bred people rarely descend to raillery. The judgment of the court inflicted a severe penalty upon the counterfeiter's accomplices. Dysentery resulted from eating unripe cantaloupe. He censured the miscreant's shameless effrontery. An acknowledgment of his offence resulted in a lenient sentence. An abridgment is the whole in little.

8

culinary
hereditary
mercenary
alimentary
incendiary

exemplary
sanguinary
preliminary
penitentiary
anniversary

synopsis
paralysis
emphasis
verdigris
parenthesis

utensil
inspector
aluminum
subordinate
deportment

Correct emphasis gives pleasing variety to speech. The incendiary was sentenced to the penitentiary. Culinary utensils made of aluminum are preferred in hotel kitchens. Our national anniversary is celebrated on July 1st. He is distinguished for exemplary deportment. There was a sanguinary encounter preliminary to the main battle. Formerly many sovereigns employed mercenary troops. Verdigris is poisonous. A tendency to certain diseases appears to be hereditary. Enclose the subordinate clause in parentheses. Paralysis of the alimentary canal interferes with digestion. The inspector requested a synopsis of Queen Victoria's reign.

9

offertory
derogatory
peremptory
promontory
conciliatory

ejaculatory
valedictory
observatory
explanatory
inflammatory

crucial
financial
sacrificial
prejudicial
controversial

analyst
soprano
eliminate
teetotaler
chloroform

The valedictory address was enlivened by ejaculatory remarks from the audience. During the offertory the soprano rendered a fine solo. I made a peremptory demand for salary due. The appeal was inflammatory, not conciliatory. This treatise is explanatory of the elaborate sacrificial rites of the Jews. All controversial points were eliminated from the report. He is accused of uttering statements derogatory to the teetotaler's sincerity, and prejudicial to the state. An analyst made a crucial test of the purity of chloroform. Scrutinize the financial report.

10

alienate
emaciate
negotiate
facilitate
assimilate

accelerate
syndicate
confiscate
gesticulate
corroborate

celestial
influential
equinoctial
reverential
confidential

despatch
detective
asbestos
mastication
benediction

Excise officials confiscated an illicit whisky still. The politician alienated influential adherents. With reverential mien the vicar invoked a celestial benediction. Many foreigners gesticulate freely in talking. The detective's confidential report corroborated my statement. Several capitalists were incorporated as a syndicate. They negotiated for an asbestos mine. Accuracy and despatch facilitate business. Equinoctial gales accelerated the yacht speed. Thorough mastication aids the assimilation of food. His emaciated appearance excites compassion. The frigate's crew mutinied. He is repairing the dilapidated edifices. There was much cordiality in his greeting. A suit of linen pyjamas.

11

linear
jocular
jugular
globular
muscular

requite
expedite
parasite
anchorite
anthracite

integrity
depravity
perplexity
tranquillity
susceptibility

sawyer
bequeath
mistletoe
mercantile
intersperse

The mistletoe is a parasite on the oak. His jugular vein was nearly severed in two. Anthracite is accorded preference over bituminous coal. A lone anchorite aims to live in tranquillity. I am in perplexity as to linear and cubic measures. He requited my hospitality by bequeathing a generous legacy. Such degradation and depravity are attributed to savage barbarity. Extreme susceptibility to weather conditions materially weakens the patient's vitality. Punctuality expedites mercantile affairs. Secular interests differ from spiritual. Many recent balloons are not globular in shape. A muscular-looking sawyer interspersed jocular remarks.

12 (Review)

raillery
bequeath
dysentery
facilitate
emphasis
dentifrice
miscreant

paralysis
teetotaler
apprentice
gesticulate
benediction
explanatory
conciliatory

bailiff
attitude
steadfast
stratagem
detriment
calcimine
diametrically

tarlatan
trillium
pictorial
cretonne
vanquish
loathsome
masquerade

The teetotaler's emphasis and gestures evoked the apprentice's raillery. Detectives were despatched to seize the miscreant's accomplices. Amity and enmity are diametrically opposed. The navvy interspersed jocose remarks about the use of a dentifrice. Nothing can exceed my desire to accede to your request for mistletoe. My sire bequeathed me his benediction. His conciliatory attitude towards the anthracite miners facilitated negotiations. A difference of a few instants menaced the success of our stratagem. I related an instance of the bailiff's deference.

13

fallacy
efficacy
celibacy
advocacy
obstinacy

intricacy
democracy
supremacy
episcopacy
aristocracy

futile
facile
textile
ductile
versatile

cheviot
loyalist
platinum
persuasive
Shakespeare

The fallacy of the critic's argument was evident. The principles of democracy rarely find advocacy among members of the aristocracy. Within his realms the king holds supremacy. The ductile nature of platinum permits nice intricacy of design. None ever surpassed Aristotle in versatile genius. Cheviot cloth is a textile fabric. Celibacy of the clergy is a trait distinctive of the Catholic Church. The majority of the loyalists embraced Episcopacy. He vouched for the efficacy of the liniment. Shakespeare's facile pen has delighted many generations. The tyrant's obstinacy rendered futile our most persuasive appeals.

14

heresy
ecstasy
apostasy
courtesy
hypocrisy

curtsy
epilepsy
amateur
grandeur
chauffeur

tragical
sceptical
fanatical
majestical
ecclesiastical

succumb
transient
obeisance
palmistry
bumptious

A stranger's courtesy often exceeds a friend's. Revere sincerity, shun hypocrisy. Even transient visitors were unwearied in lauding the grandeur of the scene. Judas's apostasy consigned him to the reprobate class. "Waked to ecstasy the living lyre." The tutor succumbed to epilepsy. She made a graceful curtsy or obeisance to the duchess. I dissuaded him from employing a bumptious amateur in lieu of an experienced chauffeur. The procession swept majestically along. His bigoted, fanatical views were resolutely suppressed. Subsequently he was sceptical of the claims of palmistry. The curate was tried for heresy before an ecclesiastical tribunal. The ruffian met a tragical fate.

15

decency
currency
tendency
efficiency
emergency

vagrancy
brilliancy
occupancy
discrepancy
repugnancy

radical
identical
technical
tyrannical
alphabetical

redoubt
schedule
catalogue
veterinary
vaccination

"Want of decency is want of sense." Evidently there is some radical defect when young men descend to vagrancy. None doubted the efficiency of the veterinary surgeon. The auditor found no discrepancy in the schedules. The Kaiser's occupancy of the castle was brief. The impostor has a tendency to use spurious currency. In case of emergency the militia will defend the redoubt. The brilliancy of the meteor was obscured by vapor. The catalogue of the technical school gives an alphabetical list of apparatus. That is the identical excuse you proffered previously. Our evil inclinations are our most tyrannical foes. I feel no repugnancy towards vaccination.

16

velocity
sagacity
audacity
duplicity
simplicity

elasticity
loquacity
complicity
reciprocity
eccentricity

lineage
heritage
assuage
scrimmage
hemorrhage

woeful
stevedore
surcingle
subpœna
malefactor

In children simplicity is usually preferred to loquacity. All men appreciate the heritage of a noble lineage. I endeavored to assuage his grief for his niece's death, due to a hemorrhage. Accused of complicity in the plot, the malefactor was served with a subpœna. The elasticity of rubber is familiar to all. The stevedore displayed great audacity in the scrimmage. The initial velocity of a cannon ball is tremendous. The artist's eccentricity of manner is woeful. He accused me of duplicity in advocating a policy of reciprocity with the United States. He is noted for the sagacity of his judgments. Get a snaffle and surcingle for the pony.

17

diversity
verbosity
animosity
immensity
perversity

intensity
pomposity
propensity
monstrosity
impetuosity

hypocrite
plebiscite
exquisite
requisite
perquisite

reconcile
conciseness
disinfectant
amphitheatre
sanctimonious

A sanctimonious hypocrite evinced great propensity to deceit. Part beast, part bird, the creature was a monstrosity. The pomposity of the speaker aroused the animosity of his audience. The immensity of the amphitheatre was revealed by the intensity of the light. Conciseness of style is preferable to verbosity. A diversity of opinion exists as to the utility of disinfectants. A suite of exquisitely fitted rooms is a perquisite of the viceroy's. Explain the requisite qualifications for a voter in the plebiscite on local option. A stubborn perversity of will may accompany impetuosity of action.

18 (Review)

ecstasy
assuage
amateur
exquisite
identical
schedule
obeisance

subpœna
hypocrite
efficiency
transient
veterinary
hemorrhage
eccentricity

pretext
optical
warily
mirage
illusion
cymbals
humane

chemise
embezzle
primitive
semaphore
crucifixion
inseparable
sauer-kraut

Has he the remedies requisite to assuage the stevedore's hemorrhage? A subpœna cut short the amateur's ecstasy. These concise schedules are not identical. A mirage is a transient optical illusion. No allusion was made to the veterinary's apostasy, but his eccentricity is plain. The mace is a symbol of authority. His offer to play the cymbals was merely a pretext for soliciting alms. An eminent physician was most humane in prescribing for the wretch, who was in imminent danger. Sea-sickness induced violent retching. The secretary has a record of the ayes and noes.

19

igneous
ligneous
beauteous
cutaneous
miscellaneous

gorgeous
courageous
outrageous
advantageous
simultaneous

galleon
dudgeon
bludgeon
puncheon
chameleon

assassin
suzerain
eruption
accordion
ingredient

Granite is an igneous rock. Sailing in the gorgeous sunset, the galleon was a beauteous sight. The editor found the use of miscellaneous items very advantageous. The suzerain was in high dudgeon at the outrageous conduct of subordinates. Cutaneous eruptions are cured by balms. The two courageous firemen emerged from the ruins almost simultaneously. The assassin used a heavy bludgeon. The chameleon was drowned in a puncheon. The metal box has a ligneous appearance. In accordions the tones are generated by means of metallic reeds. What are the ingredients in the mixture?

20

vexatious
rebellious
fastidious
contagious
mysterious

ingenious
illustrious
salubrious
amphibious
ignominious

plebeian
meridian
tragedian
equestrian
grammarian

jonquil
hygiene
anatomy
cyclamen
hysterics

People so fastidious about appearances are most vexatious. An ingenious physician proved the disease to be contagious. The illustrious tragedian died at the meridian of his glory. Many amphibious animals live in salubrious climates. The grammarian preserved a mysterious silence. The oppressive laws enacted by the nobles made the plebeians rebellious. The equestrian performance in the circus was an ignominious failure. The cyclamen and jonquil bloom profusely. Hygiene was substituted for anatomy. A frenzy of grief induced hysterics. Nicotine from tobacco is highly poisonous.

21

spirituous
impetuous
sumptuous
ambiguous
contiguous

superfluous
conspicuous
tempestuous
promiscuous
contemptuous

pavilion
cotillion
vermilion
postillion
contagion

crochet
croquet
furlough
insomnia
barricade

A free use of spirituous liquors was once believed to prevent contagion. Contemptuous treatment often gives rise to tempestuous scenes. Contiguous to the infirmary is a barricade. A promiscuous crowd danced a cotillion. Conspicuous among these by his vermilion necktie, was the postillion. Later, a sumptuous banquet was served in the pavilion with scrupulous care. The use of superfluous phrases renders his meaning ambiguous. Is he apt to be crotchety when playing croquet? The ensign's furlough was curtailed. Laudanum should not be used for insomnia.

22

mucous
ludicrous
dexterous
garrulous
tremulous

scurrilous
unanimous
marvellous
anonymous
omnivorous

routine
aquiline
crinoline
guillotine
tambourine

courier
missive
attorney
intercede
restaurant

Fishwives are noted for scurrilous language. Viewed merely as a literary work, the Bible is a marvellous volume. The attorney was tremulous when interceding with the jury. The restaurant waiter is garrulous. A courier received an anonymous missive. Mucous expectorations contribute to spread disease. The guillotine is so named from its introducer. A swarthy gypsy maiden played a tambourine dexterously. Stylish ladies may resume the wearing of crinoline. The bugler has an aquiline nose and a ludicrous squint. I found solace in the routine of daily duties. Swine are omnivorous feeders. The vote for the aqueduct was unanimous.

23

melee
decree
refugee
matinee
employee

pedigree
fricassee
guarantee
mortgagee
chimpanzee

baptism
witticism
fanaticism
hypnotism
rheumatism

fraught
symptom
foreclosure
marchioness
pianoforte

He guarantees seats for the matinee at the theatre. The chimpanzee's appearance is uncouth. A forlorn refugee evinces symptoms of chronic rheumatism. Judgment and witticism are often at strife. Cæsar issued a decree to his subjects to be enrolled. The chicken fricassee was insipid. Several instances of lunacy have developed from fanaticism. Four weeks' notice of foreclosure was issued by the mortgagee. I enquire into no man's pedigree. Hypnotism is fraught with danger. The marchioness is bountiful towards her employees.

24 (Review)

hygiene
plebeian
furlough
symptom
guillotine
beauteous
guarantee

assassin
witticism
tragedian
dexterous
marvellous
rheumatism
equestrienne

auricle
palisade
Jehovah
opossum
abstinence
vindictive
hallelujah

philopena
variegated
diaphragm
somersault
œsophagus
appropriate
sarsaparilla

The attorney interceded to save the tragedian's assassin from the guillotine. The observance of hygiene alleviated all symptoms of hysterics or rheumatism. The prophets of old were persecuted. A sergeant prosecuted his search for recruits for his regiment. The athlete observes a strict abstinence as to fricassees and spirituous liquors. The beauteous and dexterous equestrienne is marvellously fastidious. I have studied about the auricles of the heart, the œsophagus, and the diaphragm. "The oracles are dumb." Though of plebeian origin his witticisms guaranteed him a place at court.

25

friction
abolition
cessation
discretion
laceration

repetition
extinction
exhaustion
conciliation
exaggeration

typhus
fungus
octopus
humerus
hippopotamus

bunion
species
ultimate
epidermis
chilblain

Oiling a machine lessens friction. Moulds are a species of fungus growth. "Discretion is the better part of valor." Repetition induces a habit. Exaggeration is frequently due to a too lively imagination. I dislocated my humerus; there was also a laceration of the epidermis. The abolition of slavery led to the American Civil War. The ultimate extinction of the hippopotamus is probable. Typhus fever is accompanied by great exhaustion. The Board of Conciliation effected a cessation of hostilities. The octopus has attained notoriety from tales of its ferocity. Bunions and chilblains are annoying.

26

calibre
accoutre
mediocre
fracture
stricture

massacre
saltpetre
sepulchre
manœuvre
reconnoitre

inscription
specification
stupefaction
annunciation
conflagration

curfew
suture
ligament
decipher
carbine

Saltpetre is used in curing bacon. Scouts were detailed to reconnoitre. Is the inscription on the pendant decipherable? Every manœuvre of the battalion was exact. There were frequent massacres of the pioneers by the Indians. A stricture of the intestines made an operation necessary. Christ's sepulchre was rock-hewn. The militia are accoutred with carbines of small calibre. The sexton gave a minute description of the conflagration. Orchids grew in the fissures of the cliff. The niche is occupied by a handsome statue. He sells dentists' forceps. Stupefaction was due to his inhaling gas. The apostles made annunciation of the gospel. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." The sutures of the skull are not tied by ligaments.

27

allusion
incision
precision
ascension
dissension

pretension
oppression
suppression
intercession
condescension

indigo
portico
sirocco
stiletto
armadillo

Messiah
Israelite
wielding
subjugate
quadruped

In surgery precision is essential in making incisions. The oppression of Christians began after Christ's ascension. The author has pretensions to elegance of diction. Suppression of feeling strengthens character. The portico is of Roman style. The Queen's intercession secured a reprieve. The sirocco poisons the atmosphere. Condescension is a noble quality. Indigo is a permanent dye. The assassin was proficient in wielding a stiletto. Our geography has an allusion to the armadillo. There were lively dissensions among the Israelites regarding the expected Messiah.

28

minuet
minaret
parapet
clarionet
flageolet

gazette
coquette
etiquette
quartette
mignonette

plateau
tableau
chateau
trousseau
portmanteau

capsule
quinine
discern
specialty
parachute

Her trousseau was conveyed in a portmanteau. A recent issue of the gazette describes the count's chateau. The coquette is an adept in dancing the minuet. The graceful minaret was readily discerned from the height of the plateau. A series of tableaux was a complete hoax. The best instruments in the quartette were the clarionet and the flageolet. Does etiquette permit ladies to promenade on the parapet? The florist makes a specialty of mignonette. Take quinine in capsules. I descended in a parachute, swinging on a trapeze. The accounts of the diocese show a deficit. His post at the union depot is a sinecure. Buy sachet powder.

29

alleviate
castigate
eliminate
exhilarate
capitulate

fluctuate
accumulate
concentrate
approximate
contaminate

quiz
baize
azure
cozen
chintz

osier
crosier
malign
benign
arraign

vizier
epicure
macaroni
benevolence
Archbishop

He could neither malign nor cozen the judge. His benign countenance indicates benevolence. Ski-ing is exhilarating. A deacon bore the Archbishop's crosier. Censure arraigns both private motives and public actions. The sky was vested in azure. The price of baize and chintz fluctuates. The vizier concentrated his troops, and the besieged garrison capitulated. The ringleaders were castigated, but the sufferings of the troops were alleviated. Accumulate knowledge rather than wealth. The epicure disdains macaroni. Give an approximate estimate of the cost. Simplicity should not be imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated.

30 (Review)

plateau
coquette
mediocre
repetition
exhilarate
exaggerate
trousseau

massacre
mignonette
manœuvre
quadruped
stupefaction
conflagration
hippopotamus

cotyledon
forfeiture
patrimony
aggravate
vocabulary
orthography
presumptuous

biassed
reynard
equinox
colleague
miniature
enrolment
instalment

The manœuvres of the army corps were to prevent a repetition of the massacres. The hippopotamus is a species of quadruped not yet annihilated. Explain the uses of the calyx, the cotyledon, and the tendril. Acquire an extensive vocabulary and correct orthography. My adherence to the king resulted in forfeiture of my patrimony. Very exhilarating is the climb to plateaux perfumed by mignonette. His presumptuous adherents aggravated the quarrel. The loss of her trousseau in the conflagration stupefied the coquette. He exaggerates his mediocre abilities.

31

abattoir
reservoir
delirium
laudanum
pendulum

cerebrum
linoleum
petroleum
mausoleum
meerschaum

repellent
recipient
delinquent
fraudulent
antecedent

calumny
sapphire
amethyst
attribute
superintendent

Linoleum and petroleum are got wholesale at an emporium. The pendulum is of nickel. Distinguish between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. A public abattoir replaced the slaughter houses. The patient's delirium is attributed to doses of laudanum. The superintendent was the recipient of a meerschaum pipe. The delinquent auctioneer was accused of fraudulent dealings. The mausoleum is adjacent to the reservoir. His query was to elicit the antecedent of the relative pronoun. Calumny was utterly repellent to him. The amethyst and sapphire are precious stones.

32

tenacious
atrocious
malicious
efficacious
avaricious

capricious
loquacious
precocious
pernicious
pugnacious

decalogue
pedagogue
demagogue
synagogue
avoirdupois

homicide
fascinate
literature
etymology
commodity

The decalogue is kept in every synagogue. The precocious child was very capricious. He prescribed an efficacious elixir. The pedagogue taught syntax and etymology. The poet is avaricious of fame. The larceny of the diaper towelling and dimity was a malicious act. The demagogue incited a political intrigue. Cats are tenacious of life. Is the chamois pugnacious? Pernicious literature should be suppressed. Though handsome, she is too loquacious to fascinate her auditors. The cumbrous avoirdupois system is still used for weighing coarser commodities. He wreaked dire vengeance for the atrocious homicide. At the approaching session of Parliament the cession of territory will be broached. I throttled the dastard who vilified you, my liege.

33

nutritious
licentious
pretentious
contentious
superstitious

seditious
facetious
propitious
ostentatious
conscientious

cuticle
canticle
chronicle
corpuscle
tabernacle

aerie
specie
sortie
reverie
menagerie

Rice is highly nutritious. Licentious and superstitious, the Roman Empire fell. Though facetious in speech he is not ostentatious in manner. A pretentious subaltern solicited leave to head a sortie. The weather was not propitious for a nocturnal expedition. Listening to the canticles in the synagogue, I fell into a reverie. The ancient chronicles relate many trivial episodes. While contentious in harangue he is not seditious in act. The conscientious physician prescribed for my carbuncle. Exercise develops muscle. The cuticle envelops the body. He robbed the eagle's aerie. The Puritans proscribed theatres. At the menagerie, wages are paid in gold specie. The blood corpuscles readily coagulate.

34

nuptial
deferential
reverential
providential
consequential

decisive
deceptive
seductive
initiative
diminutive

recipe
epitome
anemone
extempore
catastrophe

anchovy
bologna
scimitar
souvenir
gratitude

The sentinel's warning averted a catastrophe. An influential friend of ours contemplates building a substantial residence. Consequential people often aim to take the initiative. He wrote an epitome of the extempore speech. A diminutive hussar dealt a decisive stroke with his scimitar. The seductive path bordered by anemones proved deceptive. On receiving a souvenir of the nuptial ceremony he expressed his gratitude. Omit the recipe for anchovy sauce. Lightning struck a boat that was lightening its load. Bologna sausage satiated his appetite. The escapades of the dissolute servitor were scandalous. Dahlias, fuchsias, and zinnias.

35

regatta
guerilla
insignia
dilemma
cyclopædia

influenza
neuralgia
scarlatina
dyspepsia
pneumonia

conducive
suggestive
consecutive
competitive
appreciative

copse
spigot
faucet
geyser
trophy

vassal
cañon
tactics
gauger
vivacity

Our lacrosse team won the trophy in two consecutive years. Is scarlatina infectious? Is he appreciative of the stimulus afforded by competitive examinations? Influenza and pneumonia are very prevalent. The insignia of office were conferred after the regatta. Every library requires a cyclopædia. Dyspepsia and neuralgia are not conducive to vivacity. The gauger was in a sad dilemma when the faucet and spigot were lost. The skirmish is suggestive of guerilla tactics. The closing of a business letter may be, "Yours respectfully." Knight or vassal, let each respectively do his duty. Near the cañon is a geyser, beside a hazel copse.

36 (Review)

recipe
guerilla
intrigue
decisive
souvenir
scimitar
facetious

defrayal
reservoir
apoplexy
dyspepsia
diminutive
efficacious
abbreviate

migratory
erysipelas
pneumonia
meerschaum
anniversary
superintendent
chrysanthemum

rescind
nautical
deficiency
pulmonary
quarantine
coincidence
pre-eminent

Malicious or facetious remarks were utterly abhorrent to the superintendent. The suicide's remains were borne on a bier to the morgue and embalmed. The capricious coquette contemned her suitor's offer. A guerilla war ensued from a seditious intrigue of avaricious vassals. That scimitar is a souvenir of a disastrous exploit therein. He condemned the recipe as not efficacious for erysipelas or pneumonia. An epitome of some chronicles about our antecedents is given in an encyclopædia. I prefer dahlias or fuchsias to chrysanthemums. A diminutive meerschaum pipe.

37

pharmacy
blaspheme
diphtheria
asphyxiate
hydrophobia

autograph
biography
calligraphy
amphibious
phenomenon

clique
physique
grotesque
burlesque
picturesque

panacea
avalanche
lineaments
conspirator
frontispiece

The major's autograph on the frontispiece of his biography was in strange calligraphy. The beaver is amphibious. At the pharmacy I got a panacea for diphtheria, hydrophobia, and other diseases. The lackey's grotesque physique is humorously portrayed in a burlesque play. All admonitions forbade blasphemy. The miners were asphyxiated by inhaling coal gas. An eclipse of the sun is a striking phenomenon. The avalanche was a picturesque sight. The clique of conspirators failed ignominiously. The sculptor has well represented his clear-cut lineaments.

38

eccentric
authentic
pneumatic
spasmodic
diplomatic

antiseptic
lymphatic
calisthenic
pyrotechnic
hieroglyphic

privilege
sacrilege
symptom
thraldom
martyrdom

lucrative
diarrhœa
velocipede
monotonous
predecessor

Authentic reports state that the ambassador, though eccentric, is yet diplomatic. Thraldom or martyrdom was once the penalty for professing Christianity. Pneumatic tires were not used on velocipedes. On Dominion Day the pyrotechnic display was superb. Calisthenic exercises, if not spasmodic, may eradicate certain ailments. The recent statutes give privileges to aliens. In rifling the church they were guilty of sacrilege. He obtained an authentic report on the use of arsenic in cosmetics for the complexion. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic. Describe the lymphatic gland. Hieroglyphics antedated the alphabet. My predecessor obtained a lucrative but monotonous post. An epidemic of diarrhœa raged with virulence in the army.

39

deodorize
neutralize
monopolize
crystallize
tranquillize

delineation
realization
anticipation
specification
resuscitation

heredity
longevity
ingenuity
solemnity
eccentricity

eulogy
prestige
coercion
procedure
reparation

Electricity deodorizes sewage. The patriarchs were remarkable for longevity. He displayed ingenuity in his stage delineations of the beau's eccentricities. During the requiem service and funeral obsequies the solemnity of the scene was impressive. The aborigines of Australia rank low in the scale of humanity. What people are our antipodes? The mal-contents were finally tranquillized. Acids and alkalies neutralize one another. Anticipation is often more pleasurable than realization. Learn how to resuscitate one apparently drowned. Specifications for the water conduits were drawn up with exactitude. Sugar crystallizes readily.

40

lacteal
funereal
ethereal
corporeal
cochineal

effervesce
acquiesce
excrescent
convalescent
incandescent

larynx
pharynx
baritone
labyrinth
strychnine

vitriol
seidlitz
antidote
mammal
oleander

Seidlitz powders effervesce. He lopped excrescent growths from his oleanders. Millions of incandescent lights made the scene almost ethereal. Funereal rites await all that is corporeal in man. All mammals are nourished by lacteal fluid. From the cochineal insect a beautiful dye is obtained. Both the larynx and pharynx are concerned in sound production. A baritone voice is intermediate between bass and tenor. Strychnine may be a nerve tonic. The intricate passages of the ear are called the labyrinth. Soft music is quiescent. During convalescence he was prohibited from severe exertion. I enquired for an antidote for vitriol.

Review of the Difficult Words.

abbreviate
abhorrence
aborigines
abridgment
accelerate
accomplice
accoutre
acquiesce
adjutant
aggressor
alimentary
allegiance
amateur
amphibious
anemone
anonymous
anthracite
apostasy
approximate
armistice
artificer
assassin
assimilate
audacity
auricle
authentic
avalanche
avaricious
asphyxiate

avoirdupois
banqueted
baritone
beauteous
benefactor
benefiting
bulletin
bumptious
buoyant
burlesque
calcimine
calligraphy
capricious
catastrophe
celibacy
chancellor
chilblain
chronicle
cochineal
coincidence
competitive
complainant
complexion
conciliatory
condescension
confidants
conscientious
contemptuous
contiguous

colleague
corporeal
corpuscle
corroborate
cotillion
cotyledon
courtesy
crocheting
crucifixion
crystallize
debauchery
debilitate
decisive
deficiency
delineation
delirium
dentifrice
dexterous
diaphragm
diarrhœa
dilapidate
diphtheria
diminutive
discrepancy
dysentery
eccentricity
ecstasy
effervesce
elasticity

eliminate
emaciate
embezzle
emphasis
employee
epilepsy
episcopacy
equestrian
equinoctial
etiquette
exaggerate
exhaustion
exhilarate
existence
expedite
exquisite
exorbitant
extempore
facetious
facilitate
fastidious
fraudulent
fricassee
funereal
garrulous
gesticulate
gorgeous
grandeur
gratuitous

grievance
grotesque
guarantee
guillotine
harangue
hemorrhage
hippopotamus
homicide
hydrophobia
hypocrisy
hysterics
ignominious
incandescent
incendiary
incision
indefatigable
influenza
ingenious
initiative
instalment
interference
intersperse
interstice
irresistible
irrevocable
jonquil
kerosene
labyrinth
licentious

lineaments
loathsome
loquacious
ludicrous
malevolent
malicious
manœuvre
maritime
martyrdom
marvellous
massacre
mausoleum
mediocre
meerschaum
menagerie
mercenary
meridian
microscope
mignonette
miscellaneous
mistletoe
monotonous
mortgagee
munificent
mutinied
mysterious
nautical
neuralgia
nuisance

nutritious
obeisance
obsequies
obstinacy
occurrence
œsophagus
omnivorous
ostensible
pageant
palmistry
panacea
parachute
paralysis
parishioner
pavilion
pedagogue
penitentiary
pernicious
perquisite
pharmacy
phenomenon
philopena
physique
pictorial
picturesque
plebeian
plebiscite
pneumatic
pneumonia

precedence
precision
precocious
pre-eminent
prejudicial
preliminary
presumptuous
privilege
procedure
proficient
propitious
puncheon
pursuance
quartette
raillery
recipient
remediable
repetition
requiem
requisite
resuscitate
reverential
rheumatism
rhinoceros
sacrilege
sagacity
sanguinary
sarsaparilla
sauer-kraut

scarlatina
sceptical
scrimmage
scurrilous
seditious
semaphore
seniority
sepulchre
simultaneous
sinecure
somersault

souvenir
specification
spirituous
steadfast
stratagem
strychnine
stupefying
sumptuous
superintendent
surcingle
susceptible

symptom
syndicate
synopsis
tabernacle
tarlatan
technical
teetotaler
tempestuous
tenacious
theatrical
tragedian

tranquillity
trousseau
tyrannical
unanimous
upheaval
variegated
velocity
verbosity
vermilion
vindictive
witticism

allege
aqueduct
aquiline
arraign
assuage
bailiff
balance
biassed
bigoted
bologna
bunion
calibre
carbine
chamois
chasm
clique
concise

copse
conduit
corps
corpse
courier
critic
croquet
crotchet
curtsy
dahlia
decency
decipher
deficit
depot
despatch
diocese
discern

eclipse
efficacy
elicit
enmity
ensign
facile
faucet
fissure
fraught
frenzy
fuchsia
furlough
guerilla
hygiene
illicit
jugular
lunacy

malign
meteor
missive
mucous
navvy
nicotine
optical
palisade
plateau
premier
pyjamas
recipe
redoubt
requite
rescind
reverie
reynard

rites
routine
salver
seidlitz
series
solace
species
succumb
suite
sumac
trait
trapeze
trivial
typhus
utensil
vitriol
weird

Rules for Syllabication.

A syllable is a sound uttered with one impulse of the breath. The group of letters representing such a sound should never be separated in dividing words; e.g., re-bel´ (verb), reb´-el (noun), pres´-ent (noun), pre-sent´-ed. To divide a word into syllables, pronounce it slowly and correctly, and note the natural division into sounds. In writing, it is preferable to put the whole word on one line. When this cannot well be done, that part of the word left at the end of one line should suggest the part beginning the next line; e.g., happiness should be divided—happi-ness, not hap-piness.

Rules for Spelling.

1. At the end of monosyllables with a short vowel sound, the letters f, l, or s are usually double; e.g., muff, ball, pass.

2. Words ending in silent e usually drop it on adding any suffix beginning with a vowel; e.g., come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

Exceptions:—(i) Words ending in ce or ge retain the e before the suffixes able and ous, in order to keep the soft sound of c or g; e.g., traceable, outrageous.

(ii) Words ending in ee, oe, or ye retain the final e when ing is added; e.g., freeing, shoeing, eyeing.

3. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant before a vowel-suffix, e.g., clap, clapper; clan, clannish; nod, nodded; prefer, preferring.

Exception:—When the derivative has the place of the accent changed, the final consonant is not doubled; e.g., prefer´, pref´erence. Note also, gases, gaseous, transferable, woolly.

4. Words ending in a single l double it before a vowel-suffix; e.g., chisel, chiselled; revel, reveller; cancel, cancelling. But, paralleled.

5. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant usually change the y into i when a suffix not beginning with i is added; e.g., cry, cries, crying.

Exceptions:—Dryly, dryness; shyly, shyness; slyly, slyness.

Note also daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid.

6. ei or ie. When sounded like long e, i comes before e except after c; e.g., piece, deceit. But, either, neither, plebeian, seize, leisure, weird.

When not sounded like long e, the order of the letters is always ei; e.g., skein, height.

PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING.

1

actuary
warranty
accruing
aggrieve
indelible
collectible

codicil
clerical
implicit
coercion
obsolete
obduracy

cavilling
repellent
recurrent
deterrent
sullenness
stubbornness

statutory
executrix
appraisal
legitimate
rescinded
rescission

2

coupon
waiver
vellum
engross
erasure
issuing
voucher

lessor
lessee
felony
nullify
consols
vendor
annuity

pleas
marine
tontine
zephyr
vestige
salvage
assigns

vacillate
oscillate
irrigated
deprecate
desiccate
mitigated
litigation

3

elegy
poesy
lyrical
couplet
synonym
homonym

ellipsis
metaphor
paradigm
italicize
rhetorical
allegorical

ordnance
ordinance
colloquy
soliloquy
antithesis
hyperbole

dunning
endorsed
collateral
purloined
remittance
acceptance

4

rabies
subtler
sentient
consular
succinct
incipient
æsthetic

emanate
permeate
relegated
licentiate
depreciate
excruciate
disseminate

narrator
instigate
promissor
guarantor
assignor
consignee
mortgagor

plagiarist
chirography
phonography
facsimile
petit jury
puisne judge
knight-errant

5

oriel
tenon
newel
mortise
dovetail
boudoir

mullion
stanchion
buttress
abutment
colonnade
escutcheon

flotilla
binnacle
halyards
forecastle
pyramidal
maelstrom

arsenal
reveille
patrolled
gymnastics
silhouette
supercilious

6

missal
schism
Genesis
heretics
perusing
proselyte
itinerary

auspices
nonpareil
lacquered
ensconced
accountant
personnel
sustenance

judiciary
beneficiary
depositary
depository
rendezvous
proprietary
commissary

symmetrical
connoisseur
malfeasance
discoloration
maintenance
complaisance
presentiment

7

chiffon
ruching
chenille
organdie
chambray
tarpaulin

silesia
mohair
taffeta
bandanna
buckram
valenciennes

beryl
carat
emery
pyrites
sardonyx
turquoise

inertia
fusible
residue
volatile
calcium
magnesia

8

oxygen
hydrogen
sulphate
chloride
molecule
radially
ambrosial

febrile
lesion
cohesion
sensory
specific
bronchial
lachrymal

polygon
rhomboid
trapezium
reciprocal
precipitate
centripetal
centrifugal

scalene
isosceles
equitable
acoustics
dynamics
corollary
equilateral

9

anise
hyssop
jasmine
spiræa
syringa
caraway
hydrangea

eczema
biceps
molars
calibers
bicuspid
debauchee
victuallers

chyme
cognac
trachea
cranium
papilla
chrysalis
hellebore

anæmia
phthisic
phthisis
varicose
paroxysm
allopathic
homœopathy

10

cocaine
calomel
lobelia
copperas
paregoric
collodion

anodyne
osseous
diagnose
mortuary
lymphatic
panegyric

morphine
quassia
sassafras
condiments
eucalyptus
apocalypse

eustachian
belladonna
ipecacuanha
laryngitis
peritonitis
appendicitis

11

abettor
coadjutor
precursor
laboratory
prohibitory
admonitory

alluvial
connubial
centennial
cylindrical
rhetorical
rhythmical

collusion
demurred
agrarian
patrician
herculean
sepulchral

conscientious
predilection
reminiscence
commissariat
homogeneous
embarrassment

12

moiety
nucleus
mussels
mollusc
cuisine
pristine
libertine

sedative
sediment
abeyance
prevalence
dependence
ascendency
excrescence

throes
pallor
orgies
exorcise
colossal
analogous
anomalous

metaphysics
psychology
aide-de-camp
physiognomy
paraphernalia
plenipotentiary
pharmaceutical

13

psaltery
psalmody
hierarchy
espionage
plenteous
mnemonics

irascible
porphyry
equipoise
fortuitous
reversible
transferable

auricular
auriferous
succulent
ameliorate
deshabille
dishevelled

cinerary
prescience
saccharine
boulevard
troubadour
tournament

14

astute
abstruse
falchion
alchemy
tubercles
algebraical
anatomical

aspirate
archives
authentic
halcyon
harlequin
clairvoyant
connivance

bourn
breviary
brougham
bellicose
captious
capillary
seriatim

centipede
composite
charlatan
iniquitous
ubiquitous
incorrigible
irrepressible

15

corsair
contour
deify
expiate
embryo
emissary

deducible
fallibility
credibility
debilitate
defamatory
equanimity

hydraulic
guttural
critique
technique
hypotenuse
hypothesis

expatiate
ingratiate
illusory
internecine
iridescent
putrescence

16

kraal
khedive
jeopardize
laconically
lithograph
litigious
pharisaical

memoirs
maniacal
medallion
parricide
fratricide
ostracized
percussion

vertebræ
minutiæ
oligarchy
miscellany
adolescent
omniscient
necropolis

indigenous
ingenuous
methylated
immaculate
Mussulmans
querulous
quintessence

17

hybrid
pillory
placable
precincts
papyrus
repertory

spherical
sedulous
spermaceti
prodigious
promiscuous
perspicacity

Teutonic
quixotic
symphony
sycophant
superficies
surveillance

phrenologist
phraseology
polytechnic
punctilious
pseudonym
surreptitious

18

viscid
zodiac
satiety
zoology
vacuum
vagaries
camellia

facade
pedagogy
vibratory
vicarious
usurious
vouchsafe
vociferate

nefarious
voluptuous
vicissitude
vernacular
consummate
ventriloquist
deliquescent

extricate
defalcate
exchequer
perforated
cognizant
apparition
incarcerate

19

aviary
callous
guerdon
piquant
brusque
flippancy

aeronaut
plausible
aeroplane
regrettable
similarity
contrariwise

cuirass
caitiff
caisson
cogitating
tessellated
pomegranate

propagate
immaterial
acclamation
subsidiary
unparalleled
cartilaginous

20

onerous
libellous
rancorous
derelict
tamarack
deciduous
calamitous

minx
sphinx
chloral
murrain
vignette
casually
casualty

orifice
bacillus
tattooed
tasselled
proboscis
patrician
dissimilar

gherkin
stoicism
bagatelle
whirligig
beleaguer
stomachic
decoction

Small Difficult Words—Use these words in sentences.

abyss
acacia
acme
aerial
alias
alpaca
annals
axiom
azure
benign
broncho
cache
cairn
calyx
caulk
chaise
chaos
chary
chronic
cinque
clique
corse
cote
crucial
cymbal
cynic
dais
débris
disc

doily
ecstasy
elite
elixir
ellipse
epoch
facade
facile
falcon
fiasco
flaccid
foci
futile
ghoul
gist
gluey
gneiss
groat
guano
gyves
heresy
holm
idyl
igneous
irate
ivied
jargon
lichen
liege

lien
lithe
llama
lode
lymph
lyre
Maori
melee
mirage
morgue
myrrh
naive
newel
nymph
ogre
onyx
orchid
oust
pageant
placid
plaguy
plaice
poise
pygmy
python
qualm
radii
realm
regime

rhythm
schism
scion
scroll
sedge
seethe
sere
sheik
shoal
Sioux
sloyd
sluice
soiree
sphinx
steppe
suave
swarthy
sylph
sylvan
synod
theme
theory
thews
thrall
tierce
trawl
treatise
trite
tryst

tutor
umbel
venial
vial
vicar
viceroy
virile
viscera
viscid
visual
vital
vitiate
vizier
vogue
vying
waive
weevil
weird
whiz
whorl
wiliness
wince
winch
winze
withal
wraith
wreak
wroth
wry

THE BUILDING OF ENGLISH WORDS.

The root of a word is the shortest form in which it appears. Thus tal, meaning number, speech, is the root of tale, a number counted; tale, a story; tell, narrate; toll, something counted out; talk, discourse.

The root of a word may undergo modification and become a stem. Thus love is the stem of the root lov-, and to this stem are added such inflections as -est, -s, -d, as loves, lovest, loved.

Again, to the root of a word may be added a prefix or suffix, thereby forming a new word called a derivative.

If to the root dar-, dear, the prefix en- be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix -ling gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions.

Word-making is often effected by compounding. A compound word is one made by uniting two words together, as sea-lion.

Compound Nouns are formed in various ways:—(a) by uniting a noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's spell or story; (b) noun with adjective: redbird, midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (c) noun with verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (d) noun with adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (e) noun with preposition: afterthought, byword, onset; (f) verb with adverb: drawback, farewell, income, welcome.

Compound Adjectives are numerous:—(a) Noun with adjective: barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (b) noun with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid, worm-eaten; (c) adverb with participle: bygone, everlasting, far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (d) noun with noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (e) nouns with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, + ed: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted, under-handed.

Compound Verbs are few:—(a) Verb with noun: backbite, browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (b) verb with adjectives: dumbfound, fulfil, whitewash; (c) verb with adverb: don = do on, doff = do off, outdo.

Compound Adverbs are made by uniting (a) noun with noun: endways, sideways; (b) noun with adjective: always, breast-high, meanwhile, sometimes; (c) preposition with noun: outside, overboard; (d) adverb with preposition: hereafter, therein, whereupon.

PREFIXES.

A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin—it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin.

English Prefixes.

Inseparable prefixes have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:—

A-, on: away, alive; at: ahead: of: akin.

And-, against (Greek anti-): answer (sweri-an, to declare).

Be-, old form of by: betimes, bypath; in verbs: bedaub (daub all over), bewail (wail for), benumb (make numb).

For-, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego.

Fore-, first, before: foresight, forejudge.

Mis-, wrong, wrongly: misdeed, miscall, mislead.

Un-, not: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it indicates the reverse of the simple verb: unbind, unfold, unmask.

With-, against, (from): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold.

Separable Prefixes.

After, after: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought.

All (old Eng. al), all: almost, alone.

Forth, forth: forthcoming.

In (French en), in: inborn, illusion, import, irruption; encase, enclose; entwine, embody, employ; enable = to make able, embitter.

Off or of, off, from: offal = what falls off, offspring.

On, against, towards: onset, onslaught, onward.

Out has a sense of direction or surpassing, (beyond): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (i.e., outer, outmost).

Over, over, above: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-bold.

Through = thorough: throughout, thoroughfare, thoroughbred, through-ticket.

Twi, two, double: twice, twilight = double or doubtful light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted.

Under, below, lower: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone.

Up, up: upland, upshot, upbraid, uphold, uprise, upward.

Latin (and French) Prefixes.

A-, ab-, (ab-s-), away from: avert, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt.

Ad-, (Fr. a-) (-d is often changed because of the influence of the following consonant), to: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount.

Amb- or am-, around, round about, (both): ambition (lit. going about, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around).

Ante-, before: antedate, ante-room, anticipate; Fr., an- in ancestor = antecessor.

Bis- and bi-, twice, two: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked).

Circum-, around: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent.

Cum-, with, takes the forms com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, under the influence of the letter following: compound, concord, collect, coöperate, correct, counsel.

Contra-, against: contradict; Fr., controvert, counterfeit.

De-, down, from: decline, deduct, decamp. It is negative in derange, deform, destroy; intensive in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate.

Dis-, di-, asunder, separation: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., des-, de- in defer, defy, delay, descant.

Ex-, e-, out, out of, proceeding from: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade.

Extra-, beyond: extraneous, extraordinary, extravagant.

In-, in, into, on: infer, invade, invent. It also becomes il-, im-, ir-, before certain consonants, as illusion, improve, irrigate.

In-, not: incapable, illiberal, impious, irrelevant, ignoble.

Inter-, intro-, among, between, within: interfere, intervene, introspection.

Male-, bad, ill, wrong: malcontent, malpractice, maltreat.

Mis-, ill, wrong: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief.

Non-, not: nonage, nonentity, nonsense.

Ob-, toward, facing, against: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose.

Pene-, almost: peninsula, penult.

Per-, through, often intensive, throughout, thoroughly—and so wrongly: perspire, pervade; persist, perturb, pervert; pellucid, pilgrim (see ager). Fr. par-: pardon.

Post-, after: postdate, posthumous, post-mortem, postscript.

Pre-, before: precede, precursor, preëmpt, premature, premise, prevent.

Preter-, beyond, more than: preterite (of past time), preternatural.

Pro-, before, for, forward: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; por-tend. Fr., pur: purchase, pursue.

Re-, red-, back, again: rebel, recede, recover, redeem.

Retro-, backwards: retroactive, retrograde, retrospect.

Se-, sed-, apart: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate.

Sub-, under, from under: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (i.e., lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious.

Super-, above, beyond: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., sur-, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all).

Trans-, across: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., tres-, trespass.

Ultra-, beyond: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical.

Vice-, in place of: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar.

Greek Prefixes.

A-, an- (before vowels), not: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain.

Amphi-, on both sides, double: amphibious, amphitheatre.

Ana-, up, back, anew: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema.

Anti-, against: antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax.

Apo-, from, away from, off: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy.

Arch-, chief: archangel, archbishop, archfiend, archi-tect.

Auto-, self: autocrat, autograph, automobile, autonomy, automatic, aut-opsy.

Cata-, down, (thoroughly): cataract, catastrophe, catechise, catalogue, (a complete numbering).

Dia-, through, (between): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm.

Dis-, di-, twice, doubly: dissyllable, di-phthong, dilemma.

Dys-, ill, bad: dysentery, dyspepsia.

Ec-, ex-, out, out of: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise.

En-, in: energy, emblem, emphasis, empiric, encomium, encyclic, endo-gen.

Epi-, upon, to: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ep-hemeral, ep-och.

Eu-, well: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news.

Exo-, outside, without: exo-gen, exoteric, exotic.

Hemi-, half: hemicycle, hemisphere, hemi-stich.

Hyper-, over, beyond measure: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy.

Hypo-, under: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one).

Meta-, after, between, (changed for): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos).

Para-, beside, near by, contrary to: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion.

Peri-, around, near: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion.

Pro-, before, for: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter.

Syn-, with, together: synagogue, syntax, syl-lable, sym-pathy, sy-stem.

WORD-BUILDING BY THE USE OF SUFFIXES.

Suffixes, sometimes called affixes or postfixes, are even more numerously employed in English than are prefixes, and, indeed, have a greater modifying power over the words to which they are attached. They consist of a letter or letters, syllable or syllables appended to the end of words or roots, and, like prefixes, are borrowed mainly from old English, Latin (French) and Greek.

English Suffixes.

Nouns.—The most important are:—

-ard, -art, denoting habit, or possession of a quality in an excessive degree: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard.

-craft, strength, skill, cunning: woodcraft, priestcraft, witchcraft.

-d, -t, -th, suffixed to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal).

-dom, authority, dominion, quality, condition: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom.

-en, gives a diminutive meaning: chicken (little cock), kitten, maiden.

-er, denotes agent: instrument; belonging to (of places): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, saw(y)er, writer; grater, heater; Londoner.

-hood, (-head), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead.

-ing, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping.

-kin, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin.

-le or -l, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= little seat), satchel, sickle.

-ling, diminutive, sometimes contemptuous: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling.

-lock, state: wedlock.

-ness, forms abstract nouns from adjectives, quality, state: goodness, holiness, weakness.

-ock, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a little park), Pollock (= little Paul).

-m, or -om, forms nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (glow), seam (sew), team (tow).

-red, state, sometimes collective, quality: hatred, kindred; Mildred (mild in counsel), Ethelred (noble in counsel).

-ric, office, dominion: bishopric.

-ship, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship).

-stead, place: bedstead, homestead, instead.

-ster denotes an agent, (originally a woman), a person who does something with skill or as an occupation: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It is depreciative in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster.

-th, -t, state, quality, act, number in order: dearth, filth, mirth, wealth, worth, theft, tenth.

-ther, -der, or -ter denotes an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind).

-wright, work or workman: millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright.

-ward, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward.

-y, -ie, diminutive: baby, lassie, Tommy, Willie.

Adjectives.—Some of the more important are:—

-ed, -d, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (possessing lands), talented.

-en, participial ending, also denotes material: drunken, given, hewn (= hewen), molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silvern, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country).

-erly, -ern, direction, section: southerly, eastern.

-fast, firm: rootfast, shamefaced (= shamefast), steadfast.

-fold, times: fourfold, manifold.

-ful, full: artful, hopeful, needful, sinful.

-ish, similarity, pertaining or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish.

-le, weakens the root: brittle, fickle, little.

-less, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless.

-like, -ly, like: childlike, Godlike, ghastly (= ghostly), womanly.

-ow, modern form of old Eng. -u: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow.

-right, straight (= direct): downright, forthright, upright.

-some, like, full: blithesome (showing gladness), burdensome, gamesome, gladsome, irksome, winsome (wyn = joy).

-teen, ten: thirteen, etc.

-ty, tens: thirty, etc.

-ward, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward.

-wise, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, nowise. The word ways is often substituted: endways, sideways.

-y, -ey, like, of the nature of, covered with: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky.

Verb and Adverb Suffixes are much fewer and less important than those used to form nouns and adjectives. The following may be noted:—

Verbs.—

-en, is causative, make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken.

-er, denotes frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine).

-le, also denotes frequency, sometimes energy: handle, jingle (chink), joggle, shuffle (shove), sparkle, startle, tickle, tipple, whittle.

Adverbs.—Certain suffixes occur which have already been given, as:—

-ly, manner: awkwardly, falsely, nobly.

-wise, manner: crosswise, otherwise.

-ward, direction: hitherward.

Latin (and French) Suffixes.

Latin Suffixes, alike numerous and important, have in perhaps the majority of cases taken on a French form. For although, prior to the Norman Conquest, English had been but slightly influenced from foreign sources, yet Norman French, the language of the Conquerors, survived long enough to produce an impression on the language of England.

Noun Suffixes.—The most important of these are:—

-acy, -cy, rank, office, state: abbacy, bankruptcy, captaincy, magistracy, papacy, tenancy.

-ade, state, place of or for: blockade, collonade, promenade, serenade.

-age, makes an abstract or collective noun, act, state: beverage, bondage, courage, homage, marriage, tonnage, vintage, cordage, hermitage, plumage, village.

-al, pertaining to, possessing, act of: animal (anima = breath of life), canal, cardinal, hospital, withdrawal.

-an, belonging to: American, artisan, Christian, librarian, pagan, publican, chaplain, captain.

-ance, -ence, | } | form abstract nouns, the act of: abundance, diligence, repentance, consistence, pliancy, clemency.
-ancy, -ency, | }

-and, -end, that which is to be: memorand-um, -a, agend-a, multiplicand; dividend, legend, minuend, subtrahend.

-ant, -ent (participle), one who (does): assistant, combatant, lieutenant, litigant, agent, client, patient, regent.

-ar, one who (is or does): scholar, vicar.

-ary, place for: apiary, granary, library, seminary. It also designates a trade, profession, business: actuary, commissary, lapidary, notary, secretary; incendiary, voluptuary.

-ate, agent, state, office: advocate, consulate, curate, legate, postulate, protectorate, pontificate.

-ce, -ice, form abstract nouns: benefice, device, justice, palace, service.

-cle, -cel, diminutive: corpuscle, parcel.

-ee, (Fr. form of -ate), person to whom: assignee, employee, grantee, legatee, trustee, vendee.

-el, -le, form diminutives: chapel, libel, buckle, castle.

-er, -eer, -ier, one who (does): mariner, auctioneer, pioneer, brigadier.

-er, place: larder, saucer.

-ern, place: cavern, cistern, tavern.

-ery, -ry, place: cemetery, foundry, laundry, nunnery, surgery.

-ery, -ry, condition, quality, collection, production: slavery, bravery, treachery, finery, peasantry, carpentry, poetry.

-ess, feminine agent: empress, governess, sorceress.

-et, -let, diminutive: coronet, floweret, lancet, puppet, ticket, bracelet, chaplet, eaglet; etiquette (= a little ticket).

-icle, diminutive: article, icicle, particle.

-ion, -sion, -tion, action, process, state, result: action, legislation, mansion, opinion, position, rebellion.

-ive, who or that which (does or is): fugitive, native, representative.

-men, -me, -ment, denoting result accomplished, instrument, state; regimen, regime, amendment, document, ornament, banishment.

-mony, quality, state, act: acrimony, matrimony, sanctimony, testimony, ceremony.

-on, -one, denotes greatness: clarion, flagon, million, trombone. It appears as -oon in balloon, dragoon, saloon.

-or, agent, quality, act: emperor, governor, ardour, behaviour, savor, clamour.

-sel, diminutive: damsel (= little dame), morsel.

-t, -ot, agent, having passion for: prophet, patriot, zealot.

-ter, person who: master, minister.

-tor, -trix, agent: actor, competitor, pastor, executrix, testatrix.

-tude, condition, quality: altitude, fortitude, servitude, multitude.

-ty, quality, state of: charity, docility, frailty, poverty, vanity.

-ule, -cule, diminutive: globule, spherule, animalcule, molecule.

-ure, -ture, act of, thing done: capture, departure, architecture, manufacture, creature.

-y, condition, collection: victory, company, family, society.

Adjective Suffixes.—The Latin (and French) suffixes are used extensively to form adjectives. The following may be noted:—

-able, able, capable of: amiable, arable, capable, considerable, friable (= easily crumbled), lovable, portable.

-aceous, containing, like: argillaceous (clayey), crustaceous (with crust-like shell), farinaceous (far, corn), herbaceous.

-al, pertaining to: ancestral, bestial, communal, final, legal, tidal, vernal.

-an, pertaining to, belonging to: Arabian, civilian, human, partisan, sylvan.

-ant, -ent, (be)-ing, (do)-ing: abundant, cognizant, defiant, errant, observant, mordant, verdant, adjacent, consistent, convalescent, crescent, diffident, effervescent.

-ar, like, belonging to: angular, circular, lunar, secular.

-ary, pertaining to: binary (double), capillary, honorary, military, sanitary, tributary, visionary.

-ate, having the quality expressed by the root: delicate, deliberate, fortunate, intricate, obdurate.

-atic, pertaining to: aquatic, fanatic (fānum, temple), lunatic.

-esque, like, partaking of: arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, picturesque.

-ible, able: credible, divisible, edible, flexible, frangible, tangible, visible.

-ic, pertaining to, like: domestic, gigantic, hectic, lyric, metallic, poetic.

-ical (-ic + al), pertaining to: angelical, chemical, nautical, theatrical.

-id, quality: acid, candid, limpid, morbid, sordid.

-il, pertaining to: civil.

-ile, like -able, -ible: docile, ductile, fragile, mobile, prehensile, versatile.

-ile, like -il: hostile, infantile, juvenile, mercantile, senile.

-ine, pertaining to, partaking of: adamantine, alkaline, aquiline, canine, clandestine, divine, feline, saline.

-ive, inclined to, tending to: abusive, cohesive, corrective, determinative, fugitive, plaintive, relative, seductive.

-ite, like -ate: definite, exquisite, favourite.

-lent, full of, having (to excess): corpulent, fraudulent, opulent, truculent, violent (vi-s = force).

-ory, inclined to, pertaining to: amatory, accessory, advisory, illusory, prohibitory, sensory, valedictory.

-ose, containing, abounding in (often to excess): bellicose, comatose, globose, grandiose, jocose, verbose.

-ous, like -ose: ambitious, arduous, assiduous, bulbous, furious, piteous, poisonous, omnivorous, riotous.

-und, inclined to, possessing: jocund, moribund, rotund, rubicund.

Verb Suffixes.—These are few:—

-ate, originally past participle suffix, as am-āt-us, loved: celebrate, donate, eradicate, perforate, vaccinate.

-fy, make: beautify, fructify, modify, notify, revivify.

-ish, make, do: admonish, cherish, establish, finish, relish.

Greek Suffixes.

Although not numerous, Greek suffixes are important in English word-making. They are used principally in making nouns.

Nouns:—

-asm, quality, that which: enthusiasm, sarcasm (= flesh-tearing).

-ast, one who (does): elegiast, enthusiast, gymnast, symposiast.

-ic (-ics), an art, science: logic, music, phthisic (asthma), physic (science of medicine), ethics, physics, politics, statics, tactics.

-isk, diminutive: asterisk (= little star), obelisk (little spit or pillar).

-ism, act of, result, state, doctrine: atheism, baptism, criticism, euphemism, socialism, schism, syllogism, Anglicanism, stoicism.

-ist, denotes practice, occupation: apologist, chemist, copyist, elegist, eulogist, Hebraist, organist.

-ma, -m, result produced: asthma, diorama, dogma, drama, apothegm, theorem.

-sis, act of, result: analysis, emphasis, genesis, periphrasis, synthesis.

-sy, like -sis: apostasy, epilepsy, hypocrisy, idiosyncrasy, palsy (= paraly-sis), poesy.

-t, -te, one who (does or is): apostate, comet (= long-haired), planet (= wanderer), poet (= maker).

-ter, (-tre), place of, instrument: center, meter, philter (love-potion), theatre (theā-, see).

-y, denotes quality, state, science: autonomy, botany, geography, geometry, logomachy, melancholy, monarchy, philosophy, theology, theory.

Adjectives:—

-ac, pertaining to: cardiac, elegiac, hypochondriac, Syriac.

-ic, belonging to, like; aromatic, athletic, authentic, despotic, frantic, Hebraic, hypnotic, idiotic, monarchic, polytechnic, theoretic.

Verbs:—

-ize (-ise), do, make or cause to be: baptize, criticise, dogmatize, Hellenize, ostracize, proselytize, theorize. It is often attached to stems not derived from Greek: anglicize, authorize, Judaize, botanize, fertilize, naturalize, pulverize, scrutinize, terrorize.

ENGLISH ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

The native force of English was such that it came to be a highly developed language, possessing a copious vocabulary and a rich literature in prose and verse. Indeed, the English quite surpassed their Norman conquerors in learning and literary culture. It is this English that lies at the foundation of the English of to-day, and some attention may well be given to old English root-words.

Āc, an oak, gives us oak, acorn, Acton.

Bac-an, to bake: baker, baxter (female baker), batch.

Ban-a, a slayer: bane, baneful, henbane.

Bēat-an, to stroke: beat, bat, battle, beetle, batter.

Beorg-an, to shelter: bury, burrow, burgh, harbour, harbinger.

Bēr-an, to bear: bear, birth, bairn, breed, brood, bier, barrow, brother, bird.

Bēt-an, to make good: better, best, boot (to boot).

Bind-an, to bind: band, bond, bondage, bundle.

Bit, to bite: bit, beetle, bait, bitter.

Blāw-an, to puff: bladder, blain, blast, blister, blot, bloat.

Blōw-an, to blossom: blow, bloom, blossom, blade.

Brec-an, to break: break, breakers, brake, bracken, breach.

Brēow-an, brew, brewer, broth, bread.

Būg-an, to bend: bow, elbow, bough, bight.

Byrn-an, to burn: burn, brown, brimstone, brand, brandy, brindled.

Catt, a cat: catkin, kitten, caterpillar, caterwaul.

Cēapi-an, to buy: cheap, cheapen, chap, chaffer, Chapman.

Cen-an, to produce: kin, kindred, kind, kindle.

Cēow-an, to chew: chew, cheek, cud.

Clēow-an, to split: cleave, cleaver, cleft, clover (split grass).

Clifi-an, to stick to: clip, cleave (together).

Cnāw-an, to know: ken, know, knowledge.

Cnot-ta, a knot: knot, knit, net.

Cunn-an, to know, be able: can, con, cunning, uncouth.

Cweth-an, to say: quoth, bequeath, bequest.

Cwic, alive: quick, quicken, quickset, quicksilver.

Dæ-an, to divide: deal, dole, dale, dell.

Dēm-an, to judge: deem, doom, doomsday, king-dom.

Dēor, dear, dearth, darling, endear.

Dōn, to act: do, don, doff, deed.

Drag-an, to draw: drag, draw, dray, draft, drain, dredge, draggle, drawl.

Drīf-an, to push: drive, drove, drift, adrift.

Drinc-an, to soak: drink, drench.

Drīp-an, to drip: drip, drop, droop, dribble, driblet.

Dryge, dry: dry, drought, drugs (dried plants).

Far-an, to go: far, fare, welfare, ferry, ford.

Fēower, four: farthing, firkin, fourteen, fortnight, forty.

Flēog-an, to flee: fly, flight, flea, fledged.

Flēot-an, to float: float, fleet, afloat, flotsam.

Fōd-a, food, feed: food, fodder, foster, father, forage.

Fōn, [P.P. gefangen], to catch: fang, finger, new fangled.

Frēon, to love: friend, friendship.

Gal-an, to sing: gale, yell, nightingale.

Gang-an, to go: gang, gangway, ago.

Gnag-an, to bite: gnaw, gnat, nag (to tease).

Graf-an, to dig, cut: grave, engrave, graft, groove, carve.

Grīp-an, to seize: grip, gripe, grasp, grab, grope.

Gyrd-an, to surround: gird, girdle, garden, yard, vineyard.

Hæl-an, to heal: hale, holy, hallow, health, hail, whole, wholesome, wassail.

Hebb-an, to raise: heave, heaven, heavy, (heave-offering).

Hlāf, bread, loaf: loaf, lord (hlāford, loaf-keeper), lady (hlœfdīge = loaf-kneader).

Licg-an, to lie: lie, lay, layer, lair, outlay.

Loda, guide: lead, lodestar, lodestone.

Māg-an, to be able: may, main, might, mighty.

Māw-an, to cut: mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow (mown spot).

Mōn-a, moon: month, moon, (moonshiner).

Nasu, nose: nose, nasal, nostril, nozzle.

Penn-an, to shut up: pen, pin, pound, impound.

Pīc, point: pike, peak, picket, pike (a fish), peck, pecker.

Rēaf, clothing, spoil: rob, robber, reave, bereave, reever, robe.

Scēap-an, to form: shape, ship, scape (landscape).

Scēot-an, to throw: shoot, shot, shut, sheet, shutter, shuttle, scud.

Scer-an, to cut: shear, share, shire, scar, scare, score, sharp, short, shirt, skirt, shred, scrip, scrap.

Scuf-an, to push: shove, shovel, shuffle, scruffle, sheaf, scoop.

Sitt-an, to sit: sit, set, seat, settle.

Slē-an, to strike: slay, slaughter, slog, sledge.

Slīp-an, to slip: slop, slipper, sleeve.

Snīc-an, to crawl: sneak, snake, snail.

Stede, place: stead, instead, homestead, steady, steadfast.

Stici-an, to stick: stick, stitch, stake, stock, stockade, stock-still.

Stīg-an, to climb: stair, stile, stirrup, sty.

Styr-an, to direct: steer, stern, steerage.

Sweri-an, to declare: swear, answer (and-, against), forswear.

Tæc-an, to teach: teach, teacher, token, taught.

Tell-an, to account: tell, tale, talk, toll, teller.

Tēon, to draw: tow, tug.

Thæc, roof: thatch, deck.

Tred-an, to walk: tread, treadle, trade, tradesman.

Trūwa, good faith: true, truth, troth, betroth.

Twā, two: twain, twelve, twenty, twig, twine, twist.

Wana, lacking: wan, wane, want, wanton.

Wef-an, to weave: weaver, web, woof.

Warū, defense: war, wary, aware, ward, guard, guardian.

Wit-an, to know: wit, wise, wisdom, wistful, witness.

Wraest-an, to wrest: wrest, wrestle, wrist.

LATIN WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words began, and during the next two hundred years the majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over into English.

Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity. This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.

The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, acrid; audīt-, auditor. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French into the English language.

Ac-, sharp—āc-er (acr-) sharp; ăc-us, needle, ac-uo, I sharpen: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager (Fr. aigre, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. vin, wine, + aigre), acetic.

aed-es, a building; aedi-fic-āre (see facio), to build (up): edi-fice, edi-fy.

aes, money—aes-tim-are to value: estim-ate, in-estim-able, esteem, aim (Fr.).

ăger (agr-), field, country; per-agr-are, to travel through: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agri-culture (see colo).

ăg-o (ag-ito), I drive, perform; act-us, performed: ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act, transact, amb-ig-uous.

ali-us, other; al-ter, the other: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n.

ăl-tus, high: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.).

ăm-o (amāt-), I love; amī-cus, friend: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.).

anim-a, air, breath of life; anim-us, mind: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see verto), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (aequus), animalcule.

ann-us, year: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (verto), annual, per-enn-ial.

antiqu-us (anticus), ancient: antique, antiquary, antiquity, antic.

apt-us, fitted, suitable; in-ept-us, senseless: apt, aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept.

aqua, water: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (duco).

arbiter, (arbitr-), umpire: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary.

ar-, join—ar-ma, fittings, arms; ar-tus, joint: arm, armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Span.), armi-stice (sto).

ar-s (same root as above), skill: art, artisan, artist, artifice (fac-), in-ert.

audi-o (audīt-), hear; aur-is, ear; ob-oedi-o, (hearken to), obey: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium, audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist.

Bell-um, old form duellum, war: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel, revel (Fr.).

bĕnĕ, well, bŏnus, good: bene-dic-tion, beni-son; bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (facio); bene-vol-ent (vŏlo); beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.).

bis, bi, twice; bini, two by two: bi-cycle, bi-ennial, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (twice baked), bin-ary, combine.

brev-is, short: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate.

Caballus, a nag: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry.

căd-o (cĭd-), I fall; căs-us, a fall: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.

caed-o (caes-), I cut; in-cīd-o, (in-cīs-) I cut in: de-cide, incisive, precise.

camp-us, plain, field: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign (Fr.).

cand-, be white, glow—cand-idus, white; in-cend-o (cens-), kindle: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent, incend-iary, incense.

can-o (cant-), cant-o (cantāt-), I sing: can-orous, cant-icle, canto, cant.

căp-io, (capt-), ac-cip-io (cept-), take, receive: capacity, capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt (Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape.

căpŭt (căpĭt-), head: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. chapitre), catt-le and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.

căro (carn-) flesh: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr. and Ital.

car-us, dear; cāritas, dearness, love: charity, cherish (Fr. cher = cār-).

cast-us, pure; castīgo (castigāt-), punish: castigate, chaste.

caus-a, cause; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation.

cav-us, hollow: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery (Fr.).

ced-o (cess-), go, yield, leave off: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed.

cens-eo, I assess, judge: census, censor, censure.

cent-um hundred: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.

cern-o (crēt-), I distinguish, decide; cert-us, fixed: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.

circ-um, around; circ-us, circle: circle, circular, circuit (ĭ-), circum-spect.

cīvi-s, citizen; cīvi-tas, state, city: civic, civilize, civilian, city and citadel.

clam-o, (clamāt-), I cry out: claim, exclaim, declamation.

claud-o, (claus-), I shut; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude.

clīv-us, slope; in-clīno (clīnāt-), bend: de-clivity, in-clination, declension.

colo, (cult-), I till, revere; colon-us, farmer: colony, cult, culture.

cōmmodus, convenient: commodity, incommode, accommodate.

cōpia, plenty: copious, copy, cornucopia.

cŏr (cord-), heart: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core, cour-age (Fr.).

cŏrōn-a, garland, crown; corolla (lit. little crown) chaplet: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary.

corpus (corpŏr-), body: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle.

crēd-o (crēdit-), I trust, believe: credential, credit, ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).

crĕ-o (creāt-), produce, crēsc-o (crēt-), grow, creator, cresc-ent.

crĕm-o (crĕmāt-), I burn: cremate, cremationist, crematory.

crux (crŭc-), cross: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Span.), cross, cruise.

cŭp-id-us, desiring: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness.

cūra, care; cūr-o (cūrāt-) care for: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = without).

curr-o (curs-), I run: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course.

Damnum, loss; damn-o (damnāt-), condemn: damn, condemnation, indemnity, dam-age (Fr.).

dēbe-o (dēbit-), I owe: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.

decem, ten: December (orig. the tenth month), decim-al, decennial.

dĕc-et, it is becoming; dĕc-us (dĕcŏr-), ornament: dec-ent, decor-um.

dens (dent-), tooth: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent.

dĕ-us, God: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform.

dīc-o (dĭct-), say; dĭc-o (dĭcāt-), proclaim: dictum, diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (vērus), ab-dicate, predicate.

dĭ-es, day: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.), meri-dian.

dign-us, worthy; dign-itas, worth: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.).

disc-o, I learn; dŏce-o (doct-) I teach: disciple, docile, doctor, doct-rine.

do (dăt-), dōn-o (dōnāt-), I give, present: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= ad + do), render (Fr.; re-, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.

dŏl-eo, I grieve; dŏl-or, grief, pain: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent.

dŏm-o (dŏmĭt-) I subdue; dŏmin-us, lord, master: in-domitable, dominant.

dŏm-us, house: domestic, domicile.

dormi-o (dormīt-), I sleep: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.).

duc- lead—duc-o (dŭct-); ēdŭc-o (educāt-), I rear; dux (dŭc-), leader: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education.

duo, two: dual, duel (see bellum), double (Fr.; duplus), doublet, duplex.

Ĕm-o (empt-), I buy; ex-emp-lum, example: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; red-imo).

ĕs-se, to be; ab-s-ens (absent-), being away; fŭtūrus about to be: ess-ence (lit., being, existence), present, ent-ity, futurity, inter-est.

Făber (făbr-), workman; fabric-a, workshop: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.).

făci-es, form, face: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face (Fr.), façade (Fr.).

făci-o, (fact-), I make; ef-fĭci-o (effect-); făcil-is, easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer.

fall-o, (fals-), I deceive: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.).

fānum, temple; fēstus, festal: fane, fanatic, pro-fane, festive.

fā-, speak—fāri (fāt-, fān-), to speak; fā-bula, tale; fā-ma, a report: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.

fē-, produce—fēmina, a woman; fēlix, happy: feminine, female, felicity.

fend-, strike, fend—occurs in compound verbs, e.g., de-fend-o, (-fens-), ward off: defend, offend, offence, fence, in-fes-t.

fĕr-o, (lāt-), I bear; fertilis, productive: fertile, in-fer, differ, elated.

fĭd-es, faith; fĭdēlis, fid-us, trusty; foed-us (foeder-), treaty: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy, af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty.

fīlius, son, (fīlia daughter): filial, affiliate, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.).

fing-o, (fĭct-, fĭg-), I fashion, make up: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.

fīnis, end; fīni-o (fīnīt-), I end: fine, con-fine, final, finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish, finesse.

firm-us, steadfast; firm-o (firmat-), I strengthen, strength: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit. support), farm (through Ang. Sax.).

flagr-o (flagrāt), I burn; flam-ma, flame: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.).

flect-o (flex-), I bend: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor, flexion, flexure.

flōs (flōr-), flower; floresc-ĕre, to blossom: flora, florid, florist, florescent.

flu-o (flux-), flow; fluct-us a wave: flu-ent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate.

fŏli-um, leaf; fŏliāt-us leaved: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio.

fōns (font-), a spring: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.

fōrm-a, shape; form-o (formāt-), I shape: form, formal, formula, perform.

forti-s, steadfast, brave: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr., comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress.

frag-, frang-o (fract-), I break: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe.

frāter, brother: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (caedo), friar (Fr.).

frīgidus, be cold; frīger-are, make cold: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant.

frons (front-), forehead: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and frontier.

frūg-, fru-i (fruct-), to enjoy; frūg-es, fructus, fruit; frugi, useful: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal.

fŭgi-o (fŭgit-), I flee: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (febris, fever).

fulge-o (fuls-), shine; fulmen, lightning: refulgent, fulminate.

fŭnd-o (fūs-), I pour; fū-tilis, vain: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile.

fund-us, bottom; fund-āre (fundāt-), to found: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund.

fung-i (funct-), perform: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.

Gĕl-, gelid-us, icy cold; gĕl-āre (gelāt-), to congeal, glacies, ice: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).

gĕn- (birth)—gĕn-us (gĕnĕr-), (birth), race; gen-s (gent-), nation; gigno (genit-), give birth: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous.

gĕr-o (gĕst-), bear: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.).

grăd-i (gressus), to walk, go; grăd-us, a step: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).

grandis, great: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose.

gran-um, a grain: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and grange.

grātus, acceptable; grātia, favour; grātiae, thanks; gratul-āri, to congratulate: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = ăgĕre grātiās), gracious, gratis, gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.).

grăvis, heavy: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.

grĕx (grĕg-), a flock: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.

Hăbe-o (hăbit-), I have; in compounds -hibeo, prohibeo, prevent; habilis, suitable: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.).

haere-o (haes-), I stick: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate.

hēres (hērēd-), heir: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it (Fr.), heir-loom.

hŏmo (hŏmĭn-), man; humān-us, human; humus, ground; humil-is, lowly: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.).

hŏspes (hŏspĭt-), host, also guest; hŏspĭti-um, inn; hŏstis, enemy: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry, hostler; host (army), hostile.

Idem, same; item, likewise; ĭ-terum, a second time; iterāre, to repeat: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration.

impero (imperāt-), I command; imperium, rule: imperative, empire (Fr.).

insŭla, island: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.).

in-teg-er, whole (= in-tac-t; from tag-, see tango): integer, entire (Fr.).

intellego (intellect-), I understand: intelligent, intellect, intellectualism.

īra, anger, irāsc-i, to be angry: irate, iracund, irascible, ire (Fr.)

ĭ-, go—This root is found in ĕo (ĭt-), I go; ī-tio, ĭ-tus, a going; iter (ĭtĭner-), a going, march; ĭn-ĭ-tium, a beginning: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = apart), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.

Jac-, throw—jăcĭo (ject- in compounds), I throw; jăct-ūra, jăculātio, casting; jac-ēre, to lie (down): jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from jacēre).

jŏcus, jest; jŭcundus, pleasant: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (jeu parti = even chance) (Fr.).

jūdex (jūdic-), a judge; jūs (jūr-), right; jūrāre, to swear; justus, just; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust.

jŭg-um, yoke; jung-o (junct-), I join; juxta, near to: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.

jŭvĕnis, young: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.

jūv-o (jūt-), I aid: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.).

Lāb-, glide down—lapsus, a gliding, fall: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse.

laed-o (laes-), strike, hurt; col-līdo (-līs-), dash together: collide, elide.

lătu-s (lătĕr-), side: lateral, collateral, multilateral, equilateral (aequus).

laud-o (laudāt-), I praise; laus, praise: laud, laudable, laudatory, laudation.

lăv-o (lăvāt) I wash; lăvanda (things) to be washed; lŭ-ĕre, wash: lavatory, al-luv-ial, pollution, dilute, lave, lavender, laund-ry, de-luge.

lag-, langue-o, to be languid-us, faint, dull; lax-us, open, loose: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through Fr. lease, leash, release.

lēx (lēg-), law; lēg-o (lēgāt-), I send, depute; collēga, colleague: legal, leal, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee, legacy, allegation, college.

lĕg-o (lĕct-), I choose, read; lĕg-i legion: legible, legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and cull (colligo).

lĕvis, light, lĕv-o (lĕvāt-), I raise, lighten: levity, levant, elevator, alleviate.

lĭber (lĭbr-), book; lĭbēll-us, pamphlet: library, libel, libellous.

līber, free; līber-o (līberāt-), set free: liberal, liberty, libertine, liberate.

lībra (dimin. libella), a balance; libr-o (lībrāt-), I balance: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate.

lĭg-o (lĭgāt-), I tie: ligature, ligament; through Fr., league, liable, lien.

līnquo, (rĕ-lĭct-), I leave: de-linquent, derelict, relinquish, relic.

līn-um, flax; līnea, a thread: line, lineal, lineament, delineate, linen.

lĭqu-ere, be moist; lĭquid-us, flowing: liquid, liquidation.

littera, a letter: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate, letter (Fr.).

lŏc-us, a place; lŏc-o (lŏcāt-), I place: local, allocate = allow (Fr.).

long-us, long: longitude, elongated, prolong = purloin (Fr.), lunge (Fr.).

lŏqui (lŏcut-), to speak; lŏqu-ax, talkative: loquacious, eloquent, colloquial.

luc-: this root is seen in lūx (lūc-), lumen (lūmin-), light; lūna, moon: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration.

Mag-: this root appears in magn-us, great, maior, greater, maxim-us, greatest, and magister, master: magnitude, magnify, magn-animous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor and master (Fr.).

male, badly; malus, bad: mali-gn (see gĕn-), malignant, male-volent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc.

măne-o (mans-), I remain: per-manent, im-manent, remnant, mansion (staying (-place)), manse, manor and menial (Fr.).

măn-us, hand; mand-o (mandāt-), entrust: manual, manacle, mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (mitto); through Fr., amend, command, maintain (teneo), manœuvre (Fr. œuvre = opera, work).

măre, sea: marine, mariner, maritime.

māter, mother; materia, stuff, matter: maternal, material, matron.

mĕd-eri, to heal; medic-us, physician: medical, re-medy.

medi-us, middle: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.).

mĕmor, mindful; mĕmŏro (mĕmŏrāt-), I recount: memory, memorandum.

mens (mĕnt-), mind; re-min-isci, I remember: mental, reminiscent, comment.

mĕre-o (mĕrit-), I deserve: merit, meritorious.

merx (merc-), wares; mercor (mercāt-), I purchase; merces (mercēd-), hire: merchant, mercantile, market = mart, mercenary.

mēt-iri (mens-), to measure: mensuration, dimension, measure (Fr.).

miles (mīlĭt-), soldier: military, militant, militia.

mille, thousand: mile, millesimal, million and millimetre (Fr.), etc.

mōns (mŏn-), mountain: mount and mountain (Fr.), promontory.

mĭnu-o (mĭnut-), lessen; minor, less; minister, servant: minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry, ministration, minstrel (Fr.).

mīr-āri (mīrāt-), to wonder at: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror, marvel.

misce-o (mixt-), I mix: mixture, promiscuous, miscellaneous.

mitto (mĭss-), I send: com-mit, missile, mission, dismissal, manu-mit.

mŏd-us and modul-us, a measure; verb stems mŏderāt-, mŏdul-āt-: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.), model, mode = mood.

mōles, mass: mole (i.e., dam), molecule, demolish, demolition.

mŏne-o, (mŏnĭt-), I warn; monstr-um, warning, prodigy: monu-ment, monition, remonstrate, admonish and monster (Fr.).

morbus, disease; mors (mort-), death: morbid, mortal, mortify.

morde-o (mors-), I bite: mordant, mordacious, morsel (Fr.), remorse.

mōs, custom, pl. mōres, manners: moral, moralize, morose, demure (Fr.).

mŏve-o (mōt-), I move; mobilis, movable: movement, motion, remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. mobĭlĕ), move (Fr.).

mūni-o (munīt-), I fortify; mūr-us, a wall: muniment, munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition.

mūnis, obliging; mūnus (mūner-), service, gift; municeps, citizen: munificent (facio), immunity, remuneration, municipal.

mūt-o (mūtāt-); mūtu-us, borrowed: mutable, per-mutation, commute.

Nāsc-i (nāt-), to be born: nasc-ent, natal, nativity, nation, nature, cognate.

nāvis, ship; nauta, sailor: naval, navy, nautical.

nect-o (nex-), I bind: con-nect, nexus, an-nex, annexation.

nĕg-o (nĕgāt-), I deny: negation; deny, re-negade (Span.).

neuter (neutr-), neither: neuter, neutrality, neutralize.

nō-, older; gnō-, know; nobilis, noble; nōtus, well known; nō-men (nōmĭn-), name; ignōr-āre, not to know; nobility, i-gnoble (i = in, not), en-noble, notice and notify, notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate, nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant.

nŏce-o, I harm; nox-ius, hurtful: in-noc-ent, innocuous, noxious, nuisance.

norma, a rule; root nō- as in nōtus: normal, abnormal, enormous.

nota, a mark; nŏt-o, (nŏtāt-), I mark: note and notable (Fr.), notary.

nŏvus, new; nuntius, news: novel and novice (Fr.), in-nov-ation, denunciate, an-nunciation = announcement (Fr.), pronounce (Fr.).

nox (noct-), night: noct-urnal, equi-nox, equinoctial.

nūbĕre (nupt-), to marry: con-nubial, nuptial.

nutri-o (nutrīt-), I nourish; nutrix (nutrīc-), a nurse: nutri-ent, nutri-ment, nutritious; through Fr., nurse, nursling, nourish, nurture.

Ŏculus, eye: ocular, oculist, ocellus.

omnis, all: omnibus, omni-scient, omnipotent.

ŏnus (ŏnĕr-), burden: onerous, ex-onerate.

ops, means; ōptimus, best: opulent, optimist, optimates.

ŏpus (ŏpĕr-), work; ŏpĕra, service: operate, operative, co-operation, opera.

opt-o (optāt-), I desire: option, adopt, adoptive, optative.

ordo (ordĭn-), order, row; ordĭn-o (ordĭnāt-), I set in order; orno (ornāt-), I deck: ordinal, extra-ordinary, ordination, co-ordinate, in-subordination, orna-ment, ad-orn, ornate; through Fr., order, ordain.

oriens, rising (sōl oriens, the east); orīgo (orīgĭn-), source: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality.

ōs (ōr-), mouth; ōr-o (ōrāt-), I speak, pray; ōmen (omin-), token: oral, or-acle, o-rotund, ori-fice (facio), os-cul-ation, adore, oration = orison.

ōvum, egg; ōvātio, an ovation: oval, ovary, ovi-form, ovi-parous (pario).

Paenīt-ēre, to be sorry: through Fr., penitent, repentance, penance.

pāgus, country district: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.).

par, equal: parity; through Fr., pair, peer, compeer, dis-parage, um-pire.

păro (părāt-), make ready: com-par-able, ap-paratus, pre-paration; through Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry, parade, para-sol (Port.).

pār-ēre, be visible: ap-parent; through Fr., appear, peer (= to peep).

pars (part-), part; partīt-us, divided: partitive, partition, participate (căpio); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse.

pătēre, to be open; pandĕre (pans-, pass-), to extend: patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass, passage, pace, pan.

pater (patr-), father; patria, fatherland; patricius, patrician: paternal, patron, patrimony, patrician, ex-patriate.

păt-i (pass-), to suffer: patient, com-pat-ible, passion, compassion, passive.

paucus, few, little; pauper, poor: paucity, pauperism; through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish.

pectus (pectŏr-), breast: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital. petto, breast).

pecunia, money; peculium, personal property: pecuniary, im-pecunious, peculiar, peculation.

pell-o (puls-), beat, drive; pulso (pulsāt-), push, strike: com-pel, re-pellent, ex-pulsion, pulse, pulsation.

pend-ēre (pens-), to hang (1); pĕnd-ĕre (pens-), to weigh, pay (2); pŏndus (pŏnder-), weight: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.), im-pending, pendulous, pendulum, de-pend; (2) ex-pend, spend, dis-pense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension, pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.).

pēs (pĕd-), foot; ex-pedi-o (expĕdīt-), I set free: pedal, ped-estrian, pedestal (Span.), expedite, impediment.

ping-o (pĭct-), I paint: pig-ment, picture, pictorial, depict, paint (F.).

pĭus, dutiful: pious, piety = pity (Fr.).

plăc-ēre, to be pleasing; plāc-āre (plācāt-), to quiet: placid, com-placent, complaisance (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.), placable, placate.

planta, a plant, sole: sup-plant, plantation, plantain (Fr.).

planus, level: plane; through Fr., plain, plan, explain; piano (soft; Ital.).

plaud-o (plaus-), I clap (ex-plōdo): plaudit, ap-plause, plausible, explode.

ple-o (plēt-), I fill; plēnus, full: de-plete, complement; expletive.

plĭc-āre (plĭcĭt-), to fold; plect-ĕre (plex-), I weave: du-plicate, implicit, complex; through Fr., ply, reply, display, triplet; replica (Ital.).

plumbum, lead: plumbago; through Fr., plumb, plummet, plunge.

plūs (plūr-), more: plus, plural, plu-perfect, surplus (Fr.).

poena, punishment; pūni-o (pūnīt-), I punish: through Fr., penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish.

pōno (pŏsit-), I place: post-pone, deponent, posit, opposite, expositor, depositary; through Fr., posture, position, post, compost, compound.

pŏpulus, people; pūblicus, of the people: popular; public, publish.

porta, gate; portus, harbour; portāre, to carry: through Fr., port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment, port-cullis, op-portune.

posse, to be able; potens (able): potent, potential, possible.

praeda, booty; prehendo (prehens-), I seize: predatory, depredation, prehensile, apprehend, apprentice, prey and prison (Fr.).

prĕc-āri (prĕcāt-), to pray: precarious, deprecate, pray and prayer (Fr.).

prem-o (prĕss-), I press: through Fr., re-prim-and, compress, print.

prĕtium, price: through Fr., precious, depreciate, appraise, price = prize.

pri-, before—prior, former; prīmus, first; prin-ceps (prīncĭp-), chief: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal, pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince, principle.

prŏbus, good; prŏb-o (prŏbāt-), I test: probity, probable, approve.

prŏpĕ, near; proximus, nearest: propinquity, approximate, approach (Fr.).

pung-o (punct-), I prick, pierce: pungent, puncture, expunge, compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant.

purus, clean, pure; purg-o (purgāt-), cleanse; put-o (putāt-), trim, reckon: purify, puritan, purge, am-putate (am- = about), compute, deputy (Fr.).

Quaer-o (quaesīt-), I seek [-quīro (-quīsīt-) in compounds]: query, acquire, inquisition, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.), question.

qualis, of what kind; quantus, how great: quality, quantity.

quăti-o, I shake; -cŭtio (-cuss-) in compounds: dis-cuss, quash (Fr.).

quŏtus, what number?: quota, quotidian (dies), quote and quotient (Fr.).

Rādix (rādīc-), root: radicle, eradicate, radish and radical (Fr.).

răpi-o (răpt-), carry off; răp-ax (răpāc-), grasping: rapac-ious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid, ravishing, ravenous.

rĕg-o (rect-), regn-o, I rule, direct; rex, king; rēgula, a rule; rĕg-io, district: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men, cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia, regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress (Lat. di-rect-), rule (Lat. rēgula).

rēs, thing: through Fr., real, realty, realize, republic; rebus.

rīd-ere (rīs-), to laugh: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and ris-ible (Fr.).

rīpa, river bank: riparian, river (Fr. rivière), ar-rive (Fr.).

rīvus, a brook: rivulet; through Fr., rival, de-rive, derivation. (For river and arrive see ripa).

rog-o (rŏgāt-), I ask: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation, de-rogatory, (Fr.).

rŏta, a wheel; rŏt-ula, dimin.; rŏt-undus, round: rot-ary, rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from rotula), roué, round.

rumpĕre, to break; ruptus, broken: rupture (Fr.), ab-rupt, e-rupt-ive, dis-ruption, bank-rupt (bank = bench, table of money changer); through Fr., rout (lit. a division), route and rut (= a path).

Săcer (săcr-), sacred; sacr-āre, sanc-īre, consecrate: sacrifice, sacrilege, sacerdotal, sacrament, de-secration, sanctity, sanctuary, saint (Fr.).

sal, salt: salary (i.e., salt-money), saliferous; through Fr., saline, salad, sauce (= salsus, salted).

săli-o (sălt-), I leap (-silio, -sult-, in compounds): sali-ent, re-sili-ent, ex-ultant, saltation, in-sult, de-sultory; through Fr., sally, assail, assault.

salv-us, safe; sălus (sălūt-), health, greeting: salubrious, salute; through Fr., salvation, salvage, save, salutary, saviour (Lat. salvator).

sānus, sound; sān-āre (sānāt-), to heal: sane, sanitary, sanatorium.

săpor, taste; săpi-o, săp-ĕre, have taste, be wise: sapi-ent, sapor-ific, in-sip-idity, savour and sage (Fr.).

satis, enough; satur, full: satisfy (Fr.), satiate, asset (Fr.).

scando (scans-), I climb; scāla, stairs: a-scend, scale; scan, e-scalade.

sci-o, I know; scĭentia, knowledge; conscius, privy to: science (Fr.), nescient, scientific, conscious, prescience (Fr.), sciolist.

scrīb-o (script-), I write: scribe (Fr.), scripture, manu-script, conscription.

sĕc-o (sĕct-), I cut: secant, sectile, section (Fr.), segment, bisect.

sĕde-o (sĕss-), I sit; as-sĭdeo, sit by: sedentary, sediment, sedate, sedative, as-siduous, as-sessor, pos-session, subside, re-sidue (Fr.), supersede.

sĕnĕx, old man: senile, senior, senate, seignorial (Fr.).

senti-o (sēns-), I feel: sentient, sentiment; through Fr., sentence, sense.

sĕquor (sĕcut-), I follow; secundus, following; secta, a party, school; socius, companion: con-sequent, sequence, sequel; through F., obsequies, obsequious, execute, suit, suite, second, social.

sĕr-o (sert-), I join, compose: series, assert, desert, exert, insert, concert.

servo (servāt-), I save: con-serve, conservator, preservation, conservatory.

servus, a slave; serv-īre, to serve: servile, servant, sergeant, serf, service.

signum, mark, sign; sign-o (signāt-), I mark, seal: signal, signet, signature, signatory, significant, assign-ment, re-signation (a signing back).

similis, like; simul, together; simul-o (simulāt-), I pretend: similar and similitude (Fr.), as-similate, simul-taneous, simulate, assembly (Fr.).

sōl, sun: solar, sol-stice (= sol-stit-ium; stare) (Fr.), para-sol (par-, ward off).

sŏlidus (and soldus), firm; also a gold coin (military pay): solidify and solder (Fr.), solidarity (Fr.), consolidate, con-sols, soldier (Fr.).

sōlus, alone: through Fr., sole, solitude, solitary, solitaire, de-solate, solo.

solv-o (sŏlūt-), I loose, pay: solvent, ab-solve, soluble (Fr.), dis-solute.

somnus, sopor, sleep: in-somnia, somnolence, somn-ambulist, sopori-fic.

sŏn-āre, to sound: consonant, sound, sonor-ous, sonnet, per-son, unison (unus).

sparg-o (spars-), I scatter, sprinkle: sparse, di-sperse, a-spersion.

spĕci-o (spect-), I look; su-spici-o (suspect-), look up, mistrust; species, appearance: speci-men, specious and specify (Fr.), spectacle and spectre (Fr.), aspect, spectator, despise and spite (= de-spite) (Fr.).

spēr-o (sperāt-), I hope: desperate, despair and prosper (Fr.).

spīr-o (spirāt-), I breathe; spīrĭtus, breath: a-spirant, inspire, conspiracy.

stāre (stăt-), sĭst-ĕre, stand; stătu-o, I set: di-stant, extant, substance (Fr.), station, stable, insist, obstacle and e-stablish (Fr.); state and statue (Fr.), statute, rest (= remainder), armi-stice and sol-stice (Fr.).

stern-ĕre (strāt-), to spread, extend, cover; consternation, prostrate, stratum, stratify, street (through Ang. Sax.).

string-o (strĭct-), I draw together: stringent, strain and strait (Fr.), strict, stricture, district, stress (Fr.).

strŭ-ĕre (struct-), to build: con-struct, structure, construe, destroy (Fr.).

sūm-o (sumps-), I take, use; sumptus, expense: as-sume, sumptuous.

super, above; super-āre, to overcome; supremus, summus, topmost: superb (Fr.), superior, supernal, insuperable, supremacy, sum and summit.

surg-o (surrect-), I rise (see rĕgo): through Fr., in-surgent, surge = source, resource, resurrect.

Tag- (touch)—tang-o (tact-), I touch, in-tĕger, whole: tangent, con-tingent, tangible, con-tag-ion, intact, disintegration, contiguous, tact (Fr.).

tĕg-o (tect-), I cover: tegmen, tegument, protective.

tempt-o (temptāt-), I try, test: at-tempt (Fr.), temptation, tentative (Fr.).

tempus (tempor-), time; temper-o (temperāt-), I regulate; tempes-tas, season: temporal, temporize (Fr.), tense (n; Fr.), temper (Fr.), tempest (Fr.).

tend-o (tent-, tens-), stretch; tenuis, thin: tendency, extent, intend, tense (adj.), tension, attend, pretence, ostentation, tenuity, extenuate.

tĕne-o (tent-), I hold: per-tinent, tenable (Fr.), tenet, tenant (Fr.), sus-tenance, tenor, abs-tain (Fr.), detention, continue and retinue (Fr.).

ter-o (trīt-), rub, wear away; tribul-āre, to afflict: trite, attrition, detriment, contrite, tribulation.

terra, land: terrestrial; through F., terrace, in-ter, tureen, territory.

testis, a witness; testor (testāt-), I bear witness: testify (Fr.), testimony, attest, detest, testament, testator.

tex-o (text-), I weave: text (Fr.), texture, textile, pretext and tissue (Fr.).

tōrque-o (tŏrt-), I twist: torment and torture (Fr.), tortuous, contort, extortionate, torch and tortoise (Fr.).

trăh-o (tract-), I draw; tract-o (tractāt-), I handle: sub-trahend, tract, tractable, abs-tract; through Fr., trait, por-tray, re-treat, train, trail.

trēs, tria, three: trinity (Fr.), ternary, ter-centenary, triangle, tri-dent.

trĭbu-ĕre, to give, pay; trĭbūtum, payment: at-tribute, re-tributive, tribute.

tueri (tuit-), to see, watch: tuition, in-tuitive, tutor, tutelage, tutelary.

tŭm-ēre, to swell; tuber, swelling: tumid, tubercle, protuberant.

Ultra, beyond: ultimus, farthest: outrage (Fr.), ulterior, ultimate.

und-o (undāt-), overflow: ab-undant, abound (Fr.), inundate.

ungu-o (unct-), I anoint: unguent = ointment (Fr.), unction, unctuous.

ūnus, one: unit, union (Fr.), unite, unique (Fr.), uni-son (sonus, sound).

ūt-ī, to use; usus, use; utilis, useful: utensil (Fr.), usury (Fr.), utility.

Vād-o (vās-), I go: invade, evasion, pervasive, vade mēcum (lit. go with me).

văle-o, am strong; valid, valour, value, convalesce, prevail.

vānus, empty: through Fr., vain, vanish, vaunt.

vĕh-o (vĕct-), I carry: vehicle, vehement, in-veigh and invective (Fr.).

vĕll-o (vuls-), I pluck, tear: con-vulse, convulsive, divulsion, revulsion.

vēlum, cover, veil; vēl-o (vēlāt-), I cover: (Fr.), re-veal, revelation, unveil.

vĕni-o (vĕnt-), I come: con-vene, convenient, intervention; through Fr., con-vent, covenant, venture, re-venue.

verbum, word: verbal, verb (Fr.), verbose, verbiage (Fr.), proverb.

vert-o (vers-), I turn: version, adverse, versatile.

vērus, true; vērax, truthful: veracious; very, verify, aver, verdict.

vĭa, way: de-vious, deviate, trivial (Fr.), impervious; through Fr., convey.

vĭcis, alternation: vicarious, vicar (Fr.), vicissitude, vice-regal.

vĭde-o (vīs-), I see; vīs-o (visit-), go to see: e-vident, provident, prudent, visage and vision (Fr.), invidious = envious (Fr.), visual (Fr.), visitation.

vĭge-o, am vigorous; vigour, vigil (Fr.), vegetate.

vĭnc-o (vĭct-), I conquer: convince, invincible and vanquish (Fr.), victor.

vir, man; virtus, worth, valour: virile and virtue (Fr.), virago, trium-vir.

vita, life; vīvus, living: vital, vivid, vivacity, vivify (Fr.).

vŏco (vŏcāt-), I call; vox (vōc-), voice: ad-vocate, vocation, revoke (Fr.).

vŏl-o, am willing: bene-volent, voluntary, volunteer (Fr.), volition.

volv-o (vŏlūt-), I roll; vōlumen, a roll: de-volve, voluble (Fr.), evolution.

vŏr-o, I swallow up: de-vour (Fr.), voracious, carni-vorous.

vŏve-o (vōt-), I vow: vote (Fr.), votive, votary, devotion, devout (Fr.).

vulgus, the people: vulgar, divulge, vulgate.

GREEK ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

To Greek, also, English is indebted for a considerable number of words, especially in the language of science and medicine; for the ancient physicians were commonly Greeks. Since the great revival of Greek studies in England in the 16th Century, Greek literature and art have exerted an enormous influence upon English thought and literature.

Agō, I lead: strat-egy.

a-dam-as (= in-dom-itable), steel: adamant, diamond (= Fr. diamant).

aēr, air: air (Fr.), aerial, aerate.

athlos, a contest: athlete.

aesthēsis, perception, feeling: aesthetic, an-aesthesia.

akouō, I hear: acoustics.

akros, top: acro-bat, acropolis.

allos, other: allo-path, par-allel.

anemos, wind: anemometer.

angelos, messenger: angel, ev-angel.

anthropos, man: anthropoid, anthropology, mis-anthrope.

arktos, a bear: arctic, antarctic.

archē, beginning, rule; arch-, (prefix), chief: archetype, an-archy, archangel.

aster, astron, a star: asterisk, astrology, dis-aster (Fr.), astral (Lat.).

autos, self: auto-crat, auto-graph, auto-matic, auto-nomy.

Ball-o, I throw; bolē, throwing: dia-bol-ical, hyper-bole.

bapto, dip: baptise.

barus, heavy; baros, weight: barytone, barograph, barometer.

basis, a going, foundation: base (Fr.), basis, basement.

biblion (dimin. of biblos), book; bible, biblio-graphy, biblio-mania.

bios, life: amphi-bious, bio-logy.

botane, herbage, a plant: botany.

bronchos, windpipe: bronchial.

Character, a mark: character.

cheir, hand: chiro-graphy, chiro-mancy, chiro-pod-ist, chir-urgeon.

chīlio- (e.g. chilio-pous), thousand: kilo-gramme and kilo-metre (Fr.).

chlōros, green: chlorate, chlorine.

cholē, bile: choler, melancholy.

choros, a dance in a ring, chorus: chorus, choral, choir (Fr.).

chriō, anoint: Christ, chrism (holy oil).

chronos, time: chronic, chronicle, chronometer, ana-chronism.

Daimōn, divinity, spirit: demoniac.

deka, ten: decade, deca-logue.

demos, the people: demo-crat, dem-agogue, epi-demic.

derma (dermat-), skin: epi-dermis, hypo-dermic, pachy-dermatous.

despotēs, lord: despotic, despotism.

diaita, mode of living: diet (Fr.).

diskos, quoit: disc, dish and desk.

dogma, doxa, opinion: dogma, dogmatic, heterodox.

dosis, a giving; dotos, given: dose, anti-dote, an-ec-dot-al.

draō, I do: dra-ma, drastic.

dromos, running: dromedary, hippo-drome, aero-drome.

dunamis, power, force: dynamic.

Eidos, form; eidōlon, image; idea, form, look (all from id-, see): ideograph, idol, kal-eido-scope.

eikōn, image: icon, iconoclast.

electron, amber: electric, electrify.

ergon, work; en-ergeia, energy: organ-ize, en-ergetic, metall-urgy.

ethnos, nation: ethnic, ethnology.

eu, well; as a prefix: eucharist, euphony, euphemism, ev-angel.

Gamos, marriage: mono-gamous.

gaster (gastr-), stomach: gastric.

gen-, beget—genos, race; genesis, origin: genea-logy, genesis, genetic.

gē, the earth: ge-o-graphy, ge-o-logy, ge-o-metric.

glōssa (glōtta), tongue: glossary, glottis, epiglottis, poly-glot.

gnō-sis, knowledge: gnome, gnostic.

gōnia, angle: diagonal, pentagon.

grapho, write; gramma, writing: graphic, epi-graphy, grammar.

gumnos, naked; gumnazo, I exercise: gymnasium, gymnastic.

gunē (gunaiko-), a woman: gyn-archy, gynaeco-logy, miso-gynist.

Haima (haimato-), blood: hemal, hematite, hemorrhage, an-aemia.

hairesis, a taking: heresy (Fr.).

heteros, other: hetero-dox, hetero-geneous.

hex, six: hex-agon, hexameter.

hēlios, sun: heliacal, peri-helion.

hēmera, day: ep-hemeral.

hieros, sacred; hiereus, priest: hierarchy, hieratic, hiero-glyph.

hippos, horse: hippo-drome.

historeō, I enquire: history (shortened in) story.

(h)odos, way: ex-odus, epis-ode, met-hod, peri-od.

homos, same; homoi-os, like: homo-centric, homo-geneous, hom-ily (ilē, throng), homoeo-pathic.

(h)orizo, define, bound: horizon.

hudōr, water; hydrant, hydr-aulic, hydro-gen.

Idios, private, peculiar; idiōtēs, private person: idiom, idiot.

ion, violet; iōdēs, dark-colored: iodide, iodine.

isos, equal: iso-sceles, iso-thermal.

Kakos, bad: cacography, cacophony.

kalos, beautiful: calligraphy, callis-thenics (sthenos, strength).

kaluptō, kruptō, I conceal: apo-calypse, eu-calyptus, crypt.

kaustos, burnt; kautērion, a branding: caustic, cautery, cauterize.

kīneō, I move; kīnētikos, for moving: kinetics, kinematics.

kosmos, order, ornament, universe: cosmetic, cosmic, cosmo-gony.

krateō, am strong, rule: auto-crat, demo-cracy, aristo-crat.

kri-, to separate; krisis, a separating, deciding: crisis, critic.

kuklos, wheel: cycle, cyclic, cyclone.

Lab-, take; lēpsis, a taking: syl-lable, epi-lepsy, cataleptic.

legō, I pick out, say; lexis, speech; logos, discourse, reason: ec-lectic (ek, out of), lexi-con, dialect, logic.

leipō (lĭp-), I leave: el-lipsis, ec-lipse.

lithos, stone: lithia, lithograph.

luō, I loose; lusis, a loosing: ana-lyze, dia-lysis, paralytic, (palsy is a contraction of paralysis).

Mania, madness: mania, maniac, Anglo-mania.

math-, learn; mathēma, learning: mathematics, philo-math, poly-math.

martus (martur-), a witness: martyr.

mega (megal-), large; as a prefix: mega-cephalous (kephalē, head), megalithic, megaphone.

melas (melan-), black: melancholy.

melos, song: mel-ody (ōdē).

metron, a measure: metre, symmetry, diameter, geometric.

mēchanē, Lat. māchina: mechanic, mechanism.

mikros, small: microbe (bios), micro-cosm, micro-scope.

mīseo, I hate: misanthrope.

mnē-mon-euō, I remember: mnē-monics, a-mnē-sty (a = not).

monos, alone, one: monad, mon-arch, monk (Ang. Sax.), monastery, monopoly.

morphē, shape: a-morphous, morph-ology, meta-morphose.

mousa, muse: music, museum.

mūthos, a tale, legend: myth.

Naus, a ship: nausea, nautilus, aëro-naut (nautēs, sailor.)

nekros, dead: necro-polis.

neuron, cord, nerve: neural, neur-algia (algos, pain), neuritis.

nomos, a law: eco-nomy (oikos), astro-nomy, anti-nomian.

Ōdē, a song: ode, hymnody, parody.

oikos, oikia, house; oikēsis, inhabiting, dwelling: eco-nomy (Lat. oeconomia), di-ocese (= di-oikesis), parish (paroikia, Fr. par-oisse).

onoma (onuma), name: syn-onym.

op-, see; optika, pertaining to sight; oph-thalmos, eye: op-tics, optician, syn-opsis, synoptic, my-opia.

organon, an instrument: organic.

orthos, right, straight: ortho-doxy, ortho-graphy.

osteon, a bone: oste-itis, osteo-pathy.

oxus, sharp: oxy-gen, oxy-tone, par-oxysm.

Pais (paid-), a child; paideia, training, learning: ped-agogue, pedant.

pan (pant-, pas-), all: pan-acea (akos, remedy), pan-oply, (hopla, arms), pan-orama ((h)oraō, see).

păthos, suffering, feeling: pathology, pathetic, sympathy.

pauo, I stop; pausis, cessation (Lat. pausa): pause and pose.

pente, five: pent-agon, pentameter, penta-teuch (teuchos, book), Pente-cost [pentecostē = fiftieth (day)].

petra, a rock; petros, a stone: petrify and pier (Fr.), Peter, petrology, petroleum, petrescent.

plassō, I mould, fashion: plastic, plasm, proto-plasm (prōtos, first).

pleura, a rib: pleurisy, pleuritic.

plēgē, plēxis, a blow, stroke: plague (Lat. plāga), apoplexy, pleximeter.

pneuma, air; pneumon, lungs: pneumatic, pneumonia, pneumatomer.

poieō, I make: poet (Lat. poēta).

polis, a city; polītēs, citizen; politeia, government: metro-polis, polity, politic, police.

polus, many, poly-gon.

pous (pod-), a foot: poly-pus, polyp, antipodes.

praktos, done: practice.

prōtōs, first: prot-agonist, protomartyr, prototype, protoplasm.

pur, fire: pyre, pyrites, pyro-latry (= worship), pyrotechnics.

pōleō, I sell: biblio-pole, mono-poly.

phagein, to eat: sarcophagus (sarx, flesh).

phainō (phan-, phēn-, phas-), I show: phan-tom, phan-tasm, phant-asy = fancy (Fr.), phen-omenon, phase.

pherō, I bear; phora, a carrying: peri-pher-y, meta-phor, phos-phorus (phōs), sema-phore, (sēma, sign).

phēmi, I say: eu-phem-ism, blas-pheme (blapsis, injury), pro-phet.

philos, dear, friend: phil-tre, philo-sophy.

phōnē, a sound: phonic, phonetic, phono-graph, eu-phony, caco-phony, sym-phony.

phōs (phōt-), light: phos-phor, photo-graph, photometer.

phrasis, speech: phrase, peri-phrasis, para-phrase, phraseology.

phrēn, the midriff, mind: frenzy and frantic (Fr.), phrenology.

phusis, nature; phuton, a plant: physi-cal, physics, physi-o-logy, meta-physics, neo-phyte.

Rheō, flow; rheuma, a flow; rhuthmos, regular motion: cata-rrh, rheumatic, rhythm.

rhētor, orator: rhetoric, rhetorician.

Sarx (sark-), flesh: sarcasm.

sitos, food: para-site.

skopeo, skept-omai, look at, consider; skop-os, watcher, mark, aim: scep-tical, scope, hor-o-scope (hōrā, season), epi-scop-al, bishop [epi-scop-os].

sophos, wise: sophist, philosophy.

stă-, stand; sta-sis, a placing; statos, placed: ec-sta-sy, sy-ste-m (sun, together), static, hydro-statics, apo-state.

stellō (stol-), I send: apo-stle (= apostolos; apo, away), epi-stle.

stichos, a line: di-stich, hemi-stich.

stratos, army: stratagem, strategy.

strophē, a turning: strophic, anti-strophe, apo-strophe, catastrophe.

sphaira, a ball: sphere, atmo-sphere.

schizō, split: schism, schist.

schole, leisure, school: scholastic.

Tax-is, arrangement; tak-tos, ordered: syn-tax, taxi-dermist.

taphos, a tomb: epi-taph (epi, upon).

temno, I cut; tomē-, tom-os, a cutting: ana-tomy, tome (Fr.), a-tom.

technē, art: tech-nic, technology.

tele, afar: tele-phone.

theos, God: theism, theo-cracy.

thermos, hot: thermal, isothermal, thermo-meter, thermo-dynamics.

the-, place; thesis, a placing; thema, proposition; thē-kē, case, chest: thesis, theme, hypo-thesis, epi-thet, ana-thema.

topos, a place: topic, topography, u-topia, (u = ou, not—i.e., land of No-place).

toxicon, poison: toxin, anti-toxin, intoxicate.

Zēlos, emulation: through Fr., zeal.

zōon, animal: zo-diac (zōdion, dimin.), zo-ology.

Words, Phrases and Noteworthy Sayings.

From the Greek, Latin and Modern Languages.

A bas (Fr.). Down, down with.

ab initio (L.). From the beginning.

ab ovo (L.). From the egg, from the beginning.

ad captandum vulgus (L.). To attract or please the rabble.

ad infinitum (L.). To infinity.

ad libitum (L.). At pleasure.

ad nauseam (L.). To disgust or satiety.

ad rem (L.). To the purpose, or point.

ad valorem (L). According to the value.

aequo animo (L.). With an equable mind, with equanimity.

affaire d' amour (F.). A love affair.

affaire d'honneur (F.). An affair of honor; a duel.

affaire du coeur (Fr.). An affair of the heart.

a fortiori (L.). With stronger reason.

à la mode (Fr.). According to the custom or fashion.

alter ego (L.). My other self.

alma mater (L.). Gracious mother; the college of which one is a graduate.

amende honorable (Fr.). Satisfactory apology; reparation.

amor patriae (L.). Love of country.

amour propre (Fr.). Self-love; vanity.

anno domini (L.). In the year of our Lord.

ante meridiem (L.). Before noon.

a posteriori (L.). Reasoning from effect to cause.

a priori (L.). Reasoning from cause to effect.

apropos (Fr.). Suited to the occasion.

argumentum ad hominem (L.). An argument to the individual man, i.e., to his interests and prejudices.

ars est celare artem (L.). It is true art to conceal art.

ars longa, vita brevis (L.). Art is long, life is short.

artium magister (L.). Master of Arts.

au contraire (Fr.). On the contrary.

au courant (Fr.). Fully acquainted with matters.

au fait (Fr.). Well acquainted with; expert.

aurea mediocritas (L.). The golden or happy mean.

au revoir (Fr.). Adieu until we meet again.

autant d'hommes, autant d'avis (Fr.). So many men, so many minds.

aut Cæsar aut nullus (L.). Either Cæsar or nobody.

aut vincere aut mori (L.). Either to conquer or to die; death or victory.

Baccalaureus in artibus (L). Bachelor of Arts (B.A.).

beau ideal (Fr.). An ideal beauty.

beau monde (Fr.). The fashionable world.

bel esprit (Fr.). A person of wit or genius; a brilliant mind.

bête noire (Fr.). A black beast; a bugbear.

bis dat qui cito dat (L.). He gives twice who gives quickly.

bon ami (Fr.). Good friend.

bon jour (Fr.). Good day; good morning.

bon soir (Fr.). Good evening.

Cacoethes loquendi, scribendi (L.). An itch for speaking, writing.

carpe diem (L.). Enjoy the present day; improve the time.

carte blanche (Fr.). A white card; full power.

casus belli (L.). The occasion or cause of war.

cela va sans dire (Fr.). That goes without saying.

c'est à dire (Fr.). That is to say.

ceteris paribus (L.). Other things being equal.

chacun à son goût (Fr.). Every one to his taste.

chère amie (Fr.). A dear (woman) friend.

chef d'œuvre (Fr.). A masterpiece.

ci devant (Fr.). Formerly; heretofore.

comme il faut (Fr.). As it should be.

compagnon de voyage (Fr.). A travelling companion.

con amore (It.). With love; very earnestly.

corrigenda (L.). Corrections to be made.

coup d'état (Fr.). A sudden decisive blow in politics; a stroke of policy.

coup de grace (Fr.). A finishing stroke.

cui bono? (L.). For whose advantage? to what end?

cuisine (Fr.). A kitchen; cookery.

cul de sac (Fr.). The bottom of a bag; a place closed at one end.

cum grano salis (L.). With a grain of salt; with some allowance.

Debut (Fr.). First appearance.

de gustibus non est disputandum (L.). There is no disputing about tastes.

dei gratiâ (L.). By the grace of God.

de jure (L.). From the law; by right.

de mortuis nil nisi bonum (L.). (Say nothing but good of the dead.)

de novo (L.). Anew.

deo adjuvante (L.). God assisting.

deo gratias (L.). Thanks to God.

Deo volente (L.). God willing.

de profundis (L.). Out of the depths.

dernier ressort (Fr.). A last resource.

desipere in loco (L.). To jest or be jolly at the proper time.

de trop (Fr.). Too much or too many; not wanted.

Dieu et mon droit (Fr.). God and my right.

Dieu vous garde (Fr.) God protect you.

docendo discimus (L.). We learn by teaching.

dolce far niente (It.). Sweet doing-nothing; sweet idleness.

dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori (L.). It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country.

dum spiro, spero (L.). While I breathe I hope.

Ecce homo (L.). Behold the man!

édition de luxe (Fr.). A splendid and expensive edition of a book.

élite (Fr.). A select body of persons.

emeritus (L.). Retired after long service.

en avant (Fr.). Forward.

en déshabillé (Fr.). In undress.

en masse (Fr.). In a body.

en rapport (Fr.). In harmony; in agreement.

en route (Fr.). On the way.

en suite (Fr.). In company; in a set.

entente cordiale (Fr.). Cordial understanding.

entreé (Fr.). Entry; a side dish.

entre nous (Fr.). Between ourselves.

e pluribus unum (L.). One out of many; one composed of many.

esprit de corps (Fr.). The animating spirit of a collective body, as a regiment.

et cetera (L.). And the rest.

et tu, Brute! (L.). And thou also, Brutus!

eureka (Gr.). I have found it.

exceptio probat regulam (L.). The exception proves (or tests) the rule.

exceptis excipiendis (L). The due exceptions being made.

exempli gratiâ (L.). By way of example.

ex pede Herculem (L.). From the foot we recognize him as a Hercules; we judge of the whole from the specimen.

experientia docet stultos (L.). Experience instructs fools.

extra muros (L.). Beyond the walls.

ex uno disce omnes (L.). From one judge of all the rest.

Facile princeps (L.). Easily pre-eminent; indisputably the first.

facilis est descensus averni (or averno) (L.). The descent to avernus (or hell) is easy.

fait accompli (Fr.). A thing already done.

faux pas (Fr.). A false step.

festina lente (L.). Hasten slowly.

fiat justitia, ruat cælum (L.). Let justice be done though the heavens should fall.

fiat lux (L.). Let there be light!

fidei defensor (L.). Defender of the faith.

fide non armis (L.). By faith, not by arms.

fides Punica (L.). Punic or Carthaginian faith; treachery.

fidus Achates (L.). Faithful Achates; a true friend.

finem respice (L.). Look to the end.

finis coronat opus (L.). The end crowns the work.

flagrante delicto (L.). In the commission of the crime.

fortiter in re (L.). With firmness in acting.

fortuna favet fortibus (L.). Fortune favors the bold.

Garçon (Fr.). A boy; a waiter.

gardez bien (Fr.). Take good care.

gaudeamus igitur (L.). So let us be joyful.

Gloria in Excelsis (L.). Glory to God in the highest.

Gloria Patri (L.). Glory be to the Father.

gnothi seauton (Gr.). Know thyself.

grace à Dieu! (Fr.). Thanks to God!

grand merci (Fr.). Many thanks.

Hoi polloi (Gr.). The many; the vulgar; the rabble.

homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto (L.). I am a man; I count nothing human indifferent to me.

honi soit qui mal y pense (O. Fr.). Evil be to him who evil thinks.

hors de combat (Fr.). Out of the struggle; disabled.

humanum est errare (L.). To err is human.

Ibidem (L.). At the same place (in a book).

ich dien (Ger.). I serve.

id est (L.). That is; contracted to i.e.

impedimenta (L.). Baggage.

imperium in imperio (L.). A government or rule within another.

index expurgatorius (L.). A list of prohibited books.

in esse (L.). In being; in actuality.

in extenso (L.). At full length.

in extremis (L.). At the point of death.

infra dignitatem (L.). Below one's dignity.

in loco parentis (L.). In the place of a parent.

in medias res (L.). Into the midst of things.

in memoriam (L.). To the memory of; in memory.

in perpetuum (L.). For ever.

in posse (L.). In possible existence; in possibility.

in præsenti (L.). At the present moment.

in propria persona (L.). In one's own person.

in re (L.). In the matter of.

in situ (L.). In its original situation.

in statu quo (L.). In the former state.

inter alia (L.). Among other things.

inter nos (L.). Between ourselves.

in toto (L.). In the whole; entirely.

intra muros (L.). Within the walls.

in vino veritas (L.). There is truth in wine; wine discloses the secrets of the breast.

ipse dixit (L.). He himself said it; a dogmatic assertion.

ipsissima verba (L.). The very words.

ipso facto (L.). In the fact itself.

Jacta est alea (L.). The die is cast.

jeu de mots (Fr.). A play on words.

jeu d'esprit (Fr.). A display of wit; a witticism.

jure divino (L.). By divine law.

juste milieu (Fr.). The golden mean.

Labor omnia vincit (L.). Labor conquers everything.

laissez faire (Fr.). Let alone; suffer to have its own way.

lapsus calami, — linguae, — memoriae (L.) A slip of the pen, tongue, memory.

lares et penates (L.). Household gods.

laudator temporis acti (L.). One who praises the past.

le beau monde (Fr.). The fashionable world.

le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle (Fr.). The game is not worth the candle; the object is not worth the trouble.

lése majesté (Fr.). High treason.

l'homme propose, et Dieu dispose (Fr.). Man proposes and God disposes.

limæ labor et mora (L.). The labour and delay of the file; the slow and laborious polishing of a literary composition.

loco citato (L.). In the place cited.

lusus naturæ (L.). A sport or freak of nature.

Ma chère (Fr.). My dear (fem.).

ma foi (Fr.). Upon my faith.

magnum bonum (L.). A great good.

magnum opus (L.) A great work.

mal à propos (Fr.). Ill timed.

mal de mer (Fr.). Sea-sickness.

mal de tête (Fr.). Headache.

mauvaise honte (Fr.). False modesty.

mauvais goût (Fr.). Bad taste.

medio tutissimus ibis (L.). In a medium course you will be safest.

mega biblion, mega kakon (Gr.). A great book is a great evil.

me judice (L.). I being judge; in my opinion.

memento mori (L.). Remember death.

mens sana in corpore sano (L.). A sound mind in a sound body.

menu (Fr.). A bill of fare.

meum et tuum (L.). Mine and thine.

mirabile dictu, (visu) (L.). Wonderful to relate, (to see).

modus operandi (L.). Manner of working.

mon ami (Fr.). My friend (masc.).

mon cher (Fr.). My dear (masc.).

more suo (L.). In his own way.

multum in parvo (L.). Much in little.

mutatis mutandis (L.). The necessary changes being made.

Necessitas non habet legem (L.). Necessity has no law.

née (Fr.). Born; maiden name.

nemine dissentiente (L.). No one dissenting; without a dissenting voice.

nemo me impune lacessit (L.). No one assails me with impunity.

ne plus ultra (L.). Nothing further; perfection.

nihil ad rem (L.). Nothing to the point.

nihil quod tetigit non ornavit (L.). He touched nothing without embellishing it.

nil admirari (L.). To be astonished at nothing; not to lose mental balance.

nil desperandum (L.). There is no reason for despair.

n'importe (Fr.). It matters not.

noblesse oblige (Fr.). Rank imposes obligations.

nolens volens (L.). Willing or unwilling.

nolle prosequi (L.). To abandon prosecution.

nom de guerre (Fr.). A war name; a pseudonym; a pen name.

nom de plume (Fr.). A pen name. (Incorrect for nom de guerre.)

non compos mentis (L.). Not of sound mind.

non omnia possumus omnes (L.). We cannot, all of us, do everything.

non sequitur (L.). It does not follow.

nota bene (L.). Mark well.

Obiit (L.). He, or she, died.

œuvres (Fr.). Works.

omnia vincit amor (L.). Love conquers all things.

on dit (Fr.). They say; people say.

onus probandi (L.). The burden of proof.

ora et labora (L.). Pray and work.

o tempora! o mores! (L.). Alas for the times! Alas for the manners!

otium cum dignitate (L.). Ease with dignity.

Pace (L.). Not to give offence to. — pace tua, with your consent.

palmam qui meruit ferat (L.). Let him who has won the palm wear it.

par excellence (Fr.). By way of eminence; preëminently.

pari passu (L.). With equal pace; step for step.

particeps criminis (L.). Accomplice in a crime.

parvenu (Fr.). An upstart.

passim (L.). Everywhere.

pax vobiscum (L.). Peace be with you.

per capita (L.). By the head; on each person.

per se (L.). By itself considered; of itself.

poeta nascitur, non fit (L.). A poet is born, not made.

pour prendre congé (Fr.). To take leave.

prima facie (L.). On the first face; at first sight.

pro aris et focis (L.). For our altars and hearths.

pro bono publico (L.). For the good of the public.

pro patria (L.). For native land.

protégé (Fr.). One protected by another.

Quantum mutatus ab illo (L.). How changed from what he once was.

quantum sufficit (L.). As much as suffices; a sufficient quantity.

quelque chose (Fr.). Something; a trifle.

quid pro quo (L.). Something in return; an equivalent.

quod erat demonstrandum (L.). Which was to be proved.

quot homines, tot sententiae (L.). Many men, many minds.

Raison d'être (Fr.). The reason for a thing's existence.

rara avis (L.). A rare bird.

recherché (Fr.). Choice, elegant.

reductio ad absurdum (L.). Reduction to an absurdity.

requiescat in pace (L.). May he, she, rest in peace.

resurgam (L.). I shall rise again.

revenons à nos moutons (Fr.). Let us return to our sheep; let us return to our subject.

ruat cælum (L.). Let the heavens fall.

Sang froid (Fr.). Cold blood.

sans peur et sans reproche (Fr.). Without fear and without reproach.

sans souci (Fr.). Without care.

sartor resartus (L.). The tailor patched or mended.

sauve qui peut (Fr.). Let him save himself who can.

savoir faire (Fr.). The knowing how to act; tact.

séance (Fr.). A sitting.

semper idem;—paratus (L.). Always the same, always ready.

sic semper tyrannis (L.). Ever so to tyrants.

sic transit gloria mundi (L.). Thus passes away the glory of this world.

similia similibus curantur (L.). Like things are cured by like.

si monumentum quæris, circumspice (L.). If you seek his monument, look around you.

sine die (L.). Without a day being appointed.

sine qua non (L.). An indispensable condition.

sola nobilitas virtus (L.). Virtue the only nobility.

spero meliora (L.). I hope for better things.

splendide mendax (L.). Nobly untruthful; untrue for a good object.

sponte suâ (L.). Of one's own accord.

suaviter in modo, fortiter in re (L.). Gentle in manner, resolute in deed.

sub judice (L.). Under consideration (by the court).

sub rosa (L.). Under the rose, privately.

sub voce (L.). Under such or such a word.

sui generis (L.). Of its own peculiar kind.

summum bonum (L.). The chief good.

suum cuique (L.). Let everyone have his own; honor to whom honor is due.

Tant mieux; tant pis (Fr.). So much the better; so much the worse.

tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (L.). Times change, and we with them.

tempus fugit (L.). Time flies.

tenax propositi (L.). Tenacious of purpose.

terra firma (L.). Solid earth.

terra incognita (L.). An unknown country.

tête-à-tête (Fr.). Face to face; in close conversation.

to kalon (Gr.). The beautiful.

toujours prêt (Fr.). Always ready.

tour de force (Fr.). A feat of strength or skill.

tout-à-fait (Fr.). Wholly; entirely.

tout ensemble (Fr.). The whole taken together.

Ubi bene, ibi patria (L.). Where it is well, there is one's country.

Ultima Thule (L.). The utmost boundary or limit.

un fait accompli (Fr.). An accomplished fact.

ut infra; ut supra (L.). As below; as above.

Vade mecum (L.). Go with me; a constant companion.

vae victis (L.). Woe to the vanquished.

veni, vidi, vici (L.). I came, I saw, I conquered (Caesar's laconic message to the senate when he overcame Pharnaces, king of Pontus.)

verbatim et literatim (L.). Word for word and letter for letter.

verbum sat sapienti (L.) A word is enough for a wise man.

vérité sans peur (Fr.). Truth without fear.

via media (L.). A middle course.

vĭcĕ (L.). In the place of.

vice versa (L.). The terms being exchanged.

videlicet (L.). To wit, namely (viz.).

vi et armis (L.). By force of arms.

vincit omnia veritas (L.). Truth conquers all things.

vis à vis (Fr.). Facing.

viva voce (L). By the living voice; orally.

vive le roi (Fr.). Long live the king.

voila (Fr.). Behold; there is; there are.

vox et præterea nihil (L.). A voice, and nothing more; sound but no sense.

vox populi, vox Dei (L.). The voice of the people is the voice of God.

vulgo (L.). Commonly.

Zeitgeist (Ger.). The spirit of the times.

Abbreviations and Contractions in Common Use.

a or @.—At.

A.B.—Bachelor of Arts.

Abp.—Archbishop.

a/c. or acct.—Account.

A.D. (L. Anno Domini).—In the year of our Lord.

A.D.C.—Aide-de-camp.

Adj.—Adjective.

Adjt.—Adjutant.

Ad lib., or Ad libit. (L. Ad libitum.)—At pleasure.

Adm.—Admiral.

Adv.—Adverb; Advocate.

Advp. or avoir.—Avoirdupois.

Advt.—Advertisement.

Ae. or Aet. (L. aetatis).—Of age; aged.

A.F. & A.M.—Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.

Ala.—Alabama.

Ald.—Alderman.

Alg.—Algebra.

Alta.—Alberta.

A.M.—(L. ante meridiem), before Noon. Master of Arts.

Amt.—Amount.

Anon.—Anonymous.

Ans.—Answer.

A.O.U.W.— Ancient Order of United Workmen.

Ap. or Apr.— April.

A.R.A.—Associate of the Royal Academy.

Arith.—Arithmetic.

Ariz.—Arizona.

Ark.—Arkansas.

A.S. or Ang. Sax.—Anglo-Saxon.

Asst.—Assistant.

Astron.—Astronomy.

Atty., Atty. Gen.—Attorney; Attorney General.

Aug.—August.

Ave.—Avenue.

b.—born.

B.A.—Bachelor of Arts.

Bal.—Balance.

Balt.—Baltimore.

Bart. or Bt.—Baronet.

B.A.Sc.—Bachelor of Applied Science.

Bbl. or bbl.—Barrel.

B.C.—Before Christ. British Columbia.

B.C.L.—Bachelor of Civil Law.

B.D.—Bachelor of Divinity.

Bk., Bkk.—Book; Books.

B.LL.—Bachelor of Laws.

B.M.—Bachelor of Medicine.

B. Mus.—Bachelor of Music.

Bot.—Botany.

Bp.—Bishop.

B. Paed.—Bachelor of Pedagogy.

Brig. Gen.—Brigadier General.

Brit.—Britain; British.

Bro(s).—Brother(s).

B.Sc.—Bachelor of Science.

Bt.—Bought.

Bu. or bu.—Bushel.

C. Cap. (L. Caput.).— Ch., chap., chapter.

C.A.—Chartered accountant.

Cal.—California.

Can.—Canada.

Capt.—Captain.

C.B.—Cape Breton. Commander of the Bath.

C.C.—County Clerk. County Commissioner. Church Clerk.

C.E.—Civil Engineer.

C. or Cent.—Hundred.

Cf. or cf. (L. confer).—Compare.

Chem.—Chemistry.

Cin.—Cincinnati.

C.J.—Chief Justice.

C.M.—Common meter.

C.M.G.—Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

C.N.R.(O.)—Canadian Northern Railway (of Ontario).

Co.—Company. County.

c/o.—In care of.

C.O.D.—Cash (or collect) on delivery.

Col.—Colonel.

Coll.—College.

Colo.—Colorado.

Comp.—Compound.

Conn. or Ct.—Connecticut.

Conj.—Conjunction.

Con. (L. contra).—Against; in opposition.

Cor.—Corner. Corinthians.

Corp.—Corporal.

Cor. Sec.—Corresponding Secretary.

C.P.R.—Canadian Pacific Railway.

Cr.—Credit. Creditor.

Ct(s). Cent(s). Connecticut.

Cur. or Curt.—Current; this month.

Cwt.—Hundredweight.

d.—Penny or pence. Died.

D.—Five hundred.

D.A.G.—Deputy Adjutant General.

Dak.—Dakota.

D.C.—District of Columbia.

D.C.L.—Doctor of Civil Law.

D.D.—Doctor of Divinity.

D.D.S.—Doctor of Dental Surgery. Doctor of Dental Science.

Dec.—December.

Deg.—Degree.

Del.—Delaware.

Dep.—Deputy.

Dept.—Department.

Dis. or Disct.—Discount.

Dist.—District.

D.Mus.—Doctor of Music.

Do. (Ital. ditto).—The same.

Dol., Dols., $.—Dollar(s).

Doz.—Dozen.

Dr.—Debtor. Doctor. Drachm.

D.Paed.—Doctor of Pedagogy.

D.R.A.—Dominion Rifle Association.

D.Sc.—Doctor of Science.

D.V. (L. Deo volente).—God willing.

D.V.S.—Doctor of Veterinary Science.

12 mo.—Duodecimo (folded in 12).

Dwt.—Pennyweight.

E.—East, eastern.

ea.—each.

Ed.—Editor; edition.

Edin.—Edinburgh.

Edwardus Rex (King Edward).

E.E.—Electrical Engineer.

e.g. (L. exempli gratia).—For example.

E.I.—East Indies.

Emp.—Emperor; Empress.

Eng.—England; English.

Esq. or Esqr.—Esquire.

et al. (L. et alii)—And others.

etc. or &c. (L. et cetera).—And the rest; and so forth.

Ex(x).—Example(s).

Exec. Com.—Executive Committee.

E. and O.E.—Errors and omissions excepted.

F., Fahr.—Fahrenheit.

Feb.—February.

Fig.—Figure. Figurative.

Fla.—Florida.

F.O.B.—Free on board.

Fr.—Franc. France. French.

F.R.A.S.—Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

F.R.C.P.—Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

F.R.C.S.—Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.

F.R.G.S.—Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

F.R.S.—Fellow of the Royal Society.

F.R.S.C.—Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Fri.—Friday.

Ft.—Foot.

Fut.—Future.

Ga.—Georgia.

Gal.—Gallon.

G.B.—Great Britain.

G.C.M.—Greatest common measure.

Gen(l).—General.

Geog.—Geography.

Geol.—Geology.

Geom.—Geometry.

G.R. (L. Georgius Rex).—King George V.

G.R. et I.—George, King and Emperor.

Ger.—German, Germany.

Gov.—Governor.

G.M.—Grand Master.

G.P.O.—General Post Office.

Gr.—Greek, Gross. Grain.

gr.—Gramme.

H.B.C.—Hudson's Bay Company.

H.B.M.—His (Her) Britannic Majesty.

Hdkf.—Handkerchief.

Hf. bd.—Half-bound.

Hhd.—Hogshead.

H.I.H.—His (Her) Imperial Highness.

Hist.—History.

H.M.S.—His majesty's service, or ship.

Hon.—Honorable.

H.P. or h.p.—Horse power.

H.R.H.—His (Her) Royal Highness.

I.—Island.

Ia.—Iowa.

Ib. or Ibid. (L. ibidem).—In the same place.

Id.—the same.

i.e. (L. id est).—That is.

I.H.S. (originally Gr. Iēs(ous); usually looked upon as standing for Jesus, hominum Salvator). Jesus, Saviour of men.

Ill.—Illinois.

In.—Inch(es).

Incog. (Ital. Incognito).—Unknown.

Ind.—Indiana.

Inst.—Instant; the present month.

Int.—Interest.

Introd.—Introduction.

I.O.F.—Independent Order of Foresters.

I.O.G.T.—Independent Order of Good Templars.

I.O.O.F.—Independent Order of Oddfellows.

I.O.U.—I owe you; an acknowledgement for money.

Isl.—Island.

Ital.—Italic; Italian.

J.—Judge, Justice. JJ.—Justices.

Jam.—Jamaica.

Jan.—January.

J.C.—Jesus Christ.

J.H.S.—See I.H.S.

J.P.—Justice of the Peace.

Jr., Jun.—Junior.

Kan.—Kansas.

K.C.—King's Counsel.

K.C.B.—Knight Commander of the Bath.

K.C.M.G.—Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George.

Ken. or Ky.—Kentucky.

K.G.—Knight of the Garter.

Kilog.—Kilogramme.

Kilom.—Kilometre.

K.L.H.—Knight of the Legion of Honour.

K.M.—Knight of Malta.

Knt. or Kt.—Knight.

K.P.—Knight of St. Patrick.

K.T.—Knight of the Thistle. Knight Templar.

L.—Fifty. Lake.

L., l. or £ (L. libra).—Pound or pounds (sterling).

La.—Louisiana.

Lat.—Latin. Latitude.

L., lb.—Pound (weight).

l.c. (L. loco citato).—In the place quoted. Lower case.

L.D.S.—Licentiate of Dental Surgery.

Lex.—Lexicon.

L.I.—Long Island.

Lib. (L. liber).—Book. Liberal.

Lieut.—Lieutenant.

Lieut. Col.—Lieutenant Colonel.

LL.B.—Bachelor of Laws. (LL. is written because the word is plural.)

LL.D.—Doctor of Laws.

L.M.—Long Metre.

loc cit.—see l.c.

Lon(g).—Longitude.

L.S.—Place of the seal.

L.S.D. (L. Libræ, Solidi, Denarii).—Pounds, shillings, pence.

Lt.—see Lieut.

Ltd.—Limited.

M.—(L. mille), thousand. (L. meridies), noon. Mile.

M. (Fr. Monsieur).—Sir.

m.—metre, minute.

M.A.—Master of Arts.

Ma. or Minn.—Minnesota.

Maj.—Major.

Man.—Manitoba.

Mar.—March.

Mass.—Massachusetts.

Math.—Mathematics.

Max.—Maximum.

M.B.—Bachelor of Medicine.

Mch.—March.

M.D.—Doctor of Medicine.

Md.—Maryland.

Mdlle. or Mlle.—Mademoiselle.

Mdse.—Merchandise.

M.E.—Mining, Military, Mechanical Engineer. Methodist Episcopal.

Me.—Maine.

Mem(o).—Memorandum or memoranda.

Messrs. or MM.—Messieurs, Gentlemen.

Mex.—Mexico.

Mfg.—Manufacturing.

Mfr.—Manufacturer.

Mgr.—Monsignor. Manager.

Mich.—Michigan.

Mil. Acad.—Military Academy.

Min.—Minute.

Minn.—See Ma.

Miss.—Mississippi.

M.L.A.—Member of the Legislative Assembly.

mm.—Millimetres.

Mme.—Madame.

Mo(s).—Month(s). Missouri.

Mon.—Monday. Montana.

M.P.—Member of Parliament.

M.P.P.—Member of Provincial Parliament.

Mr.—Master (pronounced Mister).

M.R.C.P.—Member of the Royal College of Physicians.

M.R.C.S.—Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Mrs.—Mistress.

MS(S).—Manuscript(s).

Mt.—Mount; Mountain.

Mus. B(ach).—Bachelor of Music.

Mus. D(oc).—Doctor of Music.

N.—Noon. North. Number, Noun, Neuter.

N.A.—North America.

N.B.—New Brunswick; (L. Nota Bene), note well, take notice.

N.C.—North Carolina.

N.D(ak).—North Dakota.

N.E.—New England. North-east.

Neb.—Nebraska.

Nem. con. (L. nemine contradicente)—No one contradicting; unanimously.

Nem. Dis. (L. nemine dissentiente)—No one dissenting.

Net., Nett.—Free from all deductions.

Neut.—Neuter.

Nev.—Nevada.

New Test., N.T.—New Testament.

N.F., Nfd.—Newfoundland.

N.H.—New Hampshire.

N.J.—New Jersey.

N. Lat.—North Latitude.

N. M(ex).—New Mexico.

N.N.E.—North North-East.

No. (L. numero).—Number.

Nom.—Nominative.

Nov.—November.

N.P.—Notary Public.

N.S.—Nova Scotia. New style.

N.S.W.—New South Wales.

N.W.M.P.—North-West Mounted Police.

N.Y.—New York.

O.—Ohio.

Ob. (L. obiit).—He (she) died.

Obt.—obedient.

Oct.—October.

O.H.M.S.—On His Majesty's Service.

O.K.—"All correct."

Old Test., O.T.—Old Testament.

O.T.—Oklahoma Territory.

Ont.—Ontario.

Ore.—Oregon.

Oz.—ounce.

P., p., pp.—Page; pages; participle.

Pa.—Pennsylvania.

Par.—Paragraph.

Parl.—Parliament.

Pay't.—Payment.

P.C.—Police Constable. Privy Council.

Pd.—Paid.

P.E.I.—Prince Edward Island.

Penn.—See Pa.

Per an. (L. Per annum).—By the year.

Per ct. or cent.—By the hundred.

Phar.—Pharmacy.

Ph.D.—Doctor of Philosophy.

Phm. B.—Bachelor of Pharmacy.

Pk.—Peck.

Pkg(s).—Package(s).

Pl., Plur.—Place. Plural.

P.M. (L. Post Meridiem).—afternoon. Post Master. Past Master. Police Magistrate.

P.M.G.—Postmaster-general.

P.O.—Post office.

P.O.O.—Post office order.

Pop.—Population.

P.P.—Parish Priest.

P.P.C. (Fr. Pour prendre congé).—To take leave.

P.Q.—Province of Quebec.

Pres.—President.

Prin.—Principal.

Prof.—Professor.

pr(s).—Pair(s).

Pro tem. (L. Pro tempore).—For the time being.

Prox. (L. proximo).—Next, or of the next month.

P.S. (L. post scriptum).—Postscript.

Pt.—Part. Pint. Point. Port.

Pte.—Private.

P.T.O.—Please turn over.

Pub.—Publisher.

Pwt.—See Dwt.

Q.—Query; question.

Q.E.D. (L. Quod erat demonstrandum).—Which was to be proved.

Q.E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum).—Which was to be done.

Q.M.—Quarter-master.

Q.M.G.—Quarter-master-general.

Qr.—Quarter. Quire.

Qt.—Quart.

Qto.—Quarto; folded in four.

Qu.—See Q.

Que.—Quebec.

Q.V. (L. quod vide).—Which see.

R. (L. recipe)—Take.

R. (L. Rex; regina).—King; Queen.

R.—River. Rod. Rood.

R.A.—Royal Academy or Academician. Royal Artillery. Rear Admiral.

R.C.—Roman Catholic.

R.C.P.—Royal College of Physicians.

R.D.—Rural Dean.

R.E.—Royal Engineers.

Rec'd.—Received.

Rec. Sec.—Recording Secretary.

Rem.—Remarks.

Rev(d).—Reverend.

R.G.S.—Royal Geographical Society.

R.I.—Rhode Island.

R.I.P. (L. requiescat in pace).—May he (she) rest in peace.

R.M.—Royal Mail.

R.N.—Royal Navy.

R.S.V.P. (Fr. Répondez s'il vous plait).—Answer, if you please.

Rt. Hon.—Right Honorable.

R.W.—Right Worthy.

R.W.G.M.—Right Worshipful Grand Master.

Ry.—Railway.

S.—Saint. South. Sunday. Sun.

s.—Second or seconds. Shilling.

S.A.—South America. South Australia. South Africa.

Sask.—Saskatchewan.

Sat.—Saturday.

S.C.—South Carolina.

Sc. (L. scilicet).—To wit; namely.

Scot.—Scotland.

S.D(ak).—South Dakota.

S.E.—South-east.

Sec., Secy.—Secretary.

Sen., Senr., Sr.—Senior.

Sept.—September.

Serg., Sergt.—Sergeant.

S.G.—Solicitor General.

Shak.—Shakespeare.

S.J.—Society of Jesus.

Soc., Socy.—Society.

Sig. (L. Sigillum).—Seal.

S. Lat.—South latitude.

S.M.—Short meter.

Sol. Gen.—See S.G.

Sov(s).—Sovereign(s).

S.P.C.A.—Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

Sp. gr.—Specific gravity.

Sq., Square.—Sq. ft., in., m., yd(s) = square foot (feet), inch(es), mile(s), yard(s).

Sr.—Senior.

SS.—Saints.

S.S.—Sunday (Sabbath) School.

S.S.—Steamship.

S.S.E.—South-south-east.

St.—Saint. Street. Strait.

Ste. Sainte.—A woman saint.

S.T.D.—Doctor of Sacred Theology.

Ster., stg.—Sterling.

Str.—Steamer. Street.

Sun.—Sunday.

Supt.—Superintendent.

Surg.—Surgeon.

Surv. Gen.—Surveyor General.

s.v. (L. sub voce)—Under the word.

S.W.—South-west.

Syn.—Synonym.

T., Ter.—Territory.

Tel.—Telegram. Telephone.

Tenn.—Tennessee.

Tex.—Texas.

Th., Thurs.—Thursday.

T.O.—Turn Over.

Tp.—Township.

Tr.—Transpose.

Treas.—Treasurer.

T.T.L.—To take leave.

Tu., Tues.—Tuesday.

U.K.—United Kingdom.

Ult. (L. ultimo)—Last, of the last month.

Unit.—Unitarian.

Univ.—University.

U.S.A.—United States of America. United States Army.

U.S.N.—United States Navy.

V. (L. vide).—See.

Vs. (L. versus).—Against.

V.A.—Vice-Admiral.

Va.—Virginia.

Vb.—Verb.

V.C.—Vice-Chancellor. Vice-Consul. Victoria Cross.

Ven.—Venerable.

Vet.—Veterinary.

V.G.—Vicar-General.

v.g. (L. verbi gratia).—For example.

Vice-Pres., V.P.—Vice-President.

vid. (vide).—See.

Vis(c).—Viscount.

viz. (L. videlicet).—To wit; namely.

Vol.—Volume.

vs.—See V.

V.S.—Veterinary Surgeon.

Vt.—Vermont.

Vul(g).—Vulgate (Latin version of the Bible).

W.—West.

W.A.—West Australia.

Wash.—Washington.

Wed.—Wednesday.

w.f.—Wrong font (of type).

Wis.—Wisconsin.

W.I.—West Indies.

Whf.—Wharf.

W. Long.—West longitude.

W.S.W.—West-south-west.

Wt.—Weight.

W. Va.—West Virginia.

Wyo.—Wyoming.

X. Xt.—Christ.

Xmas.—Christmas.

yd.—Yard.

Ye.—The.

Y.M.C.A.—Young Men's Christian Association.

Y.W.C.A.—Young Women's Christian Association.

Yrs.—Years. Yours.

Zool.—Zoology.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ and ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical), and shown as ą and ų on handheld devices. ą and ų on handheld devices.

Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspelling in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Pg 42. '—un' replaced by 'un—'.
Pg 53. 'an add' replaced by 'and add'.
Pg 55. 'easier' is out of order, but has not been moved.
Pg 71. 'un ' replaced by 'un— '.
Pg 88. 'always, ' inserted before 'a̤l´wāysąl´wāys'.
Pg 88. 'length, ' inserted before 'leng´th'.
Pg 88. 'orphan, ' inserted before 'or´-phan'.
Pg 88. 'several, ' inserted before 'sev´ėr-al'.
Pg 144. 'brethren, ' inserted before 'breTH´-ren'.
Pg 144. 'cemetery, ' inserted before 'cem´-ē-ter-y'.
Pg 144. 'February, ' inserted before 'Feb´rṳ-a-ryFeb´rų-a-ry'.
Pg 144. 'history, ' inserted before 'his´-to-ry'.
Pg 144. 'pumpkin, ' inserted before 'pump´-kin'.
Pg 150. ' e' replaced by ' —e'.
Pg 169. 'suppliant' replaced by 'supplicant'.
Pg 181. 'carabine' replaced by 'carbine'.
Pg 213. 'innalienable' replaced by 'inalienable'.
Pg 237. 'Cincinatti' replaced by 'Cincinnati'.
Pg 240. 'Oklohama' replaced by 'Oklahoma'.
Pg 241. 'Pa.' replaced by 'See Pa.'.

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