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Title: The Library of Work and Play: Guide and Index

Author: Cheshire Lowton Boone

Release date: July 29, 2014 [eBook #46445]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY: GUIDE AND INDEX ***

Transcriber's Note: This book is a summary and index to a series of books that can also be found in the Project Gutenberg collection. Details of these books can be found in the notes at the end of this volume.

THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY
GUIDE AND INDEX

THE
LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY

Carpentry and Woodwork

By Edwin W. Foster

Electricity and Its Everyday Uses

By John F. Woodhull, Ph.D.

Gardening and Farming

By Ellen Eddy Shaw

Home Decoration

By Charles Franklin Warner, Sc.D.

Housekeeping

By Elizabeth Hale Gilman

Mechanics, Indoors and Out

By Fred T. Hodgson

Needlecraft

By Effie Archer Archer

Outdoor Sports, and Games

By Claude H. Miller, Ph.B.

Outdoor Work

By Mary Rogers Miller

Working in Metals

By Charles Conrad Sleffel

Wireless Station and Workroom of George Riches, Montclair, N. J. George made most of the Apparatus at Home or in the School Shop

The Library of Work and Play

GUIDE and INDEX

BY

CHESHIRE L. BOONE

Garden City     New York

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

1912

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN

COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER |  | PAGE
I. | Significance of the Crafts in the Life of a People | 3
II. | The Cultivation of Taste and Design | 16
III. | The Real Girl | 28
IV. | That Boy | 47
V. | A House and Lot—Especially the Lot | 67
VI. | Vacations, Athletics, Scouting, Camping, Photography | 78
Index |  | 85

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Wireless station and workroom of George Riches | Frontispiece
| FACING PAGE
An example of furniture such as boys like | 4
Clay pots made for germination experiments | 5
The work of children between ten and eleven years of age | 5
Two examples of furniture grouping for the porch or outdoors | 18
The numerous photographs suggest disorder and dust | 19
An interesting curtain which might be duplicated by any girl | 20
Since flowers are so beautiful in themselves, is it not worth while to arrange them with judgment? | 21
A school garden in Jordan Harbour, Ontario, Can. | 28
Domestic science class | 29
The work of girls in the public schools | 30
A children's garden gives fresh air and sunshine | 31
All children love to play at being "grown up" | 32
Girls must sometime learn of the conventions and customs of domestic arrangement | 33
A boys' camp with Ernest Thompson Seton | 48
The play idea very soon grows toward the representation of primitive though adult customs and actions | 49
A typical boy's workroom and shop | 50
The kind of shop which one may have at home | 51
The kite fever is an annual disease | 52
Pump and waterwheel | 53
Boat made by Percy Wilson and Donald Mather | 54
These are the forerunners of numerous other electrical constructions | 55
A real derrick in miniature | 56
Waterwheels and fan | 57
A self-recording telegraph receiver | 58
Wireless station and workroom of Donald Huxom | 59
An electrical soldering iron and glue-pot | 60
Waterwheel connected with model lathe | 61
Excellent examples of high school work | 62
A manual training shop | 63
The machine shop | 64
The study of aeroplane construction | 65
A successful machine | 64
Finished aeroplanes | 65
The boy who does not love to camp is unique | 68
This and other illustrations of homes, show such places as people make when they care about appearance | 69
Even the most beautiful house must have a background | 70
One should build a house as one builds a reputation | 71
Trees, shrubbery and lawn form the frame of the picture | 72
There was a time not long since, when people built houses according to style | 73
A school garden | 74
The Watchung School garden | 75
There is a fascination about raising animals whether for sale or as pets | 76
Two more illustrations which will suggest plans for the future | 77
Every child, and especially the boy, needs active outdoor exercise | 78
Organized play (woodcraft) under Ernest Thompson Seton | 79
More woodcraft. Has the boy had a chance at this kind of experience? | 80
Even the technical process of photography has been reduced to popular terms | 81
In these days photography has become so simplified that every child can use a camera to advantage | 81

THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY GUIDE AND INDEX

CHAPTER I
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRAFTS IN THE LIFE OF A PEOPLE

There was never a time in the history of the world when each race, each nation, each community unit, each family almost, did not possess its craftsmen and artists. In every instance, these so-called gifted members were by no means the least important citizens; their names appeared again and again in the stream of tradition as wonder workers and idols of the people. This is still true in the very midst of a materialistic age, when money and mechanics work hand in hand to produce the most in the least time for economic reasons, and when the individual worships "hand-made things." They may even be poorly made or bizarre, but "handwork" satisfies the untutored. Now it is quite possible for the machine to produce a bit of jewelry, textile, or woodwork—even carving—quite as pleasing as any made by hand alone, and it is being done every day. But the machine-made article must be produced in large quantities (duplicates) for profit, whereas the work of hand alone is unique. There lies the reason for reverence of "handwork." It is always individual and characteristic of the workman in style or technique and has no duplicate; it is aristocratic. Among the primitives, the pot, necklace, or utensil was wrought by infinite labor, and, being valuable because unique, was embellished with all the wealth of current symbolism. It was preserved with care and became more valuable to succeeding generations as a tangible record of race culture and ideals. And so down to the present time, the handiwork of the craftsman and skilled artisan has always stood as the one imperishable record of racial development. The degree of finish, the intricacy of design and nicety of construction are evidences of skill and fine tools, well-organized processes, familiarity with material and careful apprenticeship: the pattern, color, ornament, and symbolism point to culture, learning, and standards of taste and beauty. A crude domestic economy, rude utensils, coarse, garish costume and of simple construction, are characteristic of an undeveloped social order. In fact, all the arts of both construction and expression exhibit at a given period the degree of civilization; art products are true historical documents. Since then through their arts and crafts it is possible for one to know a people, does it not follow that one entrance to sympathy with the ideals and taste of the present time is through practice in the arts? Of course a considerable mass of information about them can be conveyed in words, especially to adults who have passed the formative period in life and have not the same work-incentive as have children. But even the adult never really secretes much real knowledge of the arts unless he has worked in them. He acquires rather a veneer or artistic polish which readily loses its lustre in even a moderately critical atmosphere: he learns artistry and the laws pertaining thereto as he would learn the length of the Brooklyn Bridge or the population of El Paso. He merely learns to talk about art. But children learn primarily and solely by doing, and the foundations of taste and culture need to be put down early that they may build upon them the best possible superstructure which time and opportunity permit.

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

An Example of Furniture such as Boys Like and which They Can Make Under Direction

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

Clay Pots Made for Germination Experiments in Grade IV. of the Public School. The Boys of this Grade Built a Small Kiln in which these Pots were Fired

The Work of Children between Ten and Eleven Years of Age

The foregoing paragraphs will perhaps have opened the way for questions: "What kind of knowledge is of most worth? Why do children—practically all of them—try to make things, and what is their choice?" And when these queries have been answered so far as may be, do the answers possess immediate value?

At the outset it will be evident that no sort of knowledge will be of much avail until it is put in such form that the student can use it to advantage. Mere knowledge of any kind is inherently static—inert and often seemingly indigestible, like green fruit and raw meat. One too frequently meets college graduates, both men and women, equipped with so-called education, who are economic failures. These people are full of information, well up to date, but they seemingly cannot use it. Their assortment of knowledge is apparently in odd mental sizes which do not fit the machinery of practical thinking as applied to life: it is like gold on a desert isle. What the boy and girl need and desire is (1) a favorable introduction to the sources of information, and (2) the key to its use. They will have to be shown simple facts and truths, and have their mental relations and importance explained. By gradually introducing new knowledge as occasion offers, the field of study is sufficiently widened. Children profit little by books and tools alone: they crave encouragement and some direct constructive criticism. In such an atmosphere their endeavors become significant and profitable, and the accumulated learning will be applied to business or economic ideas which result in progressive thinking, which uses information as a tool, not an end in itself.

If then the arts of a people stand as monuments to its beliefs and ideals, an intimate understanding of some of the arts ought to be provided for in every scheme of education both at home and in school. The child is by nature interested in the attributes of things associated with his life and upbringing. He wants to know about them, how they are made, and learn their uses by means of experiment. The elements of science, mechanics and natural phenomena, business and household art, and finally play (which is often adult living in miniature)—these comprise a large portion of the subject matter which is of prime importance to children. It is just such material as this which bids fair to serve in the future as the basis for public school curricula, simply because of its strong appeal to youth and its potential worth in forming the adult.

The boy makes a kite, a telegraph outfit, or sled in order to give to his play a vestige of realism. He seeks to mold the physical world to personal desires, as men do. Incidentally he taps the general mass of scientific facts or data and extracts therefrom no small amount of very real, fruitful information. The result possesses marvelously suggestive and lasting qualities because it came through effort; because the boy wanted above all things to see his machine or toy work, move, or obey his guiding hand, he was willing to dig for the necessary understanding of the problem. His study brought about contact with numerous other lines of work which were not at the time, perhaps, germain to the subject, but were suggestive and opened various side lines of experiment to be considered later. Therein lies the lure of mechanics and craft work, gardening, outdoor projects, camping, etc.: the subject is never exhausted, the student can never "touch bottom." There is always an unexplored path to follow up. The intensity of interest in mechanical things and in nature is the one influence which can hold the boy in line. Turn him loose among mechanical things where nicety of fitting and accurate workmanship are essential and he appreciates construction immediately, because it is clear that workmanship and efficiency go hand in hand. It is very much the same with the girl: she may not enjoy the tedium of mere sewing, but when the sewing serves a personal end, when sewing is essential to her greatest needs, these conditions provide the only, inevitable, sure stimulus to ambition and effort.

The school of the past, and often that of the present, has sought to produce the adult by fertilizing the child with arithmetic, grammar, geography, and language. The process resulted in all kinds of crooked, stunted, oblique growth, the greatest assortment of "sports" (to use a horticultural term) the world has ever seen. It isn't intellectual food the child needs most (though some is very necessary); the real need is intensive cultivation. Within himself he possesses, like the young plant, great potential strength and virility, enough to produce a splendid being absolutely at one with his time and surroundings; he simply requires the chance to use the knowledge and opportunities which lie at hand. It is, then, the common subjects of every-day interest—science, business, nature and the like—which are the sources of knowledge which has greatest worth to children.[A] They are the valuable ones because they are of the type which first attracts and holds the child's attention; they are concrete. Through them one may learn language and expression, because one has something worth saying.

The second question, "Why do children like to make things and what is their choice?" in the light of what has been said practically answers itself. Children work primarily in response to that law of nature which urges the young to exercise their muscles, to become skilful and accurate in movement, for the sake of self-preservation and survival. It is another phase of the same law which makes one carry out in work, in concrete form, the ideas which come tumbling in from all conceivable sources. The child can only think and learn in terms of material things. Finally, the child's interests, the things he desires to make and do, are such as will minister to his individual or social needs, his play and imitation, and such as will satisfy his desire to produce articles of purpose. The need may be a temporary, minor one, but every child is stubborn on this one point, that everything he does must lead to utility of a sort; through such working with a purpose he in time rises to an appreciation of beauty and other abstract qualities.

Now this complex condition of child and school and society, in which there is seemingly so much waste—"lost motion"—has always existed; the facts are not new ones by any means. It is a condition where the child is always curious, inquisitive and ready to "hook a ride" on the march of business, science and learning, but the school sternly commands "learn these stated facts because they are fundamental" (philosophically), while society, represented by the parent, alternately abuses the school, which is collectively his own institution, or spoils the child by withholding the tools for learning easily. In the meantime the child, with the native adaptability and hardiness of true need, thrives in barren, untoward surroundings, and matures notwithstanding. In other words, the school and society have always tended toward misunderstanding—toward a lack of mutual interest. In this period of uncertainty, of educational groping, the child is found in his leisure hours pushing along the paths which connect most directly with life and action, shunning the beaten but roundabout highways of custom and conservatism.

The deductions are evident and clear-cut. If one accepts the foregoing statement of the case, and there is ample evidence in any community of size, it will be clear that certain definite opportunities should be opened to the boy or girl to make the most of native talent and enthusiasm. Encourage the young business adventurer or artisan to make the most of his chosen hobby (and to choose a hobby if he has not one already), to systematize it, develop it, make it financially profitable if that is the desire; but first, last and all the time to make it a study which is intensive enough to satisfy his or her productive ambitions. At this age (up to the high school period) the boy or girl may not have been able to decide upon a profession or business, but he is working toward decision, and he is the only one who can choose. Instead of trying to select an occupation for him, father and mother would do well to put the child at the mercy of his own resources for amusement, recreation and business, merely lending a hand now and then in their full development. It will preserve the freshness of youth beyond the ordinary time of its absorption by a blasé attitude toward the world, and lead toward a more healthy and critical kind of study than the haphazard lonesomeness, or the destructive gang spirit of the modern community.[B]

Perhaps it would not be amiss to indicate just how this unofficial study may be promoted, and to name the resources of the parent for the purpose. First of all, nine children out of ten will definitely choose a hobby or recreation or indicate some preference, as photography, animal pets, woodwork, electricity, drawing, sport, one or more of the domestic arts, collecting coins, stamps, etc.; there are as many tastes as children. The child may get his suggestion from the school or companions. Any legitimate taste should be actively encouraged and supplemented by books which really explain and by tools and materials with which to use the books. If it is a shop he wants, try to give him the use of some corner for the specific purpose so that the occupation may be dignified according to its juvenile worth. Second, endeavor to emphasize the economic and social significance of the work done and urge right along some definite aim. If a boy wants a shop, or pets, see that they are kept in condition, attended to, and if possible give some measure of tangible return on the outlay of money and energy. Third, connect the boy's or girl's chosen avocation with real living in every possible manner. Girls are rather fond of those decorative arts which contribute to artistic pleasure, and should they make experiments with stenciling, block-printing, and the like, have them use them also in embellishing their own rooms, the summer camp or club. Fourth, make the child feel that a given hobby is not to be satisfied for the mere asking. Put some limit on the money expenditure until it is clear that the interest is genuine and honest, and that the child is either producing results which are sincere, or acquiring real knowledge. Fifth and last, but perhaps most important of all, support the school in its effort to solve the problem of formal education, because the heavy burden rests there. It is quite essential that the home give the boy and girl every possible chance to develop along original and specific lines at their own pace, to experiment with the world's activities in miniature, and establish the probable trend of individual effort for the future. But this can only supplement and point the way for the formal training which the institution (school) gives. The school, being democratic and dependent upon the general public for existence, takes its cue therefrom, and creating ideals in consonance with public needs perfects the method of reaching them. When father and mother believe in a vigorous, efficient education, rooted deeply in the child's fundamental attitude toward the world and its affairs, then will the public approve and urge the proper kind of organized training. Even so, the school cannot really educate the child—he educates himself through the agents aforementioned—it simply organizes information and gives the pupil access to methods of using facts and ideas.

In closing this chapter there is one more word to be said concerning the main theme. The arts and crafts[C] of expression and construction fulfil that precise function in the child's preliminary training which they did in the early history of the race. They indicate just that degree of manual skill and constructive ability of which both the youthful individual and the young race are capable; they serve as indices and guides to the development of design, taste and constructive thinking. As the child matures he may elevate a given craft to an art or science, but the early familiarity, the simple processes, he should have, because they are essential to childhood. Hence, the large amount of handwork in the kindergarten and primary school; it is the necessary complement to academic work and balances the educational diet.

CHAPTER II

THE CULTIVATION OF TASTE AND DESIGN

It will be evident to the thinking man or woman that art or any phase of it is not to be taught successfully as a profession through books. The very most that one can expect from reading is a knowledge about art matters and acquaintance with the conventions and rules which obtain therein. But even this slight result may be the precursor of a fuller, more intimate familiarity with the principles of good taste and design.

One may be able to say "that is a beautiful room" or "a fine garden" or "a charming gown" and yet be unable to produce any such things. How is it possible then to know if one cannot do? The answer is that, potentially, every individual who really sees and appreciates beauty can produce it through some form of artistic expression; the power to execute and the power of invention are merely undeveloped. And as for the artist or craftsman who can make beautiful things, but who cannot explain how he does it—he is unique, like the mathematical genius; he just sees the answer; it is a gift. Though there are born in every generation a few with the divine spark of genius, the mass of men and women has always learned by effort. In other words, it has been possible to teach the subjects which were found necessary to culture and education; it is quite possible to present the ordinary phases of art to the lay mind in such a way, even through books, that one may have worthy ideals, and a healthy point of view. The present chapter will be devoted to showing how books such as these[D] for boys and girls can contribute to the development of taste.

Frankly, taste has much less to do with fine art than with the arrangement and choice of the ordinary externals of living. Of course fine art does in the last analysis pass judgment upon form, color and design in clothes, furnishings and architecture, but the common home variety of taste is derived directly from custom, comfort, and convention, not from art at all. Only in the later stages of refinement does the lay mind succumb to direct supervision by art. On the other hand, all conventions and ideals are the result or sum total of general experience, in which art has played its part, and has left some impress on the individual, giving rise to belief in a few principles so common as to be accepted by all. Principles of this kind are not always serviceable or effective, because they are not stated in precise language, and cannot therefore become standard. In truth, so far as design is concerned, there are very few absolute rules for guidance, and a book like "Home Decoration" cannot tell the child or parent how to make a beautiful, inspiring home. Its mission is to create the desire for fine surroundings, to suggest ways and means for studying design, especially those phases of decoration associated with the crafts, and above all such a book invites and helps to maintain a receptive attitude of mind toward artistic matters. In the effort to produce work of merit, one becomes critical, and seeks reasons and precedents for judgment. This is the beginning of design study: and the fact that one has real interest in taste is indicative of the desire of the cultured mind for ideals. If a child is allowed to grow up in the "I know what I like" atmosphere, without reasonable contact with choice things, and without the necessity for selection based upon reason, there is small chance that such a child will ever acquire any sense of fitness or taste in material surroundings.

Two Examples of Furniture Grouping for the Porch or Outdoors. These Few Pieces Suggest Comfort, Cleanliness and Moderate Expense

The Numerous Photographs in the Upper Illustration Suggest Disorder and Dust. They do not Decorate. Sometimes a lack of Small, Insignificant Objects like these is the Secret of Successful Decoration

The aims of all practical books for boys and girls may be summarized about as follows:

(a) To absorb the overflow of youthful energy and turn it into profitable channels.

(b) To develop organized thinking and accomplishment, and eliminate wasted, aimless, non-productive action. This is the complement to the routine of formal training in academic subjects, which are in themselves, normally un-useful.

(c) To explore the field of accomplishment in order to select intelligently a future occupation.

(d) To develop and foster standards and ideals of efficiency, comfort, enjoyment, beauty and social worth. This last purpose includes taste and is the one of concern here.

The peculiar æsthetic standards which interest young people are of the most practical kind. They apply every day and to everybody. And they are fundamental. The illustrations given below will indicate the common-sense way in which design should be approached:

Color. The tones of the color scale have not yet been systematized so well as those of music, but each year students of design and artists move a little toward agreement. Now, suppose one wishes to use two or more tones in a room, how may harmonious effect be secured? The very word "harmony" means agreement, and suggests similarity, likeness, relationship. Therefore the tones one would use in the embellishment of a room should possess some common quality for the harmonizing element. Each tone having that quality as characteristic is similar in that one respect to all other tones having the same quality. Hence they are related in a way. The relation may be made strong or weak by the manipulation of the bond which holds the tones together. For instance:

Red and green are not related at all. By mixing gray with each, red and green become related through gray. By mixing yellow, orange or blue, etc., with red and green, the relationship may be established in the same way.

Yellow and green have a common quality—yellow, and in so far tend toward harmony. But it may not be a pleasing one, and it will be necessary to bring them still closer together by introducing other bonds, as gray or a color. Yellow is very light and green is dark: they will work together better if brought nearer together in value.

An Interesting Curtain which might be Duplicated by almost any Girl—If She Wanted Curtains

Since Flowers are so Beautiful in Themselves, is it not Worth While to Arrange Them with Judgment?

It is by such simple means that all color combinations are brought into line and rendered satisfactory. No rule can be given for mixing or choosing the actual colors, but it is a safe rule to select those of a kind in some respect. The popular belief in low-toned (grayed) color schemes is a sound one, and the principle can be used very comfortably by the amateur decorator in furnishing a home. She can have any colors she wishes, and make them pleasing, if she will unite them by some harmonizing tone. Of course, all grays even are not rich and beautiful, but they are better than unadulterated color. Mr. Irwin in one of his breezy skits quotes the æsthete as saying: "Good taste should be like the policeman at parade; he should permit the assembled colors to make an orderly demonstration but not to start a riot." The moment the unskilled amateur tries to use white woodwork, red wallpaper, and gilt furniture in combination, he or she courts failure simply because the choice lacks the pervading tone which would modify the three. There are ways to secure harmony even under the most adverse conditions, but the technical details are not pertinent here.

Another characteristic which stands in the way of harmony is emphasis. The moment any one tone becomes greatly different from its neighbors in value or otherwise, it stands out, attracts attention, just as in material objects, unusual, curious shapes and sizes invite notice, often beyond their just dues. Hence a brilliant yellow house, a bright green gown, large figured wallpaper, are over-emphatic. Clothes, which by their color and style are loud in their clamor for inspection, are out of key and bear the same relation to surroundings which foreign, exotic manners and customs bear to domestic conventions. And ordinarily one does not seek such prominence.

This question of taste is a vital one to children, and these books about "Needlecraft," "Home Decoration," "Outdoor Work," "Gardening," etc., are indirectly most useful because they put the child in a position to choose. The girl who sews and helps run the home is bound to cross the path of design a dozen times a day. She is faced with problems of arrangement, color and utility at every turn. Her own clothes, her room, the porch and garden, whatever she touches, are inert, lifeless things which await artistic treatment. It is when the child is faced with the problem of personal interest and pleasure that these elementary conceptions of design may be proposed.

Form and Line. Each year fashion decrees for both men and women certain "correct" styles. At slightly longer intervals the shops offer new models of furniture, hangings, jewelry, pottery, etc. Have these new things been devised to meet a change in public taste? Not at all; they are inventions to stimulate trade. Most of such productions are out of place, incongruous, in company with present possessions. One must have a pretty sound sense of fitness and selection in order to use them to advantage or to resist their lure. As single examples, many of the new things are beautiful in color and line, though they may have nothing whatever in common with what one already owns.

One chooses a given pattern in furniture first, because of its utility; second, because of its harmony in line and size with other furniture already owned; and third, because of its intrinsic beauty. It is much less difficult to furnish a house throughout than to refurnish an old room in consonance with others already complete. All the household things need not be of one kind, though the closer one clings to a clear-cut conception of harmony (relationship of some kind) the better the result. Hence clothes may either beautify or exaggerate personal physique, and the garden may attach itself to the house and grounds or stand in lonely, painful isolation. Down at bottom design aims to assemble elements and parts into proper groups, and in the common questions of home decorations and dress the student can usually work on just that simple basis. It is usually the incongruous, over-prominent, conspicuous, or isolated factor in decoration which causes trouble.

This fragmentary discussion will perhaps suggest some of the benefit which may come from the pursuit of crafts and occupations. The illustrations here given are in some detail because it is so easy to overlook design at home and in common things. Everything is so familiar there, one is so accustomed to the furniture, rugs and their arrangement, that it never comes to mind that the situation might be improved. It must be remembered that, when children begin to apply design to their own handicraft, their fundamental conceptions of beauty originate in the home. Either the children must lose faith in home taste, or, as they grow and learn, be allowed to bring their new-found knowledge back into the home and "try it on." This is where the craft does its real work. The true privilege conferred upon children by the possession of such books as these on various special occupations is a chance to obtain, first-hand, individual standards of perfection and beauty. Before this they have merely accepted the home as it stood, with no thought of what was choice or otherwise.

Since taste and design are merely implied, or indirectly included in the several volumes, save "Home Decoration," the latter should be used as a supplementary reference in connection with the others. As has already been said, it is not possible or advisable to systematically teach good taste. It will be better and more effective to just include taste in the several activities the child undertakes. When the girl begins to make things for herself, help her to select materials which are appropriate in every way. Have her seek materials for the purpose. Have her choose decoration and color rather than take the first handy suggestion or copy the plans of another. She would do well to experiment independently. The girl should create her own room down to the last detail, not make everything herself, but plan it, plan its arrangement, its color (tone) if possible, and make those small decorative articles like pillows, runners, curtains, etc. But before beginning such a comprehensive experiment in decoration have her look about a bit and note the conditions imposed. The light and exposure, size of the room, furniture which must be used, treatment of hangings—these are all stubborn factors, but they respond to gradual treatment. Then the room is hers in reality. The boy's attitude toward taste is totally different. He cares less than the girl for the charm of tone and arrangement; he is quite willing to despise the niceties of decoration. He must approach the question obliquely through interest in the efficiency of a given effort; he appreciates the utility phase of design most of all. The boy will come to see gradually that his pets and chickens should be decently housed, and that it is good business to do so. He should not be allowed to impose upon his own family or their neighbors a slovenly yard or garden. He will find that those tools work best which are sharp and clean and always in place. His final lesson in design grows out of association with his mates. When he begins to go to parties, to enter the social world in a small way, a new body of conventions in taste appear and he must be taught to appreciate them if he would be well liked. But the real training in design arises from manual work—the playthings, toys and utensils the boy makes for use. They need not be beautiful nor is there excuse for clumsiness in construction. One cannot expect even the mature child to take much interest in design in the abstract, but when he meets the subject on a common-sense basis, as a part of some personal problem, design—even taste in color and form—acquires definite standing in his esteem. It has earned the right. Hence a liberal contact with youthful amusements and occupations encourages both boy and girl to build ideals of working, and among these ideals taste is bound to appear in some guise—usually unbidden. The book on design or decoration is but a reference, an inspiration, a stimulant, never a text of instruction. The ability to choose, to secure appropriate, beautiful, accurate results, is largely a by-product of judicious reading combined with persistent effort. It remains for the parent to skim off this by-product as it appears and infuse a little of it into each problem the child presents for inspection.

CHAPTER III

THE REAL GIRL

What Is the Ideal Home?

A School Garden in Jordan Harbor, Ontario, Canada. Any Child Who has had this Experience, Who Has Produced or Helped Nature to Produce such Wonderful Things, will be Richer in Sympathy for Fine Things

Domestic Science Class. These Girls not only Cook but Learn about Foods, Housekeeping, Entertaining, and Themselves Keep Open House at the School Occasionally

Strange as it may seem, most of the plans for industrial training, the majority of school courses of study, and probably seventy-five per cent. of the books on the crafts and arts have been devised for the use of boys. Now there are hosts of girls in this world, probably as many girls as boys, and these girls are just as keen, intelligent, ambitious and curious about things and how to make them, as are boys. In very early childhood when both boys and girls have the same interests, similar books of amusement are used by both. But as girls develop the feminine point of view and need the stimulus of suggestion and aid in creative work, the literature for them seems meagre; they have somehow been passed by save for a manual now and then on cooking or sewing, left as a sop to their questioning and eagerness. This state of affairs is more than unfortunate, it is fundamentally wrong for two very good reasons. (1) The girl up to the age of twelve or thirteen has practically the same interests, pleasures and play instincts as the boy. She is perhaps not so keenly alive to the charm of mechanical things as the boy, but like all children regardless of sex, she seeks to be a producer. She is just as much absorbed in pets and growing things, in nature, in the current activities of her environment, and requires the same easy outlet for her play instincts as the boy. (2) The girl, when a woman grown, becomes the creator of the home, and too often enters upon her domestic career with a minimum of skill or taste in the great body of household arts, which in the aggregate, give us the material comforts and homely pleasures. Moreover, since she, as a girl, probably did not have the chance to satisfy her play desires and consequently never learned to do things herself, she is at a loss to understand the never ceasing, tumultuous demands of her own children for the opportunity to experiment. To quote Gerald Lee in the "Lost Art of Reading," which is one of the real modern books: "The experience of being robbed of a story we are about to read, by the good friend who cannot help telling how it comes out, is an occasional experience in the lives of older people, but it sums up the main sensation of life in the career of a child. The whole existence of a boy may be said to be a daily—almost hourly—struggle to escape being told things ... it is doubtful if there has ever been a boy as yet worth mentioning, who did not wish we would stand a little more to one side—let him have it out with things. There has never been a live boy who would not throw a store-plaything away in two or three hours for a comparatively imperfect plaything he had made himself...."

When one goes deep enough—below the showy veneer of present-day living—one comes to agree with Mr. Lee. The normal child, especially the boy, is potentially a creator, a designer, discoverer, and we have committed the everlasting sin of showing him short cuts, smoothing away difficulties, saying "press here." No child can survive the treatment.

Father and mother have the very simple obligation to furnish the place, raw material (books, tools, etc.), and encouragement.

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

The Work of Girls in the Public Schools, Montclair, N. J. These Girls are only Eleven Years of Age

A Children's Garden gives Fresh Air and Sunshine, and Best of All, Brings Nature very Near. To Be Really Happy One Must Make Nature's Acquaintance

For these reasons, if for no other, the girl ought to have a permanent outlet for her native ingenuity and constructive skill in such crafts and occupations as are adapted to her strength, future responsibilities and possible interests. A home should comprise other elements than food and clothes, which are bare necessities; and though these may be expanded and multiplied, becoming in their preparation real art products, they alone are deficient in interest. Look over any well-ordered household, note the multiplicity of things it contains which are primarily woman's possessions, and collecting all one knows about them, the amount of real knowledge is surprisingly small. How much does the embryo housekeeper know about textiles, curtains, carpets, hangings, linens, brass, china, furniture? Where do all these charming things come from? Many of the hangings, table linen, embroidery, etc., are home products. They cannot be bought at all. The simple stenciled curtain which one likes so much draws attention by virtue of its personal quality. To have such things in any abundance the girl must create them, and this she is more than willing to do.

How may one explain the restful atmosphere of certain homes visited? How many housewives have intelligent insight concerning home management and administration; of simple domestic chemistry or sanitation? Yet these are vital elements in the domestic machine. One never mistakes a proper household, orderly, smooth running for the showy establishment—gay outside and sad inside. Even the most untutored child unconsciously responds to the healthy influence of selected material environment and conditions, when these are combined harmoniously. There are systematic ways of creating pleasant rooms, fine grounds, comfortable places for living, places imbued with the spirit of contentment. The people who produce such places are seldom the professional decorator, landscape architect, and hired housekeeper. It is the woman of the family, who, having practised some of the arts, or at least been their disciple, has learned to appreciate order and love beauty. Therewith comes an almost instinctive knowledge of how to use them to advantage. One can never really have beautiful baskets, pottery, sewing, gardens, until one has made them. One surely cannot appreciate the true worth of clean linen, a spotless house, and perfect routine anywhere so thoroughly as in one's own house. It naturally follows that the girl, like the boy, should be a producer, not a mere purchaser, of personal or domestic commodities. She may have unlimited means, but the place where she lives as a girl and the home she seeks to create in adult life will always be impersonal, detached, hotel-like, unless she personally builds it. She must know the structure, composition, and functions of inanimate things; this knowledge comes easiest and persists longer through use and experience.

All Children Love to Play at Being "Grown Up," even Beyond the Time of Childhood. These Girls will make Real Women, because They are Normal and Happy

Girls must sometime Learn of the Conventions and Customs of Domestic Arrangement, and too often Their Only Opportunity Lies in such Classes as These

There is a good bit of psychology behind the suggestions offered, and the reasoning is simple. All our ideas, our plans, and conceptions are just ideas and nothing more until they have been worked up into concrete form—put to test. There is nothing tangible about an idea. But living is real; hence all the details which comprise living are real too and mere thinking about them without action is futile. One must execute, arrange, and experiment with the raw materials of everyday use. The result is either pleasant or otherwise; if otherwise, the effort has somehow failed, and one should do it again and learn thereby; if pleasant, one is the richer and happier for a bit of success, and is warmed by the presence of mere accomplishment.

This last phrase reveals the nub of the whole question—accomplishment. Material surroundings and comforts of course go far to make one happy, and they are the evidence of success, but the ideal home is also composed of people each of whom is or should be a contributor to the work of the world. The ideal home contains no drones, and therefore no discontent. Now the girl cannot plunge headfirst into the maelstrom of domestic management. She must learn her strength and acquire confidence, and there are simple occupations for early years, occupations which train the muscles, sharpen the wits; occupations which through suggestion gradually lead to a wider and wider intellectual horizon, and which, by a cumulation of information and experience, mature both judgment and taste. These occupations form, as it were, some chapters in the unwritten grammar of culture and efficiency whereby the girl grows in self-reliance and maturity.

There are, for instance, a number of crafts which, in their delicacy of technique and the artistic worth of the finished product, are splendid occupations for girls, and some few of which every girl should know. The girl who cannot sew is an object for sympathy; it is the typical feminine craft for the reason heretofore named—that one cannot know how things should be unless one is familiar with the process involved. Gowns are manufactured of pieces of cloth cut in proper shape and sewn together in some, to the male, occult fashion, and this complex operation only explains itself even to a woman by going through the experience. One has always been accustomed to think that the accomplished mistress is also an expert needle-woman or skilled worker in textiles of some kind. Products of the needle and loom have always been her intimate, personal possessions, and the charm of old hangings, lace, needlecraft of all kinds, rests in the main on this personal quality. Without a doubt the most precious belongings of the young girl are her own room with its contents of decorations and furnishing, and the garments which emphasize her inherent feminine charm. It is not only a girl's right, but her duty, to maintain her place as the embodiment of all that is fresh, cleanly and attractive. To this end clothes and the various other products of the needle contribute not a little; a clean-cut, thorough experience in manufacturing things for herself is the best assurance of future taste, which will spread out and envelop everything she touches. It is much the same with clothes and furnishings as with other matters, what one makes is one's own, characteristic, appropriate, adequate, with the touch of enjoyment in it; the purchased article is devoid of sentiment, it is a makeshift and substitute.

Then by all means let the girl learn to sew, learn to do for herself, to study her own needs and desires, to find as she progresses, ways to master the details of woman's own craft, and it is hoped, lay up a store of just the sort of experience which will enable her to supervise the work of others in her behalf when the time comes. But sewing, valuable as it is in connection with the young girl's problems, is not the only craft at hand. In recent years craftworkers have revived a number of old methods of using or preparing textiles for decorative purposes, and some of these have proven increasingly worth while in the household. Stenciling, block-printing, dyeing, decorative darning, and even weaving itself, since they have been remodeled and brought out in simple form, offer opportunities to the wideawake girl. The results in each case may be very beautiful, and perhaps more in harmony with the individual taste and scheme of living of the particular girl than any materials she could buy, because they may be designed and executed for a specific place. Few people, least of all a child, work just to be busy; there is always a motive. With the girl it is a scarf, a belt, collar, curtain, or sofa pillow; is it not well worth while if she can make these for herself or her room, in her chosen design motif, (as rose, bird, tree, etc.) and color? It may be an ordinary design, peculiar color, but they satisfy a personal sentiment which, by the way, can be modified and improved as time goes on. One must needs allow children to begin with the bizarre, distorted, seemingly unreasonable, archaic desires they have and cross-fertilize these with better ones in the hope of producing a fine, wholesome, sturdy attitude of mind.

Among the minor crafts which may be a source of real pleasure and good taste, two are prominent: pottery and basketry. The technique, decorative possibilities, and functions of the finished products as elements in household economy and ornament place these crafts high in the list of those especially suitable for girls, though boys and adults do find them equally interesting. Pottery is so closely associated with flowers and growing things, with the decoration of fine rooms, with choice spots of color, and with those receptacles and utensils which belong to the household, that it makes a strong appeal to the feminine mind. Here is a craft which vies with textiles in age and beauty of design, and possesses even greater charm of manipulation because it is plastic. One can imagine no finer outlet for creative effort.

Lastly, there is the eternal, magnificent, womanly craft—home-making. When one stops to think that the home is the one imperishable, absolute social unit, the power which creates it must take rank with other vital forces of constructive economics. Mothers' clubs and women's organizations of divers kinds, or, rather, the individuals who comprise such societies, are continually drifting into the discussion of the worries, difficulties, and trials which attend the household. The instant household routine becomes awkward or inadequate it affects adversely each individual member of the family, and naturally the mistress who is responsible shoulders a burden. There are times when the maid leaves, or the cooking goes wrong, or the house is cold, or just a time when one gets started for the day badly. There are times when the innate perversity of humans and material things runs riot. One is led to believe that such untoward occasions, since they have been in the past, will in all likelihood continue to crop up to the end of time, though one cannot find any good reason why they should. There are homes unacquainted with any household rumble or squeak, where the domestic machinery is always in order, and flexible enough to care for sudden overloading, or absorb any reasonable shock. In many such places, devoid of servants and confined to a modest income, the mistress is ever an expert; the chances are that her daughters will be equally resourceful. Really, the only sure way to bring up an adequate number of fine, competent, resourceful wives and home-makers is to train them definitely for the profession. The girls must be made acquainted with every detail of the business which they will surely inherit. The people who would live in hotels and frankly abandon home-making themselves merely emphasize the charm of the household, because hotels have nothing in common with homes.

It seems rather strange that a business so old as housekeeping does not, and never has, applied to its development the laws of commercial enterprise. When the community or corporation state sees the need for workmen, foremen or directors, it tries to educate individuals for the purpose. The supply of competent men and women is not left to chance. Whereas, womankind trusts to a very fickle fortune, that every girl will somehow learn to steer the domestic craft and be conversant with methods of preserving family ideals. Contrast the far-sighted plans of business to fill its ranks with the casual training the average girl undergoes to fit her for the future. What is her chance of success? Is it reasonable to suppose that one who has never made a home, or even helped actively to run one made for her, can on demand "make good?" It is a lasting tribute to the inherent genius and indefatigable patience of the modern woman that she has achieved so much with a minimum of experience.

Hence, in order to properly equip one's children for a practically inevitable future, let the girls into the secret of domestic planning; let them know of costs and shopping, income and expenditure; of materials and uses; the care of possessions, repairs and cleaning; try to show them that the menu is not a haphazard combination of ingredients and foods, but a conscious selection of viands which will entice the appetite, furnish proper nutrition and accord with the season. By all means emphasize the fact that housekeeping, like any business, can be systematized so that the hundred and one activities may succeed one another in orderly procession through the weeks and months. Wash day and housecleaning should be absorbed into the domestic program, and never present their grisly features to the home-coming male, with sufficient trouble of his own.

Recent issues of the magazines have contained much discussion of the household tangle, and most of them have ended with the slogans "industrial education," "back to the kitchen," and such. Granted that girls need this training, and that schools in time will give it; granted that the social position of the servant is a source of discussion and friction; that the demands of modern living are exacting; and, finally, granting the insistent prominence of all the other economic disturbances, who is, in the last analysis, to blame? Would a business man think for one moment of handing over any department of his affairs to one not trained for the particular duties involved? Industry in every branch seeks men and women fitted to take charge of even minor matters. And when trained assistants are scarce the obvious policy is to prepare other promising workers for such special places. On the other hand, mothers too often prepare their daughters for marriage, not for home-making, seemingly blind to the fact that marriage is an inert, barren, static condition, save in the stimulating atmosphere of a fine home. How can the servant question ever be settled by untutored girls who get no closer to the domestic question than fudge, welsh rarebit and salted peanuts? The school can and does now, in all well-ordered communities, give a very satisfactory formal, technical training in domestic art and science.[E] There students learn to cook and sew; they learn a good deal about food values, dietetics and simple food chemistry, simple sanitation, etc. But the management of a real house, system and everyday routine, that fine sense of adjustment to the conditions as they exist—these essentials can only be learned in the home itself. The efforts of the school can largely supplement but never replace home guidance, experience and responsibility. Keeping house ought to be a science and art rather than a game of chance.

Definite Suggestions

In the "Library of Work and Play," to which the present book is the introductory volume, one will find a collection of books replete with suggestion. But these are not manuals, or courses to be followed from end to end, because children do not profit most by such a plan. The child is like a pebble dropped into still water. It communicates its energy of momentum to the surrounding fluid and makes a circular ripple, which in turn makes another and wider ripple, until the energy is exhausted. In much the same way the child, landed in the midst of a more or less inert material world, acts upon it with energy, which, however, is never exhausted, producing the results which become more and more extended. He begins in the middle of a given subject and works in all possible directions, which gives one the clue to how to make the most of books like these.[F]

If the girl has not already indicated a decided preference for some recreation or play, place at hand the books which show the possibilities open to her. It would be well for one to go over them rather carefully first in order to know what they contain. Let the girl take her leisure in searching the chapters and illustrations for the suggestion which strikes a responsive chord. Ofttimes it will be quite in order to point to chapters which have a bearing on some personal need or desire. At any rate, the book or chapters which seem to be most significant at the time should be followed up. Read over with her such a volume as "Home Decoration" or "Housekeeping." Let her discuss the plans offered and try them out in her own home. Every girl wants and should have a dainty, inspiring, beautiful room of her own, and as she grows older she also wants the rest of the house to match, so that she can entertain her friends with pride and confidence. If one will take "Housekeeping," "Home Decoration," and "Needlecraft" as texts, and select from them first those suggestions which are immediately apt in a particular home, the girl will shortly find herself looking at home problems from several different and very important angles. But it is desirable also that the study be taken up first in a very simple way, in order to tie it to real living and needs. New curtains, pillows for the porch or den, stenciled scarf, the decorations and menu for a small party, additional linen: these are some of the problems always coming up, which may be used as a beginning. And once the start is made the girl should have the chance to try other experiments along the same line. Read with her the chapter on menus and marketing, or housecleaning, and turn the house over to the daughter for a time to manage—absolutely. There is nothing in the world which children love more or which develops them more quickly than responsibility, and the mutual consideration of household affairs gives the girl real partnership in the domestic business. She may use the "Housekeeping" book as a kind of reference, to be sought when new problems in management fall to her share.

The question of home decoration is so vital that it deserves special statement. The text[G] deals with all those details of interior furnishing and embellishment which indicate taste. All of these are not equally important, nor do they interest all girls to the same extent, and in using the book one can profit most by the study of those topics which touch the individual or particular family. But everywhere there is the problem of furniture arrangement, wall decorations, color schemes, and the skilful use of flowers, pottery and textiles. Give the young people, and especially the girls, an insight into how the interior should be treated. Have them look up pertinent questions in the text and then try their 'prentice hands at creating a pleasant, restful, homelike house with the furnishings at hand plus whatever they can make or secure. Really, the book is as much a volume of suggestion for the mother, to which she can refer her daughter, as a text for the child. There is very keen interest in taste in recent years, among young people as well as parents, and the elements hitherto lacking have been (1) accessible information and (2) opportunity to "try it out." Offer that opportunity; a flat is just as fruitful a field for experiment as a house, perhaps more.

The active participation in outdoor life, nature-study propaganda and the multiplication of popular scientific (nature) literature has greatly opened another field to children—that of raising pets, gardening, etc. Here the boy or girl will readily make some choice at an early day, if there has been any contact with such things. If not, a volume of this kind[H] will be a real stimulant and inspiration, as it should be, not a lesson manual. Place the book in a child's hands, help him look over the conditions, available ground, cost, care, etc.; let him send for circulars and catalogues, or if possible visit some one interested in the same hobby and the experiment is under way with irresistible momentum. It is a godsend to any child to give him a simple, direct statement of what can be done; he furnishes the steam and imagination for future development, and father and mother comprise the balance wheel of the business. This volume and the one on "Outdoor Sports" contain a mass of information which touch the interests of practically all boys and girls at some time in their first sixteen years. When the child is old enough to launch out in any personal undertaking, old enough for even minor responsibilities, when he or she expresses the desire for possession and money, then give them books like these. Let them soak in and digest. Encourage only those requests which are convincing, but give them all the scope possible. Every child will eventually select the pastimes which are best for her though she may stumble in doing so; she will make fewer mistakes, and waste less time if she have access to books which will crystallize and guide her ambitions.

CHAPTER IV
THAT BOY

"The prime spur to all industry (effort) was and is to own and use the finished product."—Hall.

One day the pedagogue, who was a learned man and addicted to study, shut himself up in his library, bent on devising a method for training boys into men. This master was well versed in the sciences so that he could follow the stars in their courses, make the metals and substances of the earth obey his will, and guide the plants in their growth from seed to blossom. Nor was this scholar lacking in sympathy for the arts, if they were not too fine, for his desires all led to systems and orderly arrangements of matter, and those subjects which would not succumb to analysis he looked upon coldly.

A Boy's Camp with Ernest Thompson Seton. There Was Never a Boy Who Did Not "Make-Believe," and Here the Play Spirit, under Stimulating Guidance, Becomes a Powerful Factor in Developing the Appreciation of Community Effort

The Play Idea very soon Grows Toward the Representation of Primitive though Adult Customs and Actions, in which Several Join a Common Body or Company. Hence City Gangs which Merely Seek Romantic Expression

Hence in this problem of education he made a careful survey of the history and development of learning from the beginning—seeking those ideals and standards of culture which had been approved for the scholar, because scholars have always been held in high esteem by those patrons who, being ignorant themselves, wanted scholarship nearby. It was found in the course of his delving that the sciences had originated and developed in about this order, mathematics, astronomy, geology, botany, biology, etc. The arts of expression had of course developed as a group, but chiefly through literature from the beginning. There seemed to be a good deal of recent interest in machines and engineering, and of course certain classes had always tilled the soil, because one must have food; but the study of these activities could not lead to culture, because culture had always had to do with thinking, not manual labor. Therefore it became clear to the master that up to the present time, since the end of all scholarly ambition had been a profession (law, medicine, theology, etc.), education must be a very simple matter. All one had to do was to prepare certain capsules of mathematics, grammar, Greek and Latin, and a few, very few, odd pellets of science, etc., and at stated intervals stimulate the boy's mental organism with the various toxins in rotation. Were these subjects not the very basis of culture, and what would be more logical than direct systematic presentation of the fundamental principles? If the patient did not respond nothing could be done but to use more medicine, more lessons; there could be but one line of treatment. With this question settled the good savant signified his readiness to instruct youth in such branches as were desirable for the educated man, and pupils came in numbers to obtain the precious learning, for the pedagogue was favorably known as a great scholar. But these pupils who came, like the master, happened to live in or about the year 1912, when the chief interests of the people were business, science, and engineering; when transportation and communication had become highly developed and systematized; when farming and agriculture were almost arts, the whole welfare of the nation rested on industry, and utility held high rank as an element in culture among the people who worked. Even when a boy of this period did not seek industrial honors and follow in the footsteps of his father, he must needs be interested as a citizen in so important a source of prosperity. Hence the children who set out to become pupils of the learned teacher were alive to the business and activities of their time and surroundings, and were more than willing to learn when the learning led to a useful end. But the scheme proposed by their mentor was such a queer scheme. Of course it was better to go to school than do nothing and one must study a few things, but how much more fascinating and worth while to talk about birds and animals, trolley cars, the railway, electricity, machines, and doing things with a purpose, than to discuss impossible stories written by people who evidently knew very, very little about young people, to learn unending pages of numbers and definitions and facts, which, since one had no use for them, were speedily forgotten to make room for better material?

A Typical Boy's Workroom and Shop. Pride of Personal Possession Develops rather Early and the Boy Should Have a Place of His Own

The Kind of Shop which One May Have at Home

Now these children were obedient and reverent toward learning and did the tasks assigned them by their master, but in their leisure hours they did a good bit of experimenting along other lines, and found several other studies which were not in the master's scheme much more to their taste. Animals and pets were not only nice, live, soft, downy, fuzzy things to play with, but they had such queer ways and were so useful that one could talk about them forever. And then if one raised numbers of them, often neighbors would desire to purchase, and behold, a business began whereby it was just possible one could make a profit now and then. Again, it was fine if one had even a few tools so that one could put together the toys and playthings necessary to every-day amusement. Of course it was needful to measure and calculate and scheme about materials and costs, but all this scheming led to real purpose, while the questions proposed by the teacher were just questions after all and it couldn't make much difference whether one found the answer or not.

Now the usual thing happened. Because of their reverence for traditional learning and respect for its apostle the youths continued to attend upon the master and go through the ceremonial form of intellectual purification. But really their hearts were outside, wrapped up in the work of the world, where they had found just the tonics which were good for them.

In just so far as the school and home open ways which "enable the student to earn a livelihood and to make life worth living" do we see the passing of the old type school (suggested above) and ideal of training. Not only are there comparatively few in this world capable of receiving high polish through the so-called culture studies, but the definition of culture has changed; now any activity is cultural which arouses one's best efforts. Moreover, the boy of the present is on the lookout for a new type of instructor, one born of the new era of industrial success, a teacher who will unlock the mysteries of modern nature, science, engineering and business, and who will make it possible for the student to find his special abilities or bent at an early age. It is no argument at all to say that the boy is too young to know what is best for him, that the mature mind is the only safe guide. The adult teacher and parent becomes a true guide only when he uses as a basis for guidance those qualities and instincts of childhood which cannot be smothered or eradicated. The child, whether boy or girl, knows instinctively some of the kinds of information which do not agree with him, because they possess no significance at the time and he cannot assimilate and fatten on them. The child needs a new and more nutritious mental diet. Father and mother cannot be of great direct assistance because, strange to say, they are not experts with children, they merely know a child (their own) passably well, but they can provide a most effective, indirect, contributory stimulus through outside opportunities for healthy play and experiment which will supplement the formal instruction of the school. And children of all ages up to the time they go to college need some strong outside interest, or group of them, which will serve as a finder to determine the trade, profession, or business of the future man.

The Kite Fever is an Annual Disease. Common to practically the Whole Country. But it is a Disease which Flourishes only among Normal Children, chiefly Boys

Pump and Waterwheel. A Type of Mechanical Problem which the Boy May Begin With, Both In and Out of School, because It Touches His Keenest Interest

The children who enter the school, from whatever grade of society or given race, are all much alike—lively little animals that sleep, eat and talk continuously, and play, though play and expression are one and the same. They do what all animals do—keep on the move, acquire muscular skill and precision, and endeavor by every possible means to express their ideas and convey them to others. This expression takes on a constructive phase when children play at store, keeping house, fire engine, and make toys of paper and cardboard, and such amusement is the forerunner of that intense mechanical interest which overtakes boys about the age of ten or eleven.[I] Girls have an equally positive leaning which is characteristic and will be noted elsewhere. Watch any group of boys of average parentage and surroundings and make a list of the things they construct for themselves, for their own ends. In any such list extending over a period of several months will be found, according to locality, such things as wagons, sleds, whistles, kites, dog houses, pigeon roosts, chicken coops, boats, guns, etc., etc. The young artisan uses whatever raw material he can; he is chiefly concerned with the plan, and makes the best of conditions and materials. The things he makes are always for real use, a principle held in high esteem in all the arts. In making these toys the boy acquires some exceedingly valuable information and a physical skill and perfection which can only be secured at an early age. He learns about things, about raw material, about tools and utensils common to every household; he gets on speaking terms with the fundamental laws of mechanics and, more than one would imagine, develops a real ingenuity in molding material to his immediate needs. The construction of a bird house or kite is in itself simple enough, but the boy has to spend considerable effort in finding out how to do it, which is beneficial. Moreover, this constant struggle to get into tune with his physical environment and subdue it results in a considerable independence, confidence, and resourcefulness, which under moderately favorable conditions will produce a boy alert to the world in which he lives and full of the spirit of investigation—the critical attitude. Such a boy will not lean on others for either learning or pleasure.

Boat Made by Percy Wilson and Donald Mather, Montclair, N. J., Independent of Adult Assistance. The Method of Construction, which is Unique and Sound, was Devised by the Boys

Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone

These are the Forerunners of Numerous Other Electrical Constructions, Many of Which are Produced Out of School, in the Home Workrooms and Shops

Actually, however, the modern boy has not been encouraged along these lines, nor has he been taken very seriously in those activities which affect him most; hence his struggle toward any real efficiency. A prominent man once said:

"When I was fifteen years of age I could break wild horses to saddle or harness, and teach kicking cows to stand while they were being milked. I could fell trees and drop the tree in any direction desired. I knew the relative value of all native woods, appreciated the differences in soil, grains, fruits, and simple minerals. I could use the draw-shove, adze axe, broad axe, cross-cut saw, sickle and cradle. I could make a figure-four trap, an axe helve, a neck yoke, axe yoke, whiffletree, clevis, and could braid an eight-strand cattle whip. We used to mend our harness on rainy days and I could make a wax-end and thread it with a bristle, and use a brad-awl. I knew how to construct an ash-leach and to make soft-soap, apple butter, and pumpkin pies. I knew the process of weaving flax and wool, of making and burning brick. I knew on sight and had names for a score or more of birds, and had a good idea of the habits of squirrels, skunks, wolves, and the fishes that swam in the creeks. I knew how to cure hams, shoulders, and side-meat: to pickle beef and cover apples with straw and earth so that they would keep in safety through the most severe winter, and open up in the spring fresh and valuable. Of course my knowledge was not of a scientific order, and I could not have explained it to another, because I never knew I had it."

How many boys or girls of the present time possess anything like this sum of useful knowledge—useful for the conditions in which they live? There was a time when children had to learn in order to survive, and now that the necessity is removed and children are simply allowed to grow without purpose, the boy and girl inevitably lose one of the best elements in their training unless new opportunities are opened.

It is not difficult to see how the boy's interest in construction grows and expands; mere acquaintance with boys will furnish the data. At a comparatively early stage the youthful experiments are naturally sifted to a few specialties, which assume prominence either because of the boy's reading or the type of locality in which he lives. From time to time his interest may shift, investigating one subject after another, always seeking the unknown avocation. The process will probably lead in time to a more or less fitting selection of trade or profession. How else is the boy to find himself?

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

A Real Derrick in Miniature, Operated by Means of a Waterwheel (at the right). The Lifting, Turning and Handling of the Bucket are Controlled by Levers Attached to Spools (in the middle section). This Sort of Thing is Part of Regular School Work

Waterwheels (lower illustrations) and Fan (upper illustration), made by Public School Pupils

After he has passed through the preliminary stages of mere play and haphazard amusement the boy becomes conscious of the mysterious, unusual forces of electricity; they hold even adult attention and wonder, but the boy, being more impressionable and confident, immediately forages for information, reads enormously, and experiments. He takes in the whole subject with a vim and sureness that is de facto evidence of its intrinsic worth for study purposes. And in a much shorter time than adults would require, he has mastered the fundamental laws and is eager to put this wonderful force to work, to make things move. He has the same attitude toward steam and gas engines, water motors, and studies them with the same intensity of purpose. Here are dynamic elements which appeal to the human appreciation of power and which may be harnessed, subdued. The idea is comparable to the ancient reverence for fire, water and the storm. Since modern science has organized engineering and mechanical knowledge and simplified it, the student can have at his disposal just the books and periodicals needed to unlock this storeroom of mystery; these publications were written for the purpose. But there are several other openings for creative effort which appeal no less strongly, and among which both the boy and girl may choose, with complete confidence that there will be ample room for initiative, ingenuity, and utilitarian bias.

Every child loves to go camping, and in common with his elders reveals the close connection with primitive life in general through the pleasure derived from the simplicity of camp life. There in the woods, where conveniences are few, every device and construction counts the utmost, and its purpose is apparent. The whole spirit of such living is more in harmony with child nature and longings than the modern city home; it supplies the craving for physical freedom and places the boy or girl almost entirely on his own resources. What he obtains in the way of pleasure comes from his own efforts and is correspondingly precious. The boy especially finds in camp just as much chance for mechanical skill as elsewhere. Temporary furniture, utensils, cooking conveniences, the shelter, traps, etc., are suggestive. And lastly the unconventional, untrammeled outdoor life stands in that same relation to the boy as it did to the savage (because boyhood is a primitive stage); he puts forth his strongest endeavors to conquer the elements, the climate, the earth, and growing things; to provide himself with food and shelter—in other words, to survive as the savage sought to survive. The idea is truly epic. No wonder the child expands and develops under the simple responsibilities imposed, and absorbs woodcraft with such astonishing ease. The recent extraordinary growth of the summer camp among boys' schools, and the results suggested in the writings of Ernest Thompson Seton, are, with the unfolding of industrial education, two pointed examples of the shifting view of education in the home as well as school. Probably no outside agency will in time become so effective for good as the Boy Scouts, whose code is based on a very primitive framework suited to boys. During a recent visit to California, and while crossing the flat prairies of Kansas, the writer saw a company of scouts at work. It was borne in upon the observer that there was an organization which fitted every locality, every climate; it appealed to boy, not creed, social order, time, or adult dogma.

Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone

A Self-recording Telegraph Receiver. An Excellent Example of what the Juvenile Mechanical Mind will Attempt. The Number of Boys Interested in such Projects is Considerable

Wireless Station and Workroom of Donald Huxom, Montclair, N. J. This, too, Indicates how Boys Square Themselves with Scientific Progress

One should at least mention athletics in this connection, because of the excellent physical benefit in both activities. Athletics, however, contains an element which is all-important—team work. And no restraint is so much needed, nor so cheerfully heeded for that matter, by the restless boy and girl as a community of effort. The elimination of a purely selfish personal point of view is very difficult to bring about with the best of children, because they are wrapped up in their own affairs, and nothing serves to introduce them to the rights of others and the value of concerted action for a common good so well as sport. The kind does not matter. Any well-conducted, clean enjoyment of this kind develops that mental pliability and willingness to take a part which is a fundamental of citizenship. Incidentally leaders arise, and the beginnings of organization dawn. It is a great day when the boy learns his first code of signals in the ball team!

Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone

An Electrical Soldering Iron and Glue-pot, made at Suggestion of Instructor for Use in School Shop

Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone

Waterwheel Connected with Model Lathe

There is one more side (at least) to the boy and girl business—earning money. It is nothing short of marvelous that this desire for personal income, however small, has not been taken seriously. Why do children want to earn money? For the best reason in the world, independence. Man's entire existence from the earliest age down to the twentieth century has been one long struggle toward it—toward survival. First he had to combat the elements and animals, then his fellows, for possession of food, lands, water, raw materials, and wives. When he found that possession of certain commodities added to his importance and therefore comfort and safety, and especially to his privilege, he sought wealth and its freedom. Now the boy and girl follow stages in development toward similar independence, and among the privileges most desired is that of money or possessions of value. If they earn it, the amount represents so much work and gives the coins a fixed worth which cannot be established in other fashion. Moreover, this desire for income (rather than money) is one characteristic of the child between the ages of thirteen and fifteen years. His power of reasoning and organization are developing rapidly, and it is the time when adult ideals and actions first look attractive. The time is ever ripe for launching the boy or girl into any avocation which holds their fancy, that they may forget their own oblique tendencies to laziness, stubbornness, wayward action, and selfishness; these are all characteristic of the stage. Sex changes too play no inconsiderable part, because the boy's companions are for a time all masculine. Business of some kind is just what he needs, and if that business is profitable, a powerful motive is supplied. Perhaps the keenest interest is that in nature, and most children at some time have desired pets—chickens, rabbits, pigeons, dogs, song birds. There is scarcely a town or city condition where some animal hobby cannot be pursued without disturbing others' peace of mind. But it should be looked into seriously as a business, a miniature counterpart of other like enterprises. The disposal of personal service and products to others brings the child in close contact with numbers of adults and adult standards and business connections. It fosters responsibility and places upon the child the burden of proof, to show that he is entitled to a place as a valuable member of society. And just here it may be well to say, even if the child does not need the money he earns, it will be the most precious he will ever own, because since it came through effort, it will be spent with due caution.

The vegetable and flower garden may be made to yield similar returns and such products are always salable. In addition, every house, every yard, every farm is in constant need of repairs, changes and care which the alert boy or girl can furnish. The development of such odd tasks into a business parallels the development of every large enterprise which began in a modest way. It fosters the best of personal and civic ideals, and tames the restless, self-conscious energy of youth into smooth and profitable channels through which to journey in peace to a sane maturity.

Excellent Examples of High School Work which is Really Profitable. These Machines will Work and Develop Power which can be Measured

A Manual Training Shop

Is it any wonder that education is so ineffective at times? In the light of present-day appreciation of physiology and psychology it is increasingly clear that education has furnished an impersonal, rather stilted system of stuffing along restricted lines for a warm-hearted, all-inquisitive, nature-loving human animal which automatically refuses to be nourished thereby, and forages elsewhere. Although the child's judgment can by no means be followed concerning what is best for him, his instincts and possible future will serve as a most excellent guide. His early training must take into account those interests which are most keen and lasting and use them as the framework for instruction, and all subsequent stages of training involve a distinct obligation to build upon this elementary foundation, with a view to social worth. Most children will have to earn a living (the girl usually helps by managing the home), and this necessity is preëminent. But whether rich or otherwise, the ideal of social worth remains for all. And the least the home can do is to nurse childhood's efforts and experiments in play and occupation which lead finally to mature judgment and conceptions.

How to Use Books with Boys

Boys probably obtain more help from books than girls do because they are more self-reliant, more assertive and impatient. And as has been indicated, more books have been written for boys, but the same general method of use is common to both. The boy too finds in the book of crafts, mechanics, science, or sport a stimulant and incentive. He reads it much as he would a story of adventure. No matter what his greatest enjoyments may be, the perusal of accounts of others' juvenile activities widens the productive horizon in a way not to be ignored, and for this reason "How to Do" books of all kinds are a serious element in the boy's life, at a time when he is less concerned with what to do than with how to produce something. But there is a danger in this catholicity of interest: it may become dilettantism. The boy may merely potter or fuss with one hobby after another, more because he cannot supply the need for more and more information, than because he does not care. Hence it is worth while from time to time to add more fuel to the flame of ambition in a given direction, to provide books and tools, a working place or shop, and open the way for progress in some stated direction.

The Machine Shop. Public School, Montclair, N. J.

The Study of Aeroplane Construction, Public School 77, N. Y. City. This Toy is Full of Possibilities for the Live Boy

A Successful Machine

Finished Aeroplanes. Public School 77, N. Y. City

Specifically, books like those on "Mechanics, Indoors and Out," "Electricity," and "Carpentry," and parts of "Outdoor Work" may be considered as of one type. When he receives the books the boy will spend days in absorbing their contents, maybe dreaming a bit over the possibilities in view, and finally, by a process which will always be unintelligible to the adult, will light upon a problem or group of them that meets his wishes, as the kite for instance; all he needs from then on is human sympathy with the, to him, important undertaking, and he will gallop through all phases of the kite construction and devices, aeroplanes, propellers, forms of motive power, probably bringing up short at the steam or gasoline engine, which opens another chapter. The really important item connected with the use of such books is to keep the young mechanic on one thing at a time. A bit of judicious questioning now and then, always aimed at a group of related problems upon which he may be engaged, will keep his mind working connectedly. His efforts will then be cumulative in effect. Visits to the aero park, the museums, to the shops and technical schools, and to the local power plants are other distinct aids which should be invoked to supplement and emphasize reading and experiment. In some of the cities model kite and aeroplane contests are held at regular intervals, and these put boys on their mettle to succeed. In fact the proper way to use books of this kind is to let the boy use them; let him begin in the middle of the book and work outward or at the end and go backward, but see that he has books which present the subject vividly, simply. Provide him with the essential tools and materials and a place to work. About the surest way to make a success with boys is to let them have a room or corner of their own where they can work to their hearts' content, where they can store their precious belongings, and where companions may come and talk over things. Really the book is inadequate alone. Unless one provide the opening for action, books but aggravate and excite the mind, mockingly spur the student on to "do." Hence with the book goes a tacit obligation to provide means and place, even the most modest, for putting the book to test.

There is yet another phase to this use of books, and it is one which the boy will usually meet, if the texts are adequate. It is this: whatever the young student does best will be the result of real desire, real personal enthusiasm. It is a fallacy to suppose that the boy interested in tools should always put up shelves, mend the door, or fix the fence. He will execute these tasks cheerfully, but they are not the subject of his dreams. On the other hand, if the desire be to earn money, to have a small business of his own, fences and shelves and plant stands may be the most interesting things in the world to him, because they are means, not ends. Hence the printed book is no teacher or trainer of children, no direct guide to future vocation, but is the very essence of inspiration, the foundation from which the young secures nourishment for day dreams and ambitions, out of which he patiently weaves the rich fabric of experience.

CHAPTER V

A HOUSE AND LOT—ESPECIALLY THE LOT

The past decade has witnessed a movement, just now taking aggressive shape, which is unique—the interest in outdoors, nature study, farming, summer homes, sport, and what is termed the simple life. It is a movement filled with the greatest promise of any among the host now claiming attention, and bids fair to soothe the tired nerves and over-stimulated minds of a frantically industrial age. Busy men and women, particularly the men, who once thought their affairs would become hopelessly muddled if they were not at the desk each and every day, now indulge in sport, farming or gardening, and horticulture. They have become convinced of the benefits of fresh air and consequent health, and have a calmer, more serene outlook on life as a whole. It has become "quite proper" now to live in the "country," even though the country is represented by a lot 40 × 100, for one may have a garden which produces wonders even on such a lot. Indirectly, people get the desire to fix up their homesteads, to plant hedges and vines, to have window boxes and put on a kind of apologetic style which develops into conscious pride ultimately. One cannot play with such an avocation long without learning a bit more about nature in general, and without any conscious resolution drifts into keeping chickens or pets as a kind of pleasurable refuge from mundane things. All this activity is much more than a fad; it points to a recurrence of the primitive instinct to always bridge the ever-widening gaps between nature and the human, who is merely an extra-developed animal himself. Children always possess in a marked degree a love for outdoors, for animal life, for growing things, and fight hard during the early years to satisfy the desire. When they cannot achieve results at home, the surplus energy is worked off by harrowing the neighbors. Steam will do a great deal of work when under control, but if one allows steam to accumulate it must get off sooner or later, and children are under steam always.

The Boy Who does not Love to Camp is Unique. This Illustrates one of Ernest Thompson Seton's Camps where Boys Come in Contact with Nature at Her Best

This and Other Illustrations of Homes in This Chapter, Show such Places as People Make when they Care about Appearances

The adult, when he becomes a city dweller, takes his nature study in stiff two-weeks' doses, fishing or shooting, plus all the modern gastronomic tidbits he can carry, and accumulates a fine crop of scientific fables and sunburn. This is not real rest, not even the best acquaintance with nature; rather it is a sort of primitive spree, inherited in garbled form from tradition as a seasonal necessity. The truly fine side to the nature movement lies in its influence on everyday living through a sound regard for what nature can do at her best, and the resultant modification of taste in general. It is a questionable satisfaction to make a whirlwind campaign into nature's midst for a few short weeks, comfortably supported by the consciousness of urban conveniences in the end, when there is the possibility of bringing nature to our very doors, almost to the hearthstone. Nature is complacent and excellent company when offered a suitable welcome.

The ideal home is ideal throughout—outside as well as in. There is no vital difference between the kind of pride which demands clean linen and that which craves beautiful lawns (to be used however), beautiful flowers (also to be enjoyed), trees and porches for shade and rest. The kind of nature too which really rests and enthuses one is the kind which may be enjoyed for twelve months in the year; in other words, gardens, grounds, and trees which belong to the climate, to the locality, and, being hardy, commend themselves at all seasons.

Even the Most Beautiful House must have a Background to Soften the Conventional Lines and Areas of Construction

One should Build a House as one Builds a Reputation, Gradually, Allowing Ideals and Execution to Expand and Develop Together. Then the House and Grounds will Appear at Their Best

But nature is no designer. The landscape gardener and the amateur must, by their united efforts, bring an artistic plan to bear upon nature's offerings, using her trees and flowers and the contour of the ground, and create an environment which pleases. The result should not only be fine of itself, but should furnish a proper and rich background for the house which is the centre. There are in existence numerous periodicals devoted to country living, farming, gardening, animals, sports, and the special suburban problem, and also a very distinguished library dealing with similar types. These have a surprisingly wide circulation, probably because they are as a class guiding the public taste in such matters instead of following it. This literature has in a few short years uncovered a new public interest in matters allied to nature, notably in home architecture and surroundings, and there is distinct evidence at the present time of improvement in architectural style. Domestic buildings are more appropriate in material and design than ever before, and are such as seem to be in tune with the somewhat informal suburban or village surroundings. Formerly architectural style was imported from abroad, and with it came a certain few odd fragments of landscape gardening, full of patterns, floral arabesques and geometric arrangements, imitation Renaissance, urns and alert iron dogs to guard the dooryard. One can still find houses with ugly mansard roofs, stiff, forbidding doorways, and gloomy windows, the whole perched high on a hill, or at least elevated above the street, suggesting in every feature the barrenness of the artificial. It is art at its worst. The effort was further emphasized by the consistent designers through formal, wax-like landscape accessories, tender budding plants, cast-iron benches and garden ornaments, which must surely be blood kin to the modern steam radiator and art cook stove. There was nothing human about such a place: it always suggested the hereafter. But the new, healthy, public interests in outdoors, in a joyous life, have banished those artificial shells and substituted a type of dwelling which is planned for living. And the outside aspect of the house gives one the impression that it belongs to that particular spot, for those people for home purposes. Of course all houses are not so successful, but one finds a good many nowadays. It was bound to come, because when people began to study nature, to live closer to their flowers and animals, to want green lawns and pleasant hills, they soon sought a type of shelter which would nestle close to the ground and look hospitable and inviting. Architecture and gardening are more closely related than one would first imagine, and it is questionable whether one can deal successfully with one and ignore the other.

Trees, Shrubbery and Lawn form the Frame of the Picture, and a Bad Frame will Spoil the Finest Picture

There was a Time Not Long Since, when People Built Houses According to Style. They Now Build for Pleasure and Comfort, Producing the Finest Style of All

In previous chapters the discussion of children and their training has touched lightly upon certain points which may well be elaborated a bit here. Most of the child's waking hours would virtually be spent out of doors; no house is large enough. And it was urged that these intense outside activities would be excellent foci for most profitable study. No yard, however restricted, is too small to accommodate some hobby which will absorb the child's energy and aid in generating constructive skill and judgment. The matter of pocket money is also very important and becomes a powerful motive when properly used. But there is another and more mature point of view concerning the home as a whole, which should not be discarded. Every child should learn to so respect and value his own personal property and affairs that he will respect those of others, neighbors for instance. He will not do this unless his own efforts and experiments are taken seriously, or unless his home grounds and living are maintained at top condition, or unless he grows to appreciate a beautiful physical environment. The lawn, the garden, poultry house and stable ought to be in perfect trim all the time. It is better taste to have them so, and it is good business. One cannot succeed with raising pets or animals in unsanitary quarters, or inadequate shelter. It will not be difficult to develop proper ideas of taste and charm in the grounds about the house if one begins with the boy's and girl's own business and steers that to a decent working basis. Ragged grounds, unkempt lawns, weeds, littered porches and hopeless, tired-looking flowers—all persistent manifestations of neglect—leave on the youthful mind ineradicable impressions which undermine good taste.

Most boys and girls dislike any kind of work which is mere drudgery, and most children in these days shy at work for ends other than their own, because they have found that they can have privileges and amusements without responsibility or other return to their parents. The solution lies in the restoration to the boy of a feeling of personal responsibility and pride, restoring to him and his sister the rights of ownership to things and privileges earned, and make the children something other than social puppets. Make their youthful occupations count. Among those occupations one finds a number which are equally fascinating to both children and adults.

Courtesy of Miss Annie Washburn

A School Garden. If Children Cannot Expand at Home, the Public School is Under Obligation to Satisfy the Need for Outdoor Occupation

Courtesy of Prin. F. C. Clifton

A School Garden. Watchung School, Montclair, N. J.

Probably no accessory to the home is more to be valued than the garden, especially the flower garden. It adds so much of color and variety to the whole scheme, and helps to bring the house into intimate relation with the grounds. The finest gardening has probably been due to feminine influence, and every girl can draw from practical experience with growing things a delicacy of taste and wealth of knowledge to apply to ends peculiarly her own. The latent intuitive feminine outlook often remains undeveloped in these days, and no craft will preserve and stimulate it more than gardening. There is a reaction just now against the formal flower beds of tender plants, a patch of exotic color dotting otherwise irreproachable lawns, though the florist would like to keep such arrangements in fashion, for he is seldom a true artist. But better standards of living, a fresher study of nature, a more personal, intimate architecture, have brought into them many of the old garden ideals where the garden belonged to the mistress of the house and showed it. The garden has a most significant history. It has always been a centre of family life, and among the Romans was in fact the element about which the household revolved. Here the family rested and visited, worked and played. The dwelling was built around it, with living rooms which opened on its walks and fountains, bringing the family together in the most intimate way. The early Dutch and English colonists brought to America a similar taste for this soothing adjunct to the home and early put into effect such garden plans as their limited resources permitted. And always it has been the women-folk of the community who have kept the garden alive with persistent belief in its harmonizing influence on the family. Not infrequently the children learned their first lessons in business, in ownership and in responsibility, there. Gardening is one of the oldest and simplest of crafts and may not be overlooked in seeking a pathway for youthful energy.

Perhaps the boy or girl would rather grow fruits or berries, vegetables, raise pigeons, keep bees—one and all are equally good. This is the essential fact: every boy and girl should come into direct and positive contact with some of the important natural phenomena and life. Growing things have to be cared for, they must have food, water and protection. One cannot play with them when one feels like it; they need attention every day. The obligation is a pleasant one, but nevertheless it is an obligation and gives a much needed lesson in a way that sticks.

Any occupation around the home, if it be one which ministers either to the pleasure, comfort or profit of individual members, is quite likely to knit that family into a more compact group. It keeps the children more at home. The interchange of service and advice which brings into relief the interdependence of the individuals stimulates this one of the important characteristics of domestic society. There has been an indication in recent years to lay upon the schools the entire training for manhood and womanhood. It is expected to teach manners and ethics, to give the proper kind of academic information, to formulate character, to even teach "nature." It is impossible to do this. The finest character, habits of study, executive ability, and the social attitude must be started and nursed to strength, if not to maturity, at home. Five hours each day under incomplete authority can accomplish little else than formal instruction. Even the beginnings of technical and scientific training have their roots deep in these childish hobbies which originate and flourish at home, where a deep obligation rests upon parents to make the most of this early time. It is a lead the school can follow, but never originate. The school represents the average educational ideal of a given community, and when schools are inefficient, languish and give indifferent service, it is an excellent index of the local culture standard. Therefore, when parents develop to their highest pitch the enthusiasms and abilities of childhood, when they foster family life and enrich it so that every member, particularly the younger ones, become active participants, and feel that they too have work to contribute to the general welfare, then and then only will the school by force of public sentiment revise its own standards.

There is a Fascination about Raising Animals whether for Sale or as Pets. To the Child this Occupation Acquires the Dignity of a Real Business

Two More Illustrations which will Suggest Plans for the Future

For reasons such as these every home should be a kind of unofficial training school, in which the courses are mostly elective. Some outdoor hobbies which the children will enjoy should be maintained, and, on however small a scale, the house and grounds should be planned with this in view. The city boy and girl will have somewhat limited choice, but even there one can enjoy several hobbies, even in a flat. One can at least grow things, for there are few corners, even in a city, so dark that some plants will not flourish.

CHAPTER VI

VACATIONS, ATHLETICS, SCOUTING, CAMPING, PHOTOGRAPHY

Every Child, and especially the Boy, Needs Active Outdoor Exercise. This kind has much to recommend it

Organized Play (Woodcraft) under Ernest Thompson Seton

The boy of to-day is at a real disadvantage in his struggle for health and happiness. He is always a primitive at heart, surging in the direction of direct physical expression, showing almost on the surface the simplicity of savage instincts, to live close to the earth, be outdoors, perform feats of strength and skill, hunt, fish, camp and play at doing the essential acts of life. Through succeeding generations society has perfected a veneer of convention which glosses over the crudities of childish abandon, and as they (children) grow, the polish becomes thicker and more lasting, even so as to make the individual a "ready-to-wear" being. But at intervals, even in adults, one finds the periodic plunge into camp and field. That vacations do not always supply the benefit which doctors would, but cannot, is rather the fault of brevity than of the outings themselves. Boys can, as a rule, enjoy vacations without responsibilities, they can have ample scope for the close acquaintanceship with the simplicities of outdoor living. One of the first true signs of summer is the tents and crude shelters in backyards of our suburban villages. It is the nearest approach to a normal, sane existence the child can make. No proper child omits to play "Indian" or "hunter" in his early years, and no youth ever quite outgrows the keen pleasure of sleeping in the open, companioned by the sighing of the night. One recent experience of the writer, camping among the giant redwoods of California, where one could before going to sleep have a last look at the stars framed by the wondrous trees, and drift to unconsciousness to water music in the gorge way down below, was a time never to be forgotten. It is such experiences as these in the open which both keep and restore one's mental balance; they breed cheerfulness and optimism, develop friendships. And the boy is not so very particular about the place, provided there is water and woods, some companions, and things to do. He loves to swim and should learn. He wants to be of some account and have a part in the camp, learn how to make camp, protect things, prepare for weather, engineer the routine of camp life. Probably no institution outside formal educational institutions is likely to have more vital influence on boys of the future than the Boy Scouts, already mentioned, a marvelous scheme to organize this play spirit. It takes hold of the most primitive instincts in child life, develops them to the highest pitch of efficiency, and turns the enormous energy generated thereby into useful channels by the simplest of devices—service. But be it noted, service for which the need is perfectly plain. The boy gets the finest of physical training imaginable and readily cultivates moral virtues which have been the despair of teachers and parents.

More Woodcraft. Has the Boy had a Chance at this kind of Experience?

Even the Technical Processes of Photography have been Reduced to Popular Terms

In These Days Photography has become so Simplified that every Child can Use a Camera to Advantage

In general, the vacation cannot be more profitably spent elsewhere than outdoors. If a boy cannot actually go into the woods, away from home and the restrictions which modern living must of necessity impose, then the next best thing is pastime or amusement which requires outdoors for a setting. There is much to be said for each and every one of the sports common at the present time, baseball, tennis, football, golf, boating, riding—they are all good—and every healthy child will take part in one or more. Now a book about sport can never teach a boy or girl how to become skilful; it cannot explain the mystery of the golf stroke or pitched curve, but it can and does awaken the spirit of trial and test. It suggests that there is possibly a right way to do things; to play even, if one would succeed. The book may tell of the necessity for team work and organization, for system and regular living, and observance of rules made by others. In other words, the book acts through suggestion, very seldom directly; and for the same reason that one gives children books on mechanics, sewing, pets and gardening, that they may learn of the dignity and worth of these occupations, so also does one recommend books of sport and games, which surely are the more valuable when taken in all seriousness. It is through their games, involving dependence upon the confidence in others, that children acquire the best traits of character.

Aside from the inherent return in physical well-being derived from amusement in the open air—one can use this kind of medicine twelve months in the year—such pastime possesses a second quality of no mean importance; it brings one, ofttimes unconsciously, into communication or hailing distance at least of that nature which is so charming. It is easy to see the beauties of birds and flowers and skies, in camp; and the dynamic loveliness of crisp fall weather, even in a great city, is evidenced out of doors by the animation of passersby. But one cannot read about the beauties of beneficent nature; one must enjoy them personally, and is led on to do so through those pastimes which take place in the open. Several of these have been mentioned, and there is one other: photography.

Photography has almost ceased to be a science; it is a habit. One goes to the store, invests in a comfortably small parcel and a book of instructions which says "press here," and that is about all. The fine succeeding details are minor matters. Whether one merely "presses the button" or goes the whole road and really makes the picture, photography has come to be a regular accessory to sport and enjoyment. No doubt it is evidence of human vanity, but it takes so mild a form and is the source of so much pleasure that the world needs it, to preserve the thousand and one scenes and incidents which comprise the background of life.

INDEX

SYMBOLS USED

*—Illustrated

A—Outdoor Work

B—Mechanics, Indoors and Out

C—Carpentry and Woodwork

D—Home Decoration

E—Electricity

G—Gardening

H—Housekeeping

K—Outdoor Sports

M—Working in Metals

N—Needlecraft

INDEX

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

PAGE

Accounts

balancing, H 90–91, 99

charge accounts, H 98

check book method, H 97

credits, recording, H 96

dairy accounts, A 242

debit and credit, H 90

department method of keeping, H 92–94

housekeeping, H 87–100

How to keep household accounts, by C. W. Haskins, recommended, H 99

personal expense account, specimen, H 92

poultry raising, A 168, 172

See also Allowances; Income

Acorns, care of seed for planting, A 48

Aeronautics. See Aeroplanes; Balloons; Flying machines; Kites

Aeroplanes, B 158–185*, C 67–83*

balance problem, B 169

biplane

making toy model, C 68–74*

principle of construction, B 173–175*

Bleriot monoplane, B 171–173*

engines, types used, B 173

construction principles in general, B 170–171

controlling direction of, B 168–169

gyroscope principle applied, B 169

making models, B 180–184*, C 67–83*

management not difficult, B 177

Maxim's aero-curve, B 166–167*

monoplane

making a model, B 180–184, C 75–83*

principle of construction, B 171–173*, 175–177

motive power for toy model, B 182–183, C 72, 81–83

planes

aspect ratio, B 167, 170

shape of, B 164–168

propeller blades

making for a model, B 182, C 70–72*

position on machine, B 169–170

Santos Dumont monoplane, B 175–177*

testing a model, B 183

triplane, B 180

Voisin biplane, B 173–175*

why aeroplanes fly, B 163–168, 195–197

wind velocity table, B 198

wireless telegraph control a possibility, B 169

See also Balloons; Flying machines; Kites

Ageratum, planting, G 84

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Agricultural clubs

book about, A 519

organizing, A 452–454

Agricultural pests. See Insect pests

Agriculture.

See Dairying; Domestic Animals; Drainage; Fertilizers and Manures; Flower gardening; Forestry; Fruit gardening; Irrigation; Soils; Trees; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables

Alaska sable, skunk skin, A 484

Alcohol as a cleaning agent, H 124, 135, 359

Airships. See Aeroplanes; Balloons

Alarm clocks, electric, E 302

Alfred, King

story of the burned cakes, H 16

Algae. See Seaweed

Alligator wrench, making, M 276

Allowances

how to manage, H 80

Alloys

definition of, M 208

Almonds

food value, H 255

Alternating currents. See Electric currents

Althea (Rose of Sharon)

characteristics, G 356

Aluminum

extraction from clay, E 263

utensils

advantages, H 202

care of, H 206

Ammeter, E 25–34*

construction, E 25–29

how it measures electricity, E 29–30, 32–33

shunt, use of, E 32–33

Ampere, Andre Marie

Ampere's rule, E 30–32

Amusements. See Games; Sports

Andirons

forging, M 363–370*

how to use, H 225

Andrew, Saint

story of the loaves and fishes, H 32

Anemometer

making, C 162–165

Anemone

Japanese, characteristics, G 333, 365

wood anemone, G 343

Angora goat, A 109–110

book about, A 517

Animals

feeding motherless animals, A 268

tamed versus domesticated, K 177

training, A 248–270

fear versus kindness, A 256–257

wild animals, A 259–263

See also Domestic animals; Pets; also names of animals, e. g., Birds, Newts, Toads, etc.

Annealing

copper bowl, M 21

definition of, M 208

steel, M 307–309

tools for, M 11–12*

Annuals (Plants)

blooming after frost, G 330

climbing, G 331

definition of, G 160

for cut flowers: table, G 329

for heavy soils: table, G 329

for rocky places: table, G 332

for sandy soils: table, G 328

for shady places: table, G 331

for sunny places: table, G 332

fragrant: table, G 330

self sowing, G 331

value of, G 316, 359

what to plant, G 322

Annunciators, Electric, E 68–71*

Antique furniture. See Furniture

Ants

development from the egg, A 393–395

garden pest, G 283

habits, K 147

household pests, H 361

Anvil

metal workers' tool, M 10*

Apartment houses

heating by electricity, E 125

how to have a play house in, H 8

Apiculture. See Bees

Apple

distance to plant trees, G 258

food value, H 255

saving seeds from cider making, A 50

surplus used for cider vinegar, A 413

wood for canes, A 59

Applique

embroidery, N 198–202

honiton lace, N 237

leather, N 83, 85*

overlaid work, N 200

underlaid, N 201

Apricots, dried

food value, H 255

April

birds, K 175

blooming plants, G 364

Aprons, making, N 26–30

bands and strings, N 28–30

gathering, N 26–28*

sewing apron and work bag combined, N 31–33*

Aquarium

care of sick fish, K 166

cost of ready-made boxes and globes, K 163

feeding fish, K 166

making a water-tight box, K 160–162

stocking a self-sustaining aquarium, K 164–166

what to keep in, K 161

See also Gold fish

Arago, Francois Jean

wave theory of light, E 345

Arbor vitæ

characteristics, C 542

Arbors. See Pergola

Arbutus

gathering and conserving, A 93

Arc lamp. See Electric lamp—Arc

Archery

practice of, K 329–331

Architecture

adapting the plan to the purpose, D 6, 13

American city versus country homes, D 365–367

bungalow, plan and elevation, C 465*

dining-room plan, D 9

floor plan, D 8*

hall plan, D 9

kitchen plan, D 10

Living-room plan, D 9

A model house, D 3–33

pantry plan, D 12

plan in relation to decorations and furnishings, D 12–13

principles of design, D 4–5, 13–16

wall areas, considering, D 12

See also Building; Carpentry; Cottages; Foundations; Pergola

Archimedian screw, B 143–145*, 344*

Armatures

ammeter armature, E 29

dynamo armature, E 9, 11–13

Arrowhead (Plant)

characteristics, G 366

Art

copyrighting works of art, B 426

Arthur, King

The King's Kitchen: story, H 20

Artichoke

indoor planting time, G 233

Arts and Crafts.

See Basket making; Bead work; Block printing; Brass work; Copper work; Embroidery; Lace making; Leather work; Metal work; Iron work; Silver work; Stenciling

Arum (Plant)

characteristics, G 366

Ash

characteristics, C 564

strength of wood, C 496

Ash tray

copper work, M 85*

Ashes

fertilizing value, A 433

Asparagus

insect pests, G 287

Aspidistra

indoor plant, G 196

Assisi, Saint Francis of, H 25

Association foot ball, K 331

Aster

characteristics of New England aster, G 365

half hardy plant, G 317

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

starting, G 137

Athletics

all around athletic championship, K 328–329

best college record, K 336

Olympic games, events, K 372

rowing record, K 383

training rules, K 11–12

value of, K 5–6

Atlantic cable

laying, E 65–66

Atmospheric pressure. See Barometer

Attic playhouse, H 5

Atwater, W. O.

Principles of nutrition; quotation, H 251

Auger

bit, C 194*

screw principle, B 156

August

blooming plants, G 365

Australian boomerang, B 232–234*

Automobiles

gasolene consumed per mile, B 401

making frame for one and two cylinder motors, B 396–401*

making toy automobile, C 62–66*

Aviation. See Aeroplanes

Axe

selecting, K 96–97

Azalea

indoor plant, G 197

B

Babylon

proposed irrigation works, B 247

Baby's breath (Plant)

characteristics, G 329, 365

Bachelor's buttons. See Cornflower

Backing enamel

definition, M 208

Bacon

cuts, H 270

food value, H 250, 253

for basting meat, H 357

Bacteria in soils, G 222

Baden-Powell, Sir Robert

Organizer of the Boy scouts, K 20

Badminton (Game), K 332

Bags

braiding, N 295–296*

raffia hand bag, N 272–273*

stenciled, N 81*

Bait

fish bait, K 130–136

See also Trapping

Baked beans

food value, H 257

Baking

cake, H 303

principles and process, H 283–284

thickness of food, H 276

Baking powder

composition and use, H 301

how to retain strength of, E 267

Ball

one old cat, K 375

See also Base ball; Basket ball; Call ball; Cricket; Foot ball; Hand ball; Hand polo; Hat ball; Hockey; Japanese fan ball; LaCrosse; Polo; Push ball; Racquets; Roley Boley; Skittles; Squash; Tennis; Tether ball; Volley ball

Ball bearings

principle of, B 28

Balloon vine

characteristics, G 331

Balloons

history, B 161–162

making paper balloons, B 369–373*

Balsam

characteristics, G 332, C 539

gathering, A 65

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Baltimore belle, story of, N 74–76

Baltimore oriole

as insect destroyer, A 457

Bananas

food value, H 255

Band saws. See Saws

Bandy (Game), K 332

Bantams

breeding and care, A 217–218

game bantams, A 217

Bar, Horizontal

making a pull up bar, C 270*

Bar pins

silver metal work, M 171–174*

Barberry

characteristics, G 355

picking, A 16–17

jelly, receipt, A 17, 18

Barometer

complex, how to make, B 258–261*

construction of, B 231–232*

inventors of, B 256

purpose of, B 261

simple, how to make, B 256–257

theory of, B 256

water barometer, how to make, B 257–258*

Base ball, K 244–266*, 332–334

art of playing, K 262–263

balls, standard, K 262

base hit, K 333

bases, K 333

bats, K 262

batsmen

left-handed, K 259

qualifications, K 260

training, K 250

batting, K 260

captain's duties, K 249–250

catcher, K 254–255

diamond, K 333

laying out, K 260–262*

doubtful balls, providing for, K 258

"fan", K 266

first baseman, K 255

gate receipts, K 264

ground rules, K 265

home run, K 333

innings, K 334

choice of, by contesting team, K 264

manager's duties, K 249

methods, old and modern, K 247–248

national game of America, K 244

nine, K 245, 332

opponent's methods, learning, K 259

outfielder, K 257–259

pitcher and pitching, K 246*, 247*, 251–254

positions, K 245, 333

scores, K 264, 333–334

second baseman, K 256

shoes, K 264

short-stop, K 256

signals, K 248

team, how to organize, K 249

third base, K 257

training rules, K 250

two-bagger, K 334

umpire, K 245

uniforms, K 263

visiting teams, expenses, K 264

what makes a game, K 264

Basket ball rules, K 334

Basket making

materials for, N 242–243

porcupine quills for, A 69

raffia work, N 250–252, 255–261*

rattan basketry, N 243–248*

reed flower baskets, G 61–64*

sweet grass baskets, A 64

Bass

bait for, K 135

Basse-taille

definition, M 208

Basswood

characteristics, C 560

Basting meat, H 283, 357

Basting stitches, N 6*

Bath tubs

cleaning, H 155

sanitation, H 217

Bathroom

care and cleaning, H 155–156

Baths

electric shower baths in a summer camp, E 244–247

summer camp device, E 160–162

Bats

usefulness of, K 149

Batteries, Electric. See Electric batteries

Bayberry

description of bush, A 19

dips, making, A 20–21

leaves for sachet, A 65

Baywood

staining mahogany, C 489, D 230

Bead work, N 278–294*

chains, N 279–285*

curtains, N 292

cushion covers, N 290–293

daisy chains, N 279–282*

loom, home-made, N 282–284*

portieres, N 290–293

purse, N 285–290*

stringing the beads, N 278

Beam action, C 496

Beams, wooden

strength of materials, B 45

Bean bag

rules of game, K 336

Beans

bush beans, varieties, G 297

experiments in growing, G 119–122

food value, H 250, 254, 255

insect pests, G 288

planting seeds

depth and distance, G 42

distance of drills apart, G 297

eye downward, G 117

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

pole beans

ornamental value, G 296

varieties, G 297

seeds

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 33, 233

germination time, G 32

soil, G 119, 296

See also Lima beans; String beans

Bearings

anti-friction, B 326*

Beck-iron

definition of, M 208

Bedbugs, H 363–364

Bedell, Frederick

discovery that the same wire carries two currents, E 187

Bedroom

atmosphere, H 158

care of

morning work, H 146–155

night preparation, H 154

personal responsibility, H 53

furnishings for a girl's room, H 54

furniture, designs for, D 57–58*

guest room, H 367

See also Beds; Closets

Bedroom electric heater, E 126*

Bedroom slippers. See Slippers

Beds

bough beds, K 65*

camping outfits, K 64–66*

designs, D 60*, 373*

doll's bed of pasteboard, and fittings, H 11–12

making fittings for a doll's bed, N 50–56*

making up a bed, H 54, 149–155

Bed spread. See Counterpane

Bee balm (Flower)

habits and characteristics, G 333, 347

Bee-hive. See Bees

Bee-keepers Association, value of, A 326

Bee stings

prevention and cure, A 317–318

Beech nuts

characteristics, A 37

gathering, A 38

Beef

cuts and their uses, H 268–269

food value: table, H 252

Beef tea

making, H 278

Bees, A 287–336

books about, A 518

brood chamber, description, A 302*, 303

what goes on in, A 304–307

buying, hints about, A 294–297

cost of colony, A 288

development from the egg, A 393–395

diseases and enemies, A 322, 325

egg-laying, A 305

feeding, spring and fall, A 321

hives

arranging, A 292

drone and queen trap at entrance, A 316*

entrance to, A 303

kinds, A 297, 300–304, 325

modern, A 301–304*

observation hive, A 325, K 169

old-fashioned, A 300

opening

how to open, and remove frames, A 315–318

reasons for, A 314

putting together, A 298

supers, A 302*

ventilation, A 294

where to place, A 290–291

hiving, A 313–314

honey

harvesting, A 316

making, A 322–323

plants which supply, A 322

supply for hives, A 319

uses of, A 326

honeycomb cells, A 315–316

how bees work, A 324–325

how to approach the hive, A 303

Italian, A 296

keeping

how to begin, A 287–290

supplies for first year, A 296–298

life, length of, A 306

locating the hives, A 290–291

marketing the honey, A 326–327

nucleus, meaning, A 296

observation hives, A 325, K 169*

products of the hives, A 322–325

profit in, A 299–300, 334–336

protecting from wind and sun, A 291–292

queen bee

clipping wings, A 316

locating, A 316

rearing, A 331–333

testing, A 304

runaway swarms, securing, A 288

shipping, A 294

smoking, A 314–315

success with bees: stories, A 328–336

swarm catcher, home-made, A 310–313*

swarming

reasons for, A 304

time and process, A 307–309

to prevent, A 315

varieties, A 295

wax making, A 323

wintering, A 319–321*

worker bees, development of, A 305–306

Beeswax for cleaning irons, H 317

Beetles

development from the egg, A 393–395

extermination of pests, G 117, 285, 287, 292

mounting specimens, A 384*

Beets

boiling, G 298

cooking preparation, H 293

food value, H 255

insect pests, G 288

planting seeds, G 298

depth and distance, G 42

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination time, G 32

soil preparation, G 298

transplanting, to avoid, G 122, 298

Begonias

bedding plant, G 324

window box plant, G 193

Bell, Alexander Graham

inventor of the telephone, E 274

Bellflower

habits and characteristics, G 346

Bellicent

mother of Gareth, H 21

Bellows

blacksmith's, M 216*

metal worker's, M 12*

Bells

brass work, M 145–147*

See also Electric bells

Belt buckle

copper work, M 88–90*

designs for, M 195*

Belt pin

copper work, D 350*

Belts

knotted raffia, N 273–274

Irish crochet, N 335–337*

tooled leather, designs and process, D 324–328*

Bench

double seat for summer house, C 422–424*

riverside, B 158

selection of wood for, C 409

stationary outdoor bench, C 408–409

See also Settees

Bench hook

making, C 139–142

Bench stop, C 139

Bench work. See Carpentry; Whittling

Berries

food value, H 255

picking, A 8–20

seasons, A 8

washing, H 295

See also names of berries, e. g., Raspberry; Strawberry; Thimbleberry; etc.

Bessemer steel. See Steel

Bethsaida

Story of the loaves and fishes, H 32

Bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176

Bicycle

sprocket wheel, B 327*

Biennials

definition, G 160

what and how to plant, G 322

Binding edges and seams, N 51*

Biplane

construction, B 173–175*

making a toy model, C 68–74*

Birch

aspen leaved, C 558

bark, removing, A 66–67

uses, A 67

black or sweet birch, C 557

blue or hornbeam, C 559

gray, C 558

kinds and characteristics, C 556–559

red, C 557

staining mahogany color, D 230

white, canoe, or paper birch, C 557

yellow, C 557

Birds

April birds, K 175

attracting the birds, A 454–459*

bath, making, C 219*

books about, A 519

crows as pets, K 176

eggs and nests, collecting, A 460

enemies, A 460–461, K 174

flight, theory of, B 195–197

game preserve, creating, A 464–465

houses

building, C 213–220*, K 174–175

location, C 213

suiting the birds, C 219

supports for, C 218

March birds, K 175

May birds, K 176

migration, K 175

nesting time, K 176

non-migrating, K 176

protecting fruit from, A 461

protection and care of, A 458–459

song birds, attracting, A 454–457

unlawful to cage, K 173

that stay all winter, K 175

traffic in skins, A 459–460

training, A 263–265

value as garden pest destroyers, G 280, A 455–457

Bit and brace. See Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools

Bites of insects

treatment of, H 364

Bittersweet, A 56

Black bass

bait for, K 134

Blacksmithing, M 215–357

equipment, M 215

fuel, M 229

fullering, meaning, M 225

iron used, M 230–232

tools, M 222, 224–226*, 228, 229

See also Forge; Forging; Horseshoeing; Iron work; Tempering; Steel; Welding

Blankets

campers' outfit, K 66

making for doll-bed, N 54*

washing woollens, H 324, 328

Bleeding heart

characteristics, G 335, 365

Blood root

habits and characteristics, G 343

Blindman's buff (Game), K 337

Block and tackle. See Pulleys

Block printing on fabrics

designs and process, D 99–106*

laundering articles, D 107

materials used for, 107

Blood stains

removing, H 360

Blotting pads

leather, design and making, D 335–338*

metal corners, making, M 122–124*

making and carving hand blotter, C 125–127*

Blow pipe

metal workers' tools, M 12*

Blowing engines

diagonal catch and hand gear, B 315

Blue flag. See Iris

Blue printing

leaves and flowers, A 360–361

Bluebell

characteristics, G 364

Blueberries

burning over land, A 13, C 514

canning factories, A 12

picking, A 13

varieties, A 13

where found, A 11, C 514

Bluebird

insect destroyer, A 456

migration, K 175

Bluets, G 341

Bluing clothes, H 18, 320

Boards. See Lumber

Boat building, B 84–109*

carvel ribbon built boat, B 89

centre line of shaft, B 90

decks, B 91

dimensions of the Mocking Bird, B 68*

displacement, B 89

exhaust pipe

fitting up, B 97–98

pet-cock, B 99

under water, B 98–99

expansion chamber, B 98

floor boards, B 91

keel

block for, B 76

laying and setting up, B 85–87*

keelson, B 86*

knees, B 91

"knock down" system, B 66, 68

launching the boat, B 134, 136–138

laying off the profile, B 90

lettering the name, B 131–132

materials and dimensions, B 90–93*

motor

dimensions, B 95

installing, B 93–95*

motor bed, fitting, B 91, 97

offsets, table of, B 92

patterns, buying, B 62

plan and section of the Mocking Bird, B 66–68*

propeller shaft, installing, B 93

section of launch, B 89*

sections, spacing of, B 91–92

sheathing, B 89*

skeleton, fitting posts together, B 88*

steering gear, B 346*

stem, B 86*, 90

thwarts, B 91

unloading materials, B 84–85

varnishing the boat, B 112

See also Screw propeller

Boat house building, B 36–64*

covering the frame, B 40

doors and windows, B 37

foundation, B 36*

frame, end and side, B 37–40*

pier, constructing, B 19, 76

roof, B 40–42

slides or ways, B 44–45

Boats

fishing boats, fitting and cost, K 140

See also Boat building; Canoes and Canoeing; Launch; Screw Propeller

Bob sled, K 223*

Bob white

migration, K 176

planting seed birds, A 464

Bo-bo and the roast pig, H 18

Bobolink

migration, K 176

Bog plants, G 366

Bohnenberger's machine, B 334*

Boiling

meats and fish, H 278

principle and process, H 277

seasoning, H 279

vegetables, H 279

Boiling point of liquids, H 277

Bolsters, H 152

Bolts

forging, M 240–244*

Book case

designs, D 53*, 151*, 177*, C 351*

"knock down" design and construction, D 150–156*

mission style, C 352

staining the wood, D 236, 237

with adjustable shelf, design and construction, C 350–353*

with glazed doors, design and construction, D 176–180*

See also Book rack

Book cover

limp leather design and making, D 342–345*

Book mark

copper work, M 128*

Book rack

copper work, M 121*, D 351*

folding, designing and making, C 247–249*

wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–161*

Book shelves. See Book case; Book rack

Book supports

copper work, M 121*, D 351*

Books

care of, H 349

Boomerang, Australian

making, B 232–234*

Boone, Daniel

wilderness traveler, K 51

Bootees

knitted, N 363–366*

Bordeaux mixture

receipt, G 121, 294

uses, G 282, 288, 291

Boring. See Drilling and Boring

Bossing up, M 208, 419

Botany

collecting native plants in California, A 96–98

See also Flower gardening; Flowers

Bottles

killing bottle for insects, A 378–380*, K 151*, 154

washing, H 183

Boulder up (Game), K 345

Boulders

moving on rollers, B 18–19*

raising, B 15–17*

Bow and arrow, K 329

Bowling

lawn bowling, K 366

Bowls. See Brass work; Copper work; Metal work; Pottery

Box elder

characteristics, C 548

Box furniture, C 475–478*

Box kite. See Kites

Box making

design to resemble books, C 397*

dovetail joints, C 315–318*

drawing instrument box, C 240*

hinging a lid, C 239

knife and fork box, C 223–226*

nail box, C 206–209*

pencil box, making and carving, C 106–108*

proportions, C 235

seat and chest combined, C 476*

simple box, C 40*

toilet boxes, C 315–318*, 235–241*

See also Copper work; Inlaying; Metal work; Wood carving

Boy Scouts of America, K 19–49*

activities, K 43

ambulance badge, qualifications for, K 27

aviator badge, qualifications for, K 28

badges, K 27–36

bee-keeper's badge, qualifications for, K 28

blacksmith's badge, qualifications for, K 28

bugler's badge, qualifications for, K 28

campaigning, K 43

camps, routine and model programme, K 46–49

carpenter's badge, qualifications for, K 29

clerk's badge, qualifications for, K 29

cook's badge, qualifications for, K 29

cyclist's badge, qualifications for, K 29

dairyman's badge, qualifications for, K 30

electrician's badge, qualifications for, K 30

engineer's badge, qualifications for, K 30

farmer's badge, qualifications for, K 30

finances, K 41

fireman's badge, qualifications for, K 31

first aid to animals' badge, qualifications for, K 31

first-class tests, K 24–25

founder of society, K 20

gardener's badge, qualifications for, K 31

handy man's badge, qualifications for, K 31

headquarters, K 19

horseman's badge, qualifications for, K 32

interpreter's badge, qualifications for, K 32

laws, K 25–27

leather workers' badge, qualifications for, K 33

life saver's badge, qualifications for, K 38

marksman's badge, qualifications for, K 33

master-at-arms badge, qualifications for, K 33

membership requirements, K 22–25

missioner's badge, qualifications for, K 33

musician's badge, qualifications for, K 33

oath, K 22

official hand book, how to obtain, K 49

origin, K 20

pathfinder's badge, qualifications for, K 34

patrols, forming, K 27, 38–39

photographer's badge, qualifications for, K 35

pioneer's badge, qualifications for, K 35

piper's badge, qualifications for, K 35

plumber's badge, qualifications for, K 35

poultry farmer's badge, qualifications for, K 36

principles of good scouting, K 39

printer's badge, qualifications for, K 36

purpose, K 20

salute and secret sign, K 22

scout craft, K 21, 43

scout master, qualifications and duties, K 26, 42–43

second-class tests, K 23

sign posts for scout master, K 43–46

signaler's badge, qualifications for, K 36

seaman's badge, qualifications for, K 36

stalker's badge, qualifications for, K 37

starman's badge, qualifications for, K 37

surveyor's badge, qualifications for, K 38

swimmer's badge, qualifications for, K 38

tenderfoot, class requirements, K 22

troop, organization, K 26–27, 40–41

Boys' clubs. See Clubs

Brace and bit. See Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools

Bracelets

silver work, M 174–177*

Bracket

brass work, M 146–147*

iron work, M 393–395*

wood

corner bracket, C 246*

designs, C 242–244*

making, C 245

Braiding

coronation braid

daisy pattern, N 109–111*

what it is and how to sew it on, N 108–109*

fastening the ends of the braid, N 107

flat braid, how to sew it on, N 108

rugs and mats, N 296

soutache braid, N 107

stamping the design, N 107

weaving

four strands, N 295*

how to begin, N 295–296*

joining a new strand, N 296, 298*, 301

on frame, N 296–301*

six strands, N 296*

Braising, H 280

Brass

cleaning, H 135, M 140

coloring blue black, M 205

coloring green, C 379

composition and characteristics of, M 133

tarnish, to prevent, M 140

Brass work, M 133–147*

bell and bracket, M 145–147*

bracket, M 146–147*

crumb tray and scraper, M 135–136*

finger bowl, M 133–135*

handles to vase, making, M 143

soldering a vase, M 144

tea caddy, M 136–140*

vase, M 140–145*

weighting a vase, M 143

See also Copper work; Metal work

Brazilian point lace, N 238*

Brazing metals, M 310–315

preparation of parts and process, M 311–314

value, M 314

Bread

baking, H 283

brown bread, food value, H 257

camp cooking, K 87–88

curled bread for camping, E 303

food value, H 250, 254, 300

freshening dry bread, H 354

ingredients, purpose of, H 298–299

kneading, H 299

mixing, H 299

raising, H 300

setting, H 299

unleavened, H 300

yeast for, H 296–297

Bread board

making, C 222–223*

Breakfast food

food value, H 254

left overs, H 355

Breeding

purpose and standards, K 177

skill in breeding Dutch belted varieties, K 184

See also Domestic animals; also names of animals, e. g., Horse; Poultry; Swine etc.

Bridges

building a foot bridge, B 70–73*

Brier stitch. See Feather-stitching

Broilers. See Electric broilers; Poultry raising

Broiling

process and utensils, H 275–276

Brooches

silver work, M 171–174*

Brooders

making, K 199

Brook trout

bait, K 136

reclaiming a trout stream, A 271–273

Broth. See Soups

Brother Juniper's cooking: story, H 25

Brown bread

combinations for food values, H 257

Brushes

paint brushes, H 342

stenciling brushes, N 79–80*

See also Commutators (Electricity)

Brussels sprouts

soil and planting, G 299–300

Brussels stitch, N 229–231*

Buckeye tree

characteristics, C 565

Buckles

belt buckles, making, M 88–90*, 195*

turn buckles, forging, M 324, 330–334*

Buckthorn for hedges, G 357

Buckwheat

cakes and sausage, food value, H 258

food value, H 254

Budding plants, G 250–253

Buffet

design, D 56*

Building

base boards, C 475

batter boards, posts and sills

setting, D 25

cheap finishings, C 475

chimneys, style of, C 472

construction

boat house details, B 36–42*

house details, D 25–32*

cornice detail, D 29*

flashing chimneys, C 472

interior finish details, D 31*

joists, placing, B 39

model house, D 3–33

rollers for moving heavy weights, B 44

sills, setting, D 26–28*

walls, finishing, C 472

woods and their uses, C 536

working drawings for, D 21–23

See also Architecture; Bird houses; Boat building; Boat house; Carpentry; Columns; Doors; Floors; Foundations; House framing; Joints; Pergola; Poultry house; Summer house; Strength of materials; Windows; Wood

Buildings

wrecking, B 12–13, 43

Bulbs (Metal)

forging iron bulbs, M 385–388*

Bulbs (Plant), G 165–179

California bulbs, collecting and cultivating, A 94–99

bedding plants, G 171, 324

blue flowers, list, G 178

colors, list, G 177–179

drying and storing, G 176

easiest to grow, G 166

flat for, making, G 61*

forcing varieties, G 171

insect pests, G 293

outdoor planting, soil preparations, G 170

planting, hints, G 171

planting in lawns, G 360, A 169, 434

potting for winter, soil and drainage, G 171

red flowers, list, G 179

resting time, G 173

to prevent plants from blossoming low down, G 175

transferring to light and heat, G 174, 175

water bulbs, G 168

care and development, G 175

when to buy, G 167

white flowers, list, G 177

winter care of, G 139

yellow flowers, list, G 178

See also Canna; Chinese lilies; Crocus; Hyacinths; Narcissus; Tulips

Bulgarian drawn work, N 222–226*

Bull in the ring (Game), K 337

Bungalow

plan and elevation, C 465*

Bunsen burner, M 11*

Burdock

class and seed time, G 278

destroying, A 471

distribution of seed, G 273

Bureau drawers

arrangement and care of contents, H 53–54

doll's playhouse in, H 9

Burgees, B 108

Bur-marigold (Beggarticks)

class and seed time, G 278

Burned wood. See Pyrography

Burns

care of, H 364

Burroughs, John

love for birds, A 263

Butcher knife. See Knives

Butt joints, C 251*

Butter

food value, H 250, 254

how to judge butter, H 271

Butterflies

breeding, A 398–400

classifying a collection, A 386

collecting, A 381–384*, K 151–153

series to illustrate development, A 395–397

time for, A 388

development from the egg, A 393–395

killing bottle and how to use it, A 378–380, K 151*, 154

mounting a collection, A 381–386*, K 153*

net for catching, K 151*

Butterfly weed

habits and characteristics, G 348, 365

Buttermilk

cleansing properties, H 356

Butternut tree

characteristics, A 36, C 564

Buttonball tree

characteristics, C 562, G 79

Buttonholes, N 58–62*

cutting, N 62

loops, making, N 62*

stitch, N 58*

tailor-made, N 59*

thread for, N 58, 62

Buttonholing

blanket stitch, N 142*

finishing edge, N 130, 133

Hedebo embroidery, N 202–206*

honeycomb stitch, N 144*

knotting thread, to avoid, N 131

Mount Mellick, N 143

padding, N 130–131

Roman cut-work, N 138–142*

American stitch, N 139*

European stitch, N 139–140*

scalloping, N 132*

cutting out, N 133

triangular buttonholing, N 143*

See also Wallachian embroidery

Buttons

sewing on, N 4–6*

Buttonwood

characteristics, C 562

Buying. See Marketing

C

Cabbage

bleaching heads, G 126

cooking preparations, H 293

family, G 299

food value, H 255

growing, G 123–128

harvesting, G 126

indoor planting, G 233

insect pests, G 125, 288

planting seed

depth and distance to plant, G 42

early and late crops, G 124

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

savoy variety for poor soil, G 301

seed germination

per cent., G 233

time required, G 32

soil requirements, G 19, 301

storing, G 127

Cabinet

with drawers, making, C 209–212*

with shelves and glass doors, making, D 176–179*

See also Filing cabinet; Medicine cabinet; Tool cabinet

Cabinet work. See Carpentry and Woodwork

Cables, submarine

laying the Atlantic cable, E 65–66

number in operation, E 66

rates, E 67

Cactus

use of pitch, A 64

Cahill, Dr.

inventor of Telharmonium, E 293–295

Cake

baking, H 303

freshening dry cake, H 351

making, H 301–303

substituting lard for butter, H 355

Calcimine

cleaning walls, H 122

Calendar back

whittling, C 18*

Calendula

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Calf

beef versus dairy feeding, A 121

diseases, A 120

fattening, A 121

feeding, A 119–122

raising, A 118–126

teaching to drink, A 119

training to lead, A 121, 258

watering, A 122

Calfskin

for leather work, N 84

California bulbs

collecting and growing, A 94–99

California poppies

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Calipers

blacksmiths' tools, M 225

Call ball, K 338

Caloric theory of heat, E 342

Calves. See Calf

Cambium, A 441

Camelot, H 20, 22

Cameras

kinds and cost, K 303–304

lenses, K 307

Camp stool

making, C 406–408*

Camphor for packing, H 347, 349

Camping

beds, K 64–66*

blankets, K 66

bough bed, K 65*

Boy Scouts' camp, K 46–49

brush leanto, K 69*

clothing, K 71–74

cooking, K 75–92*

bread, K 87–88

coffee, K 87

fish, K 89, 90

frying, K 91

game, K 89, 90

Indian meal, K 88

johnny cake, K 88

left overs, K 89

meat, time, K 90

rice, K 90

rules, K 86–92

utensils, K 82–83

vegetables, K 89, 90

drainage problem, K 57

electric lights, installation and cost, E 162–169

fireplaces, building, K 78–79

fires

for cooking, K 77–82*

gypsy rig, K 79

hunter's fire, K 78–79

lighting in the rain, K 68

making, K 67–69

that will burn all night, K 68, 78*

firewood, providing for, K 55–56

fitting up an old mill, E 160–161

food, care of, K 85–86

girl's work in, K 323–324

hints for comfort, K 71–74

locality, choosing, K 53–54

mosquitoes, protection from, K 70

outfit, K 58–74*

ovens, K 80–82*

principles of, K 50–54

selecting a leader, K 53

shower bath device, E 161*

site, selecting, K 54–58

sleeping bag and head shelter, K 52*

tents, K 58–60*

pegs, securing, K 60

pitching, K 61–64*

sod cloth, K 61

water supply device, K 54–55*

Canadian pine, C 536

Candleberry, A 18–19

Candles

bayberry dips, A 20–21

shades, making from cardboard and paper, D 358*

Candlestick

copper work, M 47–56*

pottery, designing, D 313–315*

spiral, iron work, M 388–391*

wrought iron, making, M 380–383*

Candytuft

annual, G 322

characteristics, G 330, 332

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Cane rush, K 338

Canes

woods used for, A 59–60

Canna

bedding plants, G 324

planting bulbs, G 139, 159

planting seeds, G 159

Canning and preserving

elderberries, A 16

Canoe tilting (Game), K 339

Canoeing, K 240–243*

accidents, avoiding, K 242

girl's sports, K 321

Indian model canoe, K 240*

paddling, K 242–243

sailing canoes, K 241–243*

Canterbury bell

biennial, G 322

Capstan, B 79, 347*

Car springs, B 264–265*

Carafe

washing, H 183

Carbohydrates

effect of boiling processes, H 277

food composition, H 248

in vegetables, H 250

proportion in diet, H 249, 252

Carbon bisulphide

insecticide, G 283, 289

Carbon filaments. See Electric lamps—Incandescent

Carbonic acid

as leaf food, G 242–243

Carbureter, B 95*

Card, Leslie E.

How I started with hens, A 168–172

Card case

making and embroidering, N 183–186*

tooled leather, design and making, D 338–340*

Card tray

copper work, D 355–358*

Carpentry and Woodwork

beveling, C 147*

gage device for, C 260

bill of material, value in making, C 189*, 206

board feet, estimating, C 503

construction, C 250–257

curved rails, making, D 183

curves, cutting with gouge, C 258–260*

cutting up old lumber, B 75–76

doweling, D 134

dressing down lumber, C 144–147, 186–190

estimating lumber, C 498–509

gaining-in shelves, D 153*

glued-up work, joining, D 134–136*

gluing

joints, D 140–142*, 144–146

mitre joints, C 232–234*

process, C 225

gouge work, C 258–265*

grooves

chiseling, C 207–208, 211

cutting, C 110–111*

gouging, C 258–260*

joint edge, meaning, C 186

joints. See Joints in main alphabet

mathematics of woodwork, C 498–509*

mortise, cutting, D 154

nails

holding power, B 46–47

sinking, C 208*

outdoor carpentry, C 457–480*

panels

for desk, D 184–187*

for door, C 354–355, 528–530

original purpose of, C 528–530*

planing, C 146, D 133–134, 136

position for planing, C 178

surface planing and taking out wind, C 179

use of shooting board, C 106*

rabbeting, C 210–211

sand papering, D 187

shop equipment, C 133–149*

grindstone, C 181–184*

lumber rack, C 150–154*

nail box and cabinet, C 206–212*

tool box, making, C 226–227*

tool chest and cabinet, making, C 339–346

work bench, types, C 134–138*

spokeshave work, examples, C 126*, 266*, 271*

squaring up stock, C 144–147, 185–190*

stock, selection and preparation, D 130–133*

systematic plan in working, D 138–139

testing grain of the wood for strength, C 245

truing up, C 148–149, D 136–138*

undercutting, C 263–264*

warping, to prevent, D 135*

working face of lumber, C 186

See also Building; Doors; Floors; House framing; Joints; Lumber; Polishing; Rustic furniture; Stains and staining; Strength of materials; Whittling; Windows; Wood; Wood finishing

Carpentry and Woodwork—Problems

box furniture, C 475–478*

brackets, C 242–246*

bread board, C 222*

camp stool, C 406–408*

chest and box seat combination, C 476*

checkerboard, C 332–338*

clock cases, C 276–290*

coat hanger, C 266*

couch hammock, C 478–480*

drawers, making, C 206–210*, 359*

drawing board, C 24*, 381

foot stools, C 291–300*

mission style, C 374–375*

handles for hatchet and hammer, C 271*

hinges, setting, C 239

household utensils, C 221–226, 272–273*

knife and fork box, C 223–226*

ladle, C 272*

linen chest, C 377–380*

magazine rack, D 52*, 165–170*

mechanical drawing outfit, C 381–398*

medicine cabinet, C 354–360*

mitre box, C 228–231*

Morris chair, D 50*, 188–193

nail boxes, C 206–212*

pen and ink trays, C 258–264*

pin tray, C 264*

rustic furniture, D 209–211*

sugar scoop, C 272*

toilet boxes, C 315–318*, 235–241*

tool cases and chest, C 226–227*, 339–344

tool rack, C 341*

towel rack, C 274*

towel roller, C 267–269*

umbrella stand, D 161–165

mission design, C 375*

See also Bird house; Book case; Book rack; Box making; Building; Chairs; Desk; Doors; Floors; House framing; Inlaying, wood; Joints; Mechanical drawing; Mission furniture; Pergola; Picture frames and framing; Plant stands; Poultry house; Settees; Stains and staining; Tables; Tabourette; Toy making; Whittling; Windows; Wood; Wood carving; Wood finishing

Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools

auger bit, C 194*

bench hook, C 139–142*

bench stop, C 139

bit and brace

"chuck", C 193

extension bit, C 195*

ratchet attachment for corners, C 196

types, C 193–197*

boring tools, C 193–198*

braces, making, C 148

cases and cabinets, making, C 226–227*, 339–346*

centre bit, C 193*

chisels, socket and tang, C 207*

clamps, devices for, C 201*

coping saw, C 20*

cutting tools, construction and action, C 169

dowel bit, C 194

draw knife, C 216*

drill bits, C 196

drills, C 193–198*

dulling edges on old lumber, B 75–76

files, kind and uses, C 204

Forstner bit, C 196*

gimlet bit, C 194*, 196

gouge, C 258–260*

hammers, C 203*

hand screw, C 200–201*

using, C 224–226*

mallet, C 200*

mitre box, C 228–231*

nail set, C 208*

oil stone, C 183*

planes, C 176–184*

pliers, C 199*

quality, C 133

rack, C 341*

rules, C 205

saw horse, making, C 143–149*

saws, C 169–175*

screw driver, C 199*

screw driver bit, C 195

sharpening, C 179–184*

shooting board

how to make, C 189*

how to use, C 106*

spirit level, C 205*

spokeshave, C 126

square, steel, C 205*, M 5*

surface plate, D 136

template, C 264*

vise, quick action, C 138*

winding sticks, D 137*

Carpets

cleaning, H 128

storing, H 348

See also Rugs

Carriages

cleaning, A 408

Carrier pigeons, K 180

Carrot

planting seed

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination period, G 32, 233

soil for, G 301

thinning plants, G 301

varieties, G 301

wild carrot, G 273, 278

Carving

shelf fungi, A 62

See also Wood carving

Case hardening, M 308–310

Cast-iron

brazing, M 312

Castors, Acme pin, D 193

Cat

characteristics, K 170–173

Cat (Game), K 339

Cat-stitch

embroidery stitch, N 102*

Cat-tail

characteristics, G 366

Catalpa

characteristics, G 367

ornamental value, G 353

Catbird

insect destroyer, A 456

migration, K 175

Caterpillars

collecting specimens, A 395

garden pests, G 282, 285, 287, 290

Cauliflower

cooking, preparation for, H 293

growing, G 299

insect pests, G 289

seed, germination per cent., G 233

time to plant, G 234

Cavies

care of pets, K 183–184

raising for pets, A 206

varieties, K 183

Cedar

red

characteristics, C 541

durability, C 494

white, characteristics, C 541

Cedar bird

migration, K 175

Cedar chest

making, C 377–380*

Ceiling

as reflector, H 121

care of, H 121

decorations to correct defects of height, D 38

Celery

blanching, G 132

fertilizer for, G 131

food value, H 255

insect pests, G 287, 290

planting plants, G 131–132

planting seeds, G 302

indoor planting time, G 233

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

germination period, G 32

soil for, G 131, 301

substitutes for, in salad, H 358

transplanting, G 302

trenches for, G 131

Cellar, H 208–213

care of, H 212

cleaning walls, H 210

materials for floor and wall, H 208, 210

must, preventing, H 212

racks for barrels and pans, H 213

rooms and equipment, H 210–211

ventilation, H 208

windows, H 208

Cells. See Electric batteries

Cellular kites, making, C 91–92*

Cement

cellar walls, H 208

coloring for pottery, D 208

columns, building, C 438–440

dams, B 246–247

engraver's receipt, M 205

floors, making, A 137

foundations

boat house, B 36

house, C 459

pergola, C 426–433

lining pond, G 135–136

mixing for floors and walks, A 137, B 20, 32, C 432, G 135

Portland, origin and uses, B 246–248

retaining walls, riverside, B 238–245

Cement blocks

making, B 242–245

Cement furniture, D 201–209*

color for inlaid designs, D 208

decoration, D 207*

finishing coat, D 206

scratch coat, making and laying, D 204

wire forms for, making, D 202–203

Cement walks

floating operation, B 33

jointing, B 34

laying out, B 9–12

leveling, B 30*

materials, B 19–20, 32

roots, danger from, B 15

sides, making, B 30*

tampers for, B 31

trench digging and filling, B 14, 29–30, 32

Centigrade scale, B 262

Centre punch. See Punch

Chafing dish, electric, E 113*

Chain-stitch

crocheting, N 308*

embroidery, N 99–100*

Chains

welding iron chains, M 250–253*

adding links, M 253

See also Bead work; Necklace

Chairs

box furniture making, C 406–408

dining-room, design, D 54*

Duxbury design, D 59

hall chair, design, D 48*

kitchen furniture, H 196

Morris chair

designs, D 50*, 189*

making, D 188–193*

See also Bench making; Settees

Chalk

French chalk, H 332, 360

lime composition, G 216

Chamber work, H 146–159

Chamois gloves

washing, H 331

Chamois skin

for leather work, N 84

Champleve

definition, M 208

enameling, M 202

Chanterelles, mushrooms, A 89

Character

influence of occupations on, A 6

Charcoal

how made, M 230

purifying qualities, H 242, 354

Charge accounts. See Accounts

Chasing metals

definition of, M 209

Chassis. See Automobiles

Checkerboard

designing and making, C 333–338*

table, making, C 337*

woods to use, C 332–333

Cheese

food value, H 254

Chemical elements

of food, H 248

of the human body, H 247

Cherry tree

characteristics of the wild or black variety, C 561

seeds, care of, A 48

wood for canes, A 59

Chest

making a box seat combination, C 476*

making a linen chest, C 377–380*

See also Tool boxes and chests

Chesterton, G. R.

keeping good health: quotation, H 244

Chestnut

characteristics of tree, C 562

chinquapins, characteristics, A 32–33

cultivating, A 31

disease, A 30

durability of the wood, C 494

food value, H 255

grafting trees, A 31

Japanese, hardy variety, A 30

varieties, A 30

weevil, pest, A 33

wood finish

antique, C 489

fuming, D 233

Chicken house. See Poultry houses

Chickens. See Poultry

Chickweed

class and seed time, G 278

Chimney, house

cold, meaning of, H 224

fire, extinguishing, H 234

"flashing", C 472

See also Flues

China aster

characteristics, G 329

Chinese lilies

water bulbs, G 168, 175

Chinese windlass, B 81

Chinquapin

characteristics, A 32–33

weevils, pest, A 33

Chip carving. See Wood carving

Chisel

cape chisel, making, M 299*

cold chisel, hardening and tempering, M 293

making, M 298*, 325*

what used for, M 225*

hot chisel

making, M 324*

what used for, M 225*

metal work tool, M 9*

sharpening, C 179–184*

silver work tool, making, M 157–158*

socket and tang, how to use, C 207–208*

stone chisel, forging, M 341–344*

wood chisel, forging, M 337–338

Chlorinated soda

ink stain remover, H 359

Chocolate

food value, H 256

Christmas greens

collecting and marketing, A 50–57

Christmas tree

harvesting, A 53

oak trees transformed, A 51

Chrysanthemum

back ground plants, G 321

characteristics, G 335

time of blooming, G 322

Chuck ribs, H 268

Cider

wastefulness in making, A 50

Cigar box

copper decorations, M 84*, 85

Cigar lighters, Electric, E 115*

Circle

how to draw, C 28–30*

Citizenship

training for, A 449–451

City water supply. See Water works

City yard

making and cost of a garden, G 23, 134–141

Clamps, C 201*

Clams

cooking, H 291

food value, H 254

testing, H 291

washing, H 291

Clap boards

for siding, C 445

removing, B 12

Clarkia

characteristics, G 328, 332

Claw tool

making, M 353*

Clay. See Soils

Clay modeling. See Pottery

Cleaning

delicate colors and textures, H 332

restoring color taken out by an acid or alkali, H 361

stains and spots on fabrics, H 358–361

woodwork, H 123

See also Brass; Carpets; Curtains; Embroidery; Flues; Furnace; Furniture; House cleaning; Matting; Pictures; Rugs; Shades; Tiles; Vegetables; Walls; Vacuum cleaners

Cleft grafting. See Grafting

Clematis

decorative value, G 359

Japanese, characteristics, G 365

Clippings

making envelope file, N 187–189*

Clocks

cases, making, C 276–290*

clocks for cases, selecting, C 276

electric clocks

alarm clocks, E 302

master clock, E 77–78

operation, E 75–78

program clocks, E 77

self winding, E 76

watchman's time detector, E 78*

fastening the clock into the case, C 282*

grandfather's clock, design and construction, C 284–290*

hall clock, design and construction, D 193–198*

wood finish, D 237

mantel clock, design and construction, C 282–284*

mission style, design and construction, C 277–278*

pendulum clock case, design and construction, C 281–282*

pulley mechanism, B 310*

wall clock, design and construction, C 279–281*

See also Watches

Cloisonne

definition of, M 209

enameling, M 201

Closets, Clothes

cleaning and care, H 53, 157

window in, D 12

Closets, Toilet

cleaning bathroom toilet, H 155

sanitary equipment and care of outdoor closets, H 222

Closing the house, H 349–351

Clothes basket for laundry, H 315

Clothes-horse, H 318

Clothes line, care of, H 311

Clothes pins, care of, H 315

Clothes poles, H 315

Clothes press. See Closets, Clothes

Clothing and dress

art and fashions, D 122

being well dressed, D 122–125

business women's attire, D 127

camp outfit, K 71–74

care of

importance, H 57

in bureau drawers, H 53–54

in closets, H 158

responsibility for, H 53

children's attire, D 127

color in, D 124

decorative principles, D 121

girl's equipment for outdoor sports, K 319–320

harmony and good lines, D 123

proportion of income assigned for, H 74, 76, 78

See also Dressmaking; Sewing

Clouds

cumulus, B 365

formation, B 356–357

hail clouds, B 366

Clubs

agricultural, organizing, A 452–454

garden club, G 3–16

outdoor club, A 451–454

science club, E 339

sewing club, N 11

wireless club, E 331–332

See also Boy Scouts of America

Coal

bituminous, value of, M 229

estimating energy in, E 6

specific gravity, B 279

supply decreasing, E 6

See also Fire making

Coasting, K 223

luge-ing, K 371

Coat hangers

making, C 266*

Cocklebur

class and seed time, G 278

Cockroaches, H 362

Cocoa

food value, H 256

Cocoanuts

food value, H 255

Cocoon. See Silkworms

Codfish

combinations for food value, H 257

food value, H 253

Codling moth

woodpecker enemy of, K 168

Coffee

camp cooking, K 87

Coffee mill

mechanical principle of, B 307–308*

Coffee percolator, Electric, E 113*

Coffee pots

care of, H 207

Coffee stains, H 359

Coffee tree, Kentucky

characteristics, C 566

Cold chisel. See Chisel

Coldframe

changing to a hotbed, G 38

directions for making, G 48–50*

drilling the rows, G 98

planning, G 19

soil and location, G 97

storage for endive, G 305

transplanting from, G 101–102

Coleus

bedding plant, G 324

Collar

metal work appliance, M 209

Collar, dress. See Dressmaking; Irish Crochet

Collar slides

silver work, M 170–171*

Collecting. See Insects; Plants; Seaweed; Shells

College athletics

best records made in intercollegiate contests, K 336

College education

earning, A 3, 7

Color

due to wave length, E 315

in dress, D 124

restoring to fabrics, H 361

See also Floral decoration; House decoration

Colts. See Horses

Columbine

habits and characteristics, G 341, 364

Columns, concrete

constructing and setting for pergola, C 434–440*

Combs

silver work, M 194–196*

Commutation (Electricity)

brushes, E 36

principle of, E 35–36

Compass

use in drawing, C 28–30

Compost. See Fertilizers and manures

Concrete. See Cement

Cones. See Pine

Conic sections

describing, B 338*

Coniferous trees, C 535–542

Conservation of natural resources

conserving nature's crops, A 92–94

See also Forestry

Cook

duties, H 109, 112

Cook book

making from books and magazines, H 284

Cookery, H 274–308

camp cookery, K 75–92*

definition, H 274

emergencies, H 354–357

freshening bread or cake, H 353

left overs, utilizing, H 355, K 89

mixtures, principles of, H 296–305

preparation of foods for, H 285–305

processes, H 275–285

purpose of, H 275

sequence of work in getting a meal, H 305–308

soda, uses of, H 356

substitutes for articles called for by receipts, H 354–355

sun as cook, H 274

time tables, H 309–310

warming over food, H 355

See also Baking; Boiling; Braising; Bread; Broiling; Cake; Canning and preserving; Coffee; Corn; Desserts; Diet; Eggs; Electric cooking; Fireless cookers; Fish; Food; Frying; Game; Meat; Mushrooms; Oysters; Pastry; Poultry; Rice; Roasting; Shell fish; Soups; Stewing; Tea; Traveler's cooker; Vegetables

Coons. See Raccoons

Copper work

annealing, M 21

ash tray, M 85*

belt buckle, M 88–90*, 195*

belt pin, D 350*

bill file, M 124–126*

book mark, M 128*

book rack, M 121*, D 351*

bowls, M 19–25*

chalice, M 60*

loving cup, M 86

nut set, M 38*

shaping, M 19*

box for jewels, M 112–115*

candlestick, M 47–56*

drip pan, M 48*

night candle holder, M 50–52*

sconce, M 52–56*

shaping, M 48*

card tray, D 355–358*

cedar chest, trimmings, M 115–117*

chalice, M 60–63*

cigar box decorations, M 84*, 85

coloring, D 357, M 202, 204, 205

corners, D 353*

cutting heavy copper, M 34*

desk set, M 117–129*

draw filing, M 37

enameling on copper, D 354, 355

facets, how made, M 22

filing, M 36–38*

hammering, M 21–23*, 29–30*, 39*

handles

candlestick, M 49

loving cup, M 87*

making and riveting, M 76–77

making and soldering, M 78–79

hat pin, D 348–50*, M 64–67*

soldering pin to head, M 68*

hat pin holder, M 69–72*

hinges, M 100–106*, 112–115*

ink well holder, M 118–121*

jars, M 56–60*, 82–85*

jewel box, M 107–115*

hinges, M 112–115*

knobs on lids, M 83

lamp, Electric, M 92–96*

lamp shade

framework, M 96–98*

setting glass, M 98–99*

letter opener, D 347*

letter rack, D 346–347*

lids

chalice, M 62–63*

ink well holder, M 120*

jewel box, M 111–112*

rose jar, M 59

tobacco jar, M 83–84*

loving cup, M 86–88*

match safe, M 81–82*

molds for, M 27–28

nut set, M 38–40*

nut spoon, M 39–40*

paper knife, D 347*, M 34–38*, 126*

turned handle, M 127*

patina, imitation, M 202

composition for, M 204

pen tray, M 118–119*

polishing, M 25

rose jar, M 56–60*

Russian coffee pot, M 63*

sawing, M 35–36*

sconce, M 52–56*

serving tray, M 75–77*

sheet copper, grades, M 14

smoking set, M 79–86*

soldering

handles, M 78–79

hat pin, M 68*

spindle, M 124–126*

spoon for nut set, M 39–40*

teapot stand, D 351–353*

tobacco jar, M 82–85*

trays, M 26–33*, 75–77*

ash tray, M 85*

handles, making and riveting, M 76–77

pen tray, M 118*

round, M 26–31*

serving tray, M 75–77*

smoking set, M 80–81*

square, M 31–33*

watch fob, D 353–355*

See also Brass work; Metal work; Silver work; Tools

Copyright

application items, B 426

assigning rights, B 425

directions for securing, B 422–426

duplicate certificates, B 425

fees for recording, B 423

issue of work, not limited, B 425

invalid, when, B 423

labels, B 426

paintings, statues, etc., B 426

penalties for breaking laws, B 423, 424

projected work, B 425

renewals, B 425

term, B 424

trade marks, B 426

translation rights, B 424

volumes and variations, B 425

Coral

how coral is formed, G 216

Coral bells

characteristics, G 334

Coral fungi, A 86

Coreopsis

annual, G 322

characteristics, G 329

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Corn

contest in growing corn, G 142–150

cooking dried corn, A 428

cultivation of soil, G 144

drying, A 427–428

food value, H 255

husking for cooking, H 294

husks, uses of, A 63

insect pests, G 290

percentage of corn to cob, G 148

points for judging, G 147

planting seeds

distance to plant, G 42, 144

depth to plant, G 35, 42, 144, 235

quantity to plant, G 36, 144

time to plant, G 234

planting varieties near together, G 145

pollination, how plants are fertilized, G 145

raising on a suburban lot, A 124

seed

age for planting, G 34

book about, A 518

germination per cent., G 33, 233

selection, G 142–144, 228, A 410–412*

soil required, G 19, 144

stalk pith, use of, A 63

Corn meal

food value, H 254

cleansing property, H 332

Corned beef

food value, H 252

Cornell University

poultry course, A 173

Cornflower

biennial, G 332

characteristics, G 330, 332

planting, G 159

self-sowing, G 316

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Corning, W. O.

experiment with raising goats, A 116–118

Coronation braid

how to braid, N 108–111*

Cosmos

characteristics, G 332

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Cost of living

division of income, H 69–86

Cottages

building and furnishing a simple home, D 366–374*

cost of materials, D 372

Cotyledon

seed nourishment, G 230

Couch Cover

weaving design, D 260–262

Couch hammock, C 478–480*

Couching

embroidery stitches, N 124*

Counterpane

making for doll-bed, N 55*

Counting-out rhymes, K 340

Country homes. See Cottages

Country life

making the country a better place to live in, A 449–512

See also Camping; Gardening; Sports

Court, tennis, K 341

Cover for note book

tooled leather, D 331–336

Cows

milking, A 245–247

by electricity, E 54

profits in keeping cows, A 243–244

from one cow on a suburban lot, A 123–126

testing for milk supply, A 244

See also Calf; Milk

Crab (Machine), B 79*

Crabapple, Wild

butter or sauce, A 22

regions found, A 21

Crabs

food value, H 254

cooking soft shell crabs, H 293

opening and cooking hard shells, H 292

Craigin, Belle S.

Amateur's experience in poultry raising, A 166–168

Cranks (Machinery)

crank motion, B 312*

mechanism, B 319*

Cream. See Milk and cream

Cream of tartar

uses, H 301

Credit. See Accounts

Creepers

insect destroyers, A 456

Creosote

wood preservative, C 494

Cricket, K 341–343

Crocheting, N 306–319*

abbreviations for stitches, N 306

chain stitch, N 308*

crazy stitch, N 326

cross stitch, N 318*

doll's cap, N 320–321

doll's hug-me-tight, N 321–323*

double crochet, N 308*

edging stitch

loop, N 311*

narrow, N 313*

tiny edging, N 311*

fringe, N 317

hooks, N 306–307*

insertion stitch

cone, N 314*

loop, N 312*

tiny insertion, N 310*

insertion with ribbon, N 315*

jacket, N 323–324*

shell stitch, N 329–332*

patterns, N 320–332*

position of hands, N 307*

rainbow pattern, N 316–317*

scarf, cross stitch, N 318*

shawl, rainbow pattern, N 316–317*

shells, N 310*, 329–332*

single crochet stitch, N 308*, 324*

slip stitch, N 308

slippers, N 324–329*

crazy stitch, N 326*

star stitch, N 326–329*

star stitch, N 324*, 326*

treble crochet, N 309*

washing, N 332*

Crocus

planting in lawns, A 169, 434

planting tables, G 177, 178

Crops

succession crops, G 92

See also Gardening

Croquet, K 343

golf-croquet, K 354

See also Roque

Cross bow spring, B 266*

Cross stitch

embroidery stitches, N 103–106*, 107*, 108*

marking towels, N 156

Crosses

drawing designs, C 25*, 27

Greek, inlay design, C 322

Crowbars

making, M 352*

Crows

as pets, K 176

Crucible cast steel. See Steel

Crumb tray and scraper

brass work, M 135–136*

Crystals, snow, B 367*

Cuckoo

insect eater, A 456

Cucumber

food value, H 255

how to peel, H 294

indoor planting time, G 233

insect pests, G 290

origin of, G 303

planting seed

directions, G 303

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

thinning plants, G 303

Cucumber vine

ornamental value, G 359

Cuff links

metal work, M 192–194*

Cuffs. See Dressmaking

Cumulus, B 365

Curling (Game), K 344

Curling iron, Electric, E 116*

Curtains

dry cleaning, H 332

dusting, H 131

girl's room, furnishings, N 380–381

materials for stenciling, N 81

stencil design, N 75*

stenciling, D 108–117*

stretching, H 328

valance, D 116

washing, H 328–329

weaving, designs and materials, D 262–265

See also Block printing

Curves

drawing, B 339*

Cushions. See Pillows

Cut worms, G 293

detecting and destroying, G 284

toads enemies of, K 168

Cyanide bottle for killing insects, A 379*, K 152

Cypress

varieties and characteristics, C 540

D

Dado joints, C 236*, 255

Daffodil

narcissus family, G 169

Van Sion variety, G 168

white and yellow, planting table, G 177, 178

Dairy cow. See Cows

Dairy Products

food value, H 254

See also Butter; Milk

Dairying

book about, A 517

keeping accounts, A 241–242

sanitary milk pail, A 246*

Daisy

characteristics of the English daisy, G 334

class and seed time of ox-eyed and yellow, G 278

embroidery stitches, N 177–179*

Dampers

in pipes and ovens, H 229

principle of stoves and ranges, H 227–230

Dams

famous dams of concrete, B 246–247

Dandelion

class and seed time, G 278

greens, A 63

Daphne

characteristics, G 355

Darning

Limerick darning, lace stitches, N 234

stockings, N 9–11*

Dates

food value, H 255

Day and night

cause of, B 213

Debit. See Accounts

Decanter

washing, H 183

Decoration and ornament

woods suitable for, C 240

See also Block printing; Carving; Embroidery; Enamel and enameling; Floral decoration; House decoration; Leather work; Metal work; Pottery; Pyrography; Stenciling; Wood carving

Decoration, interior. See House decoration

Deer

book about, A 518

Design.

See Architecture; Basket making; Bead work; Brass work; Copper work; Embroidery; Furniture; House decoration; Leather work; Metal work; Pottery; Silver work; Stenciling; Wood carving

Desk

library desk

design, D 47*

design and construction, D 184–187*

wood finish, D 237

mission style writing desk, design, C 375*

writing desk, design, D 50*

Desk pad

copper fittings, making, M 122–124*

leather, design and making, D 335–338*

Desk sets

copper, M 117–129*

pen and ink trays, gouge work, C 258–264*

Dessert

combinations for food value, H 259

Deutzia

characteristics, G 256

Devil's snuff box, A 87

Dibber, G 47*

Dies (Metal work)

making, M 206–208

Diet

carbohydrates, H 248–252, 277

chemical properties, H 249

giving undue concern to, H 244–247

ideal, objection to, H 261

principles of, H 246–263

proteins, H 248–252, 277

See also Food

Digestion. See Diet

Digitalis

made from foxglove, A 57

Dining-room, H 160–187

care of, H 51, 160–171

furniture

arrangement, D 61

design, D 53–57*

ideal, H 187

plan in the model house, D 9

work, setting and serving the table, H 160–171

Dirigible balloons, B 162

Dish washing

cloths, care of, H 184

decanters and bottles, H 183

egg stains, removing, H 183

glasses, H 180

preparation of dishes, H 179

process, H 179–185

rinsing dishes, H 182

silver, H 181

steel knives, H 184

wiping and putting away, H 52, 182–184

without running water, H 178

Disinfectants

use in plumbing, H 218

Ditch drains. See Drainage

Dividers (Tools)

forging, M 340–341*

using in metal working, M 5*, 24*

Diving, K 238*

girls as divers, K 320

Dixie's land (Game), K 345

Dock, yellow

class and seed time, G 278

Dogs

as friends, K 187

bathing, K 188

boarding dogs as a business, A 237–238

profits from, A 239

breeds, K 187–188

farm dogs, A 106

feeding, A 238, K 188

puppies, A 224

fleas, K 188, 189

house, working drawing of a toy house, C 42*

housing, K 188

punishing, K 189

raising, A 223–226

story of success in, A 235–240

selecting a pet, K 187–188

training, A 249–252, K 189–192

for cattle herding, A 250, 251

for hunting, K 190–192

for retrieving, A 250

for running machinery, A 255–256

Dog's tooth violet

characteristics, G 342

Dogwood

characteristics, C 563, G 356

Doilies

Irish crochet edge, N 335*

Doll's clothes

cap

crocheted, N 320–321*

knitted, N 362*

cape, knitted, N 360*

hug-me-tight, crocheted, N 321–323*

jacket, knitted, N 360–362

leggings, knitted, N 363*

See also Dressmaking; Sewing

Doll's furniture

bed fittings, N 50–56*

cigar box trunk, H 12

pasteboard box for bed, H 11, 12

Domestic Animals

books about, A 517

raising, A 100–202

for pets, A 203–240

See also Cat; Cow; Dog; Horse; Pigeon; Poultry; Sheep; Swine

Domestic Economy. See Housekeeping

Door handles

metal work, M 406, 407, 416*

Door hasp

forging, M 338–340*

Door knockers

escutcheon plate, M 410*, 412–414

iron metal work, M 410–415*

Door pulls

metal work, M 415*

Doors

batten door, C 448*

electric door opener, E 55*

frames, setting, C 469

hanging, C 474

inside trim, C 473*

paneled, C 354–355, 528–530*

saddles, C 474

Dough. See Bread; Pastry

Dovetail joints, C 253*, 256*, 313–314*

Dowel bit, C 194

Dowel for weaving, N 297

Dowel joints, C 251*

Doweling, D 134

Dracenas

window box plant, G 193

Drafting. See Mechanical drawing

Dragon-flies

habits, A 388

Drainage

ditch building, G 123

grading and digging, G 114

pipe, depth laid, G 111

problem for garden plot, G 110–122

"sighting" for drop and bed level, G 112–114

sloping land, G 17

standing water, G 21

stones for trough, setting, G 116

tiles, laying, G 115

types of drains, G 22

wooden troughs, disadvantage of, G 115

Drainage, House. See Plumbing; Refrigerator

Draught

of open fires, H 224

principle of stoves and ranges, H 227–230

Draw knife, C 216*

Draw plate

definition of, M 209

Drawer pulls

metal work, M 417–419*

Drawing

designing a corner for stencil work, D 111

designs for block printing, D 100–101*

how to enlarge or reduce a drawing, C 390, B 339

outline drawing for stencil work, D 112

See also Mechanical drawing

Drawing board

making, C 24*, 381–383*

Drawing instruments

making a box for, C 240*

making a mechanical drawing outfit, C 381–398

Drawnwork, N 207–226*

all-over, N 213–220*

Bulgarian weaving patterns, N 222–226*

butterfly pattern, N 220–222*

convent work, N 213–216*

daisy pattern, N 219*

feather stitch, N 212*

filling spaces, N 219

frames for, N 222

handkerchiefs, N 213–219*

maltese cross, N 219

Mexican, N 211*

sheaf stitch, N 211*

soaping threads, N 213

twist stitch, N 212*

See also Fagotting; Hardanger embroidery; Hemstitching

Dress. See Clothing and dress

Dresser. See Bureau

Dressmaking

bands, cutting, N 64

bias bands, cutting, N 65

box plaits, N 71

collars

cutting, N 64

fastening to waist, N 70

cuffs

cutting, N 64

sewing on sleeves, N 68

cutting from a pattern, N 63–67*

frills, cutting, N 64

patterns

allowing for seams, N 65

cutting doll's skirt from, N 42*

cutting from, N 63–67

drawing and cutting, N 41*

notches and perforations, N 66

pinning material on, N 66–67*

plaiting skirt, N 71–72*

seams, tailored, N 72

skirts

bands, N 39*, 44

basting seams, N 42

cutting from a pattern, N 42, 63–64*

hemming, N 36, 43

plackets and gussets, N 35–40*, 43

plaiting, N 71–72*

putting on the bands, N 44

sleeves

cutting, N 64

gathering, N 69*

putting into waist, N 70*

putting together, N 68*

waists

cutting, N 64

cutting from pattern, N 67*

joining seams, N 69

See also Sewing

Driftwood

gathering, A 405

Drilling and boring tools

draw boring, C 415*

drills for copper and silver, M 9*

forging and tempering rock drills, M 344–349*

forging hand drills, M 347–349*

kinds and their uses, C 193–198*

Driveways of ashes, G 77

Drowning

method of rescue from, K 239

Dry cleaning

delicate and light-colored articles, H 332

Duck on a rock (Game), K 345

Ducks

book about, A 517

brooders, A 193

characteristics, A 192

feeding ducklings, A 192

how to select for cooking, H 271

marketing, A 191

raising, A 190–193

ducks versus chickens, A 191–192

story of a boy's animal cage, A 235

varieties, K 181

water not essential for raising, A 190–191

wood ducks, domesticating, A 462*

Duplicating machine, B 416

Dusting

bedroom, H 53

floors, H 125

house cleaning process, H 145

little services, H 51

opening the house, H 352

Dutch collar

Irish crochet, N 346–350*

Dutch oven, K 81

Dyeing

colors, how to obtain, D 278–279

hints, D 277–278

lace, N 238

Dynamometer, B 324*

Dynamos, E 3–9

alternating current, E 21–24

batteries replaced by, E 249–250

construction of a simple dynamo, E 222–225*

definition of, E 19

efficiency, E 5–6

field, E 9, 11–13

generating electricity, E 9–10

how a dynamo generates both direct and alternating currents, E 222

how used as a motor, E 45–48

installing, E 225

load, E 105

magneto, E 19–24*

illustration of use, E 21–23

rate of vibration, E 22–23

use for ringing telephone bells, E 287–290*

principle of a simple dynamo, E 11–13*

producing tones with, E 293–295

series wound, E 34*

shunt wound, E 34*

transmitters not power producers, E 7

See also Armatures

E

Earth

attraction exerted by sun and moon, B 229–230

diameter, B 213

distance from sun and moon, B 229–230

elements, B 214

globular form proved, B 212–213*

rotation, B 213, 214

Eddy kites

making, C 86*

Edging. See Crocheting; Irish crochet

Edison, Thomas A.

discovery of carbon filaments, E 134

new storage battery, E 262–263

Eggplant

cooking preparation, H 294

parasites on, G 304

planting seed, G 304

indoor planting time, G 233

time to plant, G 234

seed, germination per cent., G 233

soil for, G 304

transplanting, G 304

Eggs

cooking, preparation for, H 288

ducks' eggs, A 192

fancy breed eggs, A 221

food value, H 254

gold fish eggs, A 229

Guinea fowl, value of, A 179

insect eggs, A 393

judging freshness of, H 271

marketing, A 158

pheasant eggs, packing, A 199

preserving

for winter use, A 177–178

yolks in water, H 357

record for laying hens, A 157

selecting for sitting hens, A 148

separating yolks from whites, H 288

stains

removing, H 183

See also Poultry

Egyptian Pyramids, B 54–56

Elderberries

canning, receipt, A 16

picking, A 15

steam pudding, receipt, A 16

Electric annunciators

construction and operation, E 68–71*

Electric apparatus and appliances

using electricity to aid the memory, E 301–304

See also Armatures; Clocks; Dynamos; Telegraph; Telephone; Vacuum cleaners; and words beginning Electric

Electric armatures. See Armatures

Electric batteries

cells, positive and negative plates, E 256, 261

dry cells

cost, E 166

increase of voltage by increased resistance, E 194–198

structure, E 250–251

use for lighting a summer camp, E 162–167*

electrolytic cells, E 257–260

galvanic cells

depolarizing agent, E 256

effect of heat on chemical action, E 254

electricity produced by chemical action, E 251

polarization of, E 256–257

replaced by dynamos, E 249–250

simple cell, chemical action, E 254–256

sparking apparatus for a gasolene engine, E 178–203*

storage batteries, E 258–263

Edison battery, construction and care, E 262–263

lead, construction and care of, E 261–262

why they run down, E 192–194

Electric bells

alternating current bells, E 288

equipment and installation in a house, E 296–299

operated by induced current, E 350–352

operated by wireless outfit, E 324*

operation of electric bells and buzzers, E 72–75*

transmitter in wireless telegraph, E 321

Electric buzzer

operation, E 72–73*

used in electric organ, E 278–279

Electric cars

electric heaters, E 125

See also Electric railroads

Electric central station, E 204–217*

Electric cigar lighter, E 115*

Electric circuit breakers, E 78*

Electric circuits

open and closed, E 73

Electric clocks. See Clocks

Electric conductors

copper sulphate, E 259

copper versus iron, E 64

effect of impurities in water, E 64

salt solution, E 253, 265

water, E 200

Electric controllers

arc lamp feed, E 84

automatic

air control, E 53

principle of, E 49–53*

elevator switches, E 83

principle of, E 17

See also Electric rheostat

Electric cooking

broilers, E 114*

chafing dish, E 113*

coffee percolator, E 113*

fireless cooker, E 128–132*, 308

hot plate, E 110–113*

oven, E 114, 305–308*

toaster, E 115

traveler's cooker, E 113*

with incandescent lamps, E 127*

Electric curling iron, E 116*

Electric currents

alternating

definition, E 31

for telephone bells, E 288

generation of, E 11

how produced, E 21–24

changing alternating to direct currents, E 238–239

chemical reaction produced by powerful currents, E 263–264

decomposition of water, E 264

different currents pass through the same wire, E 187

direct, definition of, E 31

induced current

by interrupting the circuit, E 184

by moving the magnet, E 17–18

direction of, E 186

experiments, E 349–352

magnetic field about, E 353*

primary and secondary, in spark coils, E 184–192*

produced by chemical action, E 251–263

rectifiers, E 238–239

secondary, voltage, E 189–190

telephone, E 287

Electric engine

principle of a toy engine, E 58*

Electric flash light, E 154–155*

Electric flasher, E 120–125*

Electric fuses, E 117*

"blowing", E 146, 292

Electric gas lighter, E 118–120*

Electric generators. See Dynamos

Electric heating

apartments, E 125

applications, E 107–159

bedroom heater, E 126*

cars, E 125

hot plates versus incandescent lamps, E 131

pad, E 117

principle of, E 97–106*

See also Electric cooking

Electric hot plate, E 110–113*

Electric incubator, E 114

Electric induction coil

illustration, E 96

Electric insulators and insulation, E 14

glass knobs for telephone wires, E 290

Electric iron, E 243*

principle and cost of using, E 107–110

Electric lamps, Arc

arc lamp feed, E 84

carbons, adjustment, E 150–152*

glass globes, economy of, E 150–152

mechanism, E 147–150

mercury vapor lamp, E 155–156*

Moore light, E 156

search light, E 153*

stereopticon, E 153*

Electric lamps, incandescent

burglar's flash light, E 154–155*

connecting lamps with the circuit, E 142*

construction, E 142–143*

cooking with, E 127*

current required, E 30

filament

carbon, E 134–135

life of, E 144–145

making of, E 142

testing, E 141

development of, E 132–135*

metal, E 145–146

platinum wire, E 133

sizes, measuring, E 134

hylo, use and cost of, E 138*

intensity, comparison of, E 137–141

Nernst lamps, E 157

numbers manufactured, E 134

operating by induced currents, E 349–352*

operating by wireless outfit, E 327

resistance, E 29

of lamps in parallel, E 123*

socket, E 143*

tungsten lamp, E 141*, 144, 145

Electric light

percentage of waste in producing, E 150

search light, E 153*

Electric light fixtures

copper lamp, M 92–96*

design, D 361–364*

Electric lighting

cost, E 41, 139–141, 144

fitting up a summer camp, E 160–167

growth of demand for, E 134

Electric measurements

units, E 37–42*

ampere, E 30

kilowatt hour, E 41

volt, E 39

watt, E 39

Electric meters

care when closing house, H 351

reading, H 239

See also Ammeter; Voltmeter; Wattmeter

Electric milking machine, E 54

Electric motors, E 43–56

acting as dynamo, E 36

compared with dynamo, E 47–48*

E. M. F. in motors, E 48

See also Electric controller

Electric organs, E 55, 278–279*, 293–295

pipe organ, E 44–52

Electric oven, E 114

automatic control of temperature, E 306–308*

brick, construction, E 305–308

Electric potential

meaning of difference in potential, E 200–202

Electric power

conversion of steam into electric energy, E 4

cost in large and small plants, E 204

production of, E 3–10

Electric power distribution

cost, E 210

distances, power and cost, E 210–211

loss in transmission, E 210, 216

voltage in relation to distances, E 211

Electric power plants

central stations, E 204–205*

equipping an amateur plant, E 220–239

estimating the capacity, E 219

number and annual output in the United States, E 205

water power for, E 202–217

Electric pumps

use of, E 51–54

Electric push buttons, E 74–75*

for elevators, E 69–70*

house bells, E 297–299

Electric railroads

current controller, principle of, E 53

toy operated by wireless outfit, E 325–327*

what moves the cars, E 16

Electric resistance

impedance, E 285–286

laws for wires, E 120

of electric lamps, E 29

of lamps in parallel, E 123*

ohmic resistance, E 285

principle of electric heating and lighting, E 100–106

resistance board, E 30

starting box, E 48, 81–83*

telephone circuit, E 285–287

unit, ohm, E 91–93

variation of heat with resistance, E 291

wires, diameters and resistance, E 136

Electric rheostats, E 47–49*

See also Electric controller

Electric seal, A 491

Electric shock

conditions necessary, E 170

electric waves, E 315

experiments with spark coil, E 176, 178–180, 180–183*

how it feels, E 170–177

Electric shower bath

constructing, E 244–247*

Electric soldering iron, E 116

Electric spark coil

automobile spark coil, E 95*

gasolene engine equipment, E 178–203*

how voltage is raised by the spark coil, E 180–183

jump spark coils, E 184

make and break coils, E 183

primary and secondary, E 188–192

principle, E 180–187*

telephone, E 279–281*

vibrator, E 190

voltage, E 191

wireless telegraph, E 321–322*

with two windings, E 187–191*

Electric spinner, E 57*

Electric switches, E 74–75*

circuit breakers, E 78*

double-pole, single throw, E 52*

Electric thermostat, E 124

for brick oven, E 306–308*

Electric toys

engine, E 58*

spinner, E 57*

train operated by wireless, E 325–327

Electric transformer

construction, E 212–216*

illustration, E 96*

magnetic circuit, E 214*

relation of voltage to windings, E 215

step-up and step-down transformer, E 216

Electric washing machine

construction and use, E 241–243*

Electric waves, E 309–323

changes in length, E 316

Hertzian waves, E 346

Electric welding, E 158–159

Electric wires

diameters, E 135–137

glass knobs for insulating, E 290

ground wire for wireless telegraph, E 321

resistance

laws of, E 120

tables, E 135–137

Electric wiring

use of earth circuit, E 290–291

Electricity

Ampere's rule, E 30–32

chemical transformer, E 256

doing chores with, E 241–243*

E. M. F., meaning, E 203

electrical current compared with water current, E 176, 197–198, 201

every-day uses, list, E 219

galvanic, E 248

how electricity feels, E 170, 177

medical use, E 175

Ohm's law, E 92–93

See also Induction (Electricity); Telegraph; Telephone; Wireless telegraph; also headings beginning Electric and Electro

Electrocution, E 175–176

of rats, E 271–273*

Electrolysis

of solutions, E 257–261

of water, E 264–266

Electrolyte, E 256

Electrolytic actions in every-day life, E 266–270

Electrolytic cell, E 257–260

Electromagnet, E 11–24

applications of, E 54–96*

arc lamp control, E 148

construction, E 15*

discovery of, E 14, 17

lifting power, E 15–16, 79–81

magnetic intensity, E 16

principle of, E 14–15

strength compared to bar magnets, E 16

use in relay, E 322

Electrometallurgy

separating iron from ore, E 79*

Electromotive force

counter electromotive force in motors, E 48*

Electroplating, E 259–261

Elevators

electric controllers, operation of, E 83

how annunciators are operated, E 68–71*

Elijah and the widow's cruse of oil, H 32

Ellipse, drawing, B 210–211*, C 19*

string and pin method, C 112*

trammel method, C 113*

Elm

red or slippery elm, C 558

rock or cork elm, C 560

white or American, C 559

Embankments

retaining wall for riverside, B 238–245

wall for lawn, G 74

Emblems

bullion embroidery, N 155

Embossing iron, M 361

Embroidery, N 98–241*

bars, twisted and woven, N 141*

blanket stitch, N 142*

bullion stitch, N 165–166*

bullion work, N 154–156

butterfly pattern, drawnwork, N 220–222*

buttonhole and satin stitch design, N 166*

buttonholing, N 130–134*, 142–145*

card case, N 183–186*

cat stitch, N 102, 215*

chain stitch, N 99–100*

cleaning

washing, H 329, N 136–137

without washing, N 379

collars, Hedebo embroidery, N 203*

combination stitch, N 148–154*

combinations of colors and stitches, D 118–119

compass design, N 167–168

couching stitch, N 124*

cross stitch, N 103–106*, 107*, 108*

daisies, N 167, 177–180*

designs, planning, D 118

drawnwork, N 211–226*

eyelet work, N 160–163*

fagotting, N 145–146*, 229*

feather-stitching, N 116–118*

flower work, N 176–189*

colors, N 176

shading, N 179–180

stems, N 180

French knots, N 164–165*

Hardanger, N 190–197*

Hedebo embroidery

bars, N 204*

circles, N 204–206*

materials for, N 202

triangles, N 204*

hemstitching, N 207–210*, 215*

herring-bone stitch, N 101*

honeycomb stitch, N 144*

hoops, N 122–123

ismet stitch, N 125*

Kensington stitch, N 178–179*

lace, embroidering on, N 180

ladder stitch, N 158–159*

lazy-daisy stitch, N 119–120*

leaves, shading, N 179

letters, N 147–154*

lingerie hats, N 171–174

long and short stitch, N 177*

monograms, N 152–154*

needles, N 121

outline stitch

combination stitches, N 148–154*

rough and smooth, N 101*

padding, N 99, 130–131, 147–148, 156

picots, N 192*, 194*

pin cushion top, N 193–196*

pyramid stitch, Hardanger, N 195*

ribbon work, N 181–189*

card case, N 183–186*

rococo, N 181–189*

Roman cut work, N 138–142*

satin stitch, N 147–149*, D 119

design, N 158*

scalloping, N 132–133

drawing scallops, N 135

seeding, N 154*

shadow embroidery, N 125–128*

silks, when not to use, N 157

skeleton stitch, N 381

smocking, N 112–114*

spider stitch, N 142

stamping patterns, N 128–129

star patterns, Hardanger, N 191*

stem stitch, N 154

substitute for, N 379*

suggestions for a girl's room, N 372–381

threading the needle, N 103

tools, N 121–123

Turkish stitch, N 125*

Van Dyke stitch, N 151*

Wallachian embroidery, N 134–137*

Emergencies, housekeeping, H 353–369

Enamel and enameling, M 197–211

backing, M 208

basse-taille, M 208

black spots, removing, M 201

champleve method, M 202, 208

characteristics of enamel, M 197

cloisonne, M 201, 209

finishing, M 201

firing process, M 199–201

muffle furnace for, M 199

on copper, D 354–355

on silver, D 355

placing enamel on metal, M 198

polishing, M 205

preparing enamel, M 197

tools, M 197

unsoldering, M 205

See also Wood finishing

Enamel ware

kitchen utensils, H 201

Endive

blanching, G 305

planting and transplanting, G 305

seed, time to plant, G 234

winter culture, G 305

Engineering. See Mechanics

Engines

external and internal combustion, B 121–122, 128–130, 387

oscillating, B 333–334*

parallel motion, mechanism, B 332–333*

speed regulator, B 328*

steam versus gas or oil, advantages, B 121

See also Electric engines; Electric motors; Gasolene motors; Horse power; Steam engines; Turbines

English bind weed (Morning glory)

class and seed time, G 278

Engraving

cement, M 205

iron work, M 361

Ensigns, code, B 108, 109

Entomology. See Insects

Envelope for clippings

making, N 187–189*

Equestrian polo, K 377

Ermine, A 495

Escallops. See Scallops

Escutcheon plates, M 410*, 412–414

Etching

iron work, M 362

Ether (of space)

chemical waves, effect of, E 336

development of the universal ether idea, E 339–348

kinds of ether waves, E 310–316

medium for transmitting wave motions, E 343

original meaning, E 344

wave theory, exponents of, E 344–346

waves sent forth by Halley's comet, E 333–338

Evergreens, C 535–542

for hedge, G 82

landscape gardening, G 354

southern smilax, A 54

See also Pine

Exercise

value of, K 10–13

walking, K 14–17

Exhibits, vegetables and flowers, G 201–208

flowers, arrangement, G 205

labeling, G 205

vegetables

arrangement, G 202, 204

preparation of, G 202

Eyelet work

designs for, N 163*, 164*, 167–168

edges of, N 169

lingerie hat, N 169*

making eyelets, N 161–162*

padded eyelets, N 162*

Eyes and hooks

sewing on, N 24–25*

F

Face plate

definition of, M 209

Fagots

collecting, A 406

Fagotting

lace stitches, N 229*

Bermuda fagotting stitch, N 145–146*

Fahrenheit scale, B 261

Fancy work. See Applique; Basket making; Bead work; Braiding; Crocheting; Embroidery; Hemstitching; Knitting; Lace making; Needle work; also names of articles, e. g., Pin case; Sewing apron, etc.

Faraday, Michael

discovery of magneto-induction, E 14, 17

theory of ether phenomena, E 345

Farm machines

dog power for running, A 255

Farmers' bulletins

how to secure, A 513

Farming.

See Dairying; Domestic animals; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Flower gardening; Forestry; Fruit; Gardening; Irrigation; Soils; Trees; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables

Fashion. See Clothing and dress

Fat (Game), K 346

Fats

food composition and value, H 249, 250

frying fats, H 282

proportion in diet, H 249, 252

Feather race, K 347

Feather-stitching

decorations in, N 119

double stitch, N 117*

marking with, N 156

seaweed stitch, N 118*

single stitch, N 116*

threads, N 118*

Feathers

goose, A 189–190

poultry, A 159

Feed rolls

mechanism, B 316*

Fences. See Hedges

Fermentation

principle of, A 414

Fern dish

making pottery, D 310–313*

Ferns

care of, in house, G 197

gathering, A 55, 359

varieties to grow, G 198

Fertilization of plants, G 246–248

Fertilizers and manures

amount required for poor soil, G 18

hen manure, A 143

leaf mold, making, A 421–424

preparing manure for hotbeds, G 108

sod for compost, G 262

source of nitrogen, G 223

wood ashes, A 433

for strawberries, G 94

See also Humus; Lime; Nitrates; Phosphates; Potash

Field athletics. See Track athletics

Field, Cyrus, W.

and the Atlantic cable, E 65

Figs

food value, H 255

Files and rasps, C 204

draw filing in copper work, M 37

metal work, M 9

Filing cabinet

construction, C 358–359*

drawer designs to represent books, C 397*

for drawings, making, C 395–396

Filling. See Wood finishing

Finance. See Accounts; Allowances; Housekeeping; Income

Finger bowls

brass work, M 133–135*

use of, H 172

Finishing. See Wood finishing

Fir. See Balsam

Fire

mystery of flame, H 226

Fire extinction

burning grease, H 236

chimneys, H 234

Fire making

camp fires, K 67–69

for cooking, K 77–82*

coal fire, H 227–233

daily care, H 232

laying and lighting, H 231

furnace fires, H 233

lighting a fire with kerosene, H 231

open wood fires, H 223–227

See also Ranges

Fire of coal: story, H 37

Fire screen for metal work, M 11*

Fire tools

making, M 370–379*

poker, forging, M 371*

shovel, forging, M 372*

stand for, making, M 377–379

tongs, making, M 374–377*

riveting, M 376

See also Andirons

Firearms

shot guns versus rifles for boys, K 112

use of, K 110–124*

Fireless cookers

electric, E 128–132*, 308

Fireplaces

camp fireplaces, K 78–79

hearth, flue and draught, H 223–224

made of field rock, D 371*

tiles, making, D 318–320

See also Andirons; Fire tools

Fires

damage from, C 513

danger from oily cloths, H 12

preventing forest fires, A 467–468

Fireworks

operated by wireless outfit, E 327–328*

Firing pottery, D 299–301*

Fish

boiling, H 290

whole, H 278

broiling, H 275–276

cleaning, H 289

to preserve heads and tails, H 290

food value, H 250, 253

combined with vegetables, H 259

frying, K 91

how to select for cooking, H 271

pan fish, meaning, K 130

protecting from natural enemies, A 273

taming, A 266

See also Brook trout; Gold fish; Shell fish; Trout

Fish spears

forging, M 240*

Fishing, K 125–143*

bait, K 130–136*

bait casting, K 137–138

boats, K 140

fly casting, K 130, 134–137*

gaff, K 141

game fish, K 126

hooks, K 128–129*

landing nets, K 141*

line winder, whittling, C 15*

lines, selection and care, K 128, 135

methods, K 129

qualifications of a successful fisherman, K 125

reels, K 127

rods, selecting, K 127

rules, K 142

still fishing, K 129, 139–140

tackle, K 126–129*

time to fish, K 141

trolling, K 133*, 139*

Fixtures. See Electric light fixtures

Flag (Plant)

characteristics of dwarf flag, G 334

Flags

yacht signal code, B 107–109

Flannels

washing, H 324, 328

Flash light

burglar's, E 154–155*

Flat irons. See Electric iron

Fleece. See Goats; Sheep

Flemish oak stain, D 231

Fletcher, Horace

theory of food chewing, K 10

Fleur-de-lis. See Iris

Flicker

bird house for, C 219

Flies

book about, A 519

breeding places, A 476–477

danger to health, A 475

development from the egg, A 393–395

exterminating, A 475–478

Floating heart

characteristics, G 366

Floors

building

estimating lumber for octagon or hexagon, C 507–509

for model house, D 28

for summer house, C 417

laying floors, C 471

setting beams, C 470

carpets versus rugs for, H 125

cement floors for poultry house, A 137

color scheme in house decoration, D 16

cleaning appliances, H 142

dusting, H 125

finish for wood floor, H 192

kitchen floors and floor coverings, H 191

polishing, H 126

refinishing, H 127

waxed floors, polishing, H 126

See also Carpets; Matting; Rugs; Strength of materials; Vacuum cleaner

Floral decoration

backgrounds, D 89–90

color scheme, D 84–86

combinations, D 83

dining table, D 91–92

garden method, D 83

grouping, D 82

holders and vases, D 86–89*

Japanese idea, D 81

principles of arrangement, D 93–94

wild flowers, decorative value, A 56

Flour

cleansing qualities, H 332

food value, H 254

Flower basket

weaving, G 61–64*

Flower embroidery. See Embroidery

Flower gardening, G 315–335

annuals, G 328–331

blooming after frost, G 330

arrangement of plants, G 317

background plants, G 317, 320, 321

bedding plants, G 323

biennials, G 322

border plants, G 137, 321

climbing annuals: table, G 331

color scheme, G 315, 361

cut flowers: tables, G 329, 333

drills, making, G 156

establishing a nursery business in California, A 94–99

formal garden

border, G 152

color scheme, G 154

diagram of, G 153

gradation of plants, G 151, 152

staking plots and paths, G 154, 155

straight lines in, G 357

fragrant flowers: tables, G 330, 333

girls' work, G 151–164

hardy and self-sowing plants, G 316–321

house plants, G 196–198, H 139

informal gardens, G 358

insect pests, G 199, 293

location of garden, G 361

perennials, G 333–335

potted plants, G 180–200

drainage, G 172, 183–185

pests, remedy, G 199

pots, cleaning, G 184

potting process, G 186–187

soil, G 171, 183–185

transplanting, G 181–182

watering, G 199

profit in

selling flowers, G 373

selling seeds, G 371–372

selling young plants, G 370–371

rock garden, G 324–326

round beds, making, G 136–137

school grounds, G 82–84

screening unsightly places, G 362

selection of flowers for landscape effect, G 361

self-sowing annuals: table, G 331

shady places, annuals for: table, G 331

slipping plants, G 188–190

soil, annuals that suit heavy or sandy soils, G 328–329

succession in bloom by months, G 316, 364

time table, G 161

topping plants, G 199

See also Bulbs; Gardening; Vines; Wild flower gardening; Window boxes; also names of special flowers, e. g., Chrysanthemum; Larkspur; Pansy

Flower missions, A 62

Flowers

collections, labeling, K 156

preparation and mounting, K 155

cut flowers

annuals for, G 329, 333

care of, H 160

honey or pollen producing, A 322

jardiniere for, making, G 66–68*

pistils and stamens, G 246–247

propagating wild flowers, A 467

protecting wild flowers, A 465–467

supplying city children with wild flowers, A 61

water and bog plants, G 366

See also Floral decoration; Flower gardening; Plants; Wild flower gardening; Window box; also names of special flowers, e. g., Lily

Flues

cleaning, H 234

purpose of, H 224

See also Chimney

Flux

definition of, M 209

iron and steel, M 221

use of, in welding, M 247

Fly casting, K 134–137*

Flying

theory of, B 195–197

Flying machines

glider, B 179

heavier than air and lighter than air types, B 162–163

See also Aeroplanes; Balloons

Fobs. See Watch fobs

Foliage plants, G 324

Follow the leader (stump master), K 387

Food

ash, meaning of, H 249

carbohydrates, H 248

combinations, H 257–261

condensed, harmful, H 261

fats, H 249

non-nourishing, value of, H 260

pre-digested, harmful, H 261

proportion of income to be used for food, H 74, 78

protein, H 248

refuse, meaning, H 248

values, H 247–257

experiments of United States Government, H 250

variety essential, H 249, 262

See also Cookery; Diet; Fish; Fruit; Marketing; Meat; Vegetables; also names of special foods, e. g., Bread; Macaroni, etc.

Football, K 267–283*, 348–350

association or soccer, K 269, 331

captain, K 273

centre rush, qualifications, K 270, 272

dangers of the game, K 267

"down", K 275, 281, 349

drop kick, K 272, 349

ends, qualifications, K 270, 273

field goal, K 276, 349

full-back, qualifications, K 272, 273

goals, choosing, K 276

gridiron, K 273*, 274, 348

half-back, qualifications, K 271, 273

kicking off, K 276, 281

line-up diagram, K 268, 270*

players, weight and size, K 270

playing the game, K 274–276, 348

positions of players, K 269, 349

punt, K 349

quarter-back, qualifications, K 270, 273

Rugby, K 269

rules, K 280–283

rushing the ball, K 275

"safety", K 282

scores, K 276, 281–282, 348

scrimmage, K 281

season, K 267

shoes, K 280*

signals, K 277–279

tackles, qualifications, K 270, 273

team, organization, K 269–273

team work, K 273–274

touchdown, K 275, 349

training, K 283

uniform, K 279–280*, 350

Foot bridge. See Bridge building

Foot pound, B 123

Foot stools

designs and construction, C 291–300*

mission style, design, C 374–375*

Forest fires

damage from, C 513

preventing, A 466–468

Forestry

book about, A 516

conservation, C 519

value of forests, C 514–516

waste timber problems, A 406

See also Lumber and lumbering; Trees; Wood lots

Forge

bellows, M 216*

building fire in, M 217–218

construction, M 216

draught systems, M 227–229

explosion, danger of, M 229

portable forge, M 222–223*

draught system, M 228

tuyere, M 216

Forget-me-not

characteristics, G 365, 366

Forging

bending, M 236

bending corner in iron, M 271–273*

bolts, M 240–244*

butcher knife, M 354–357*

crow bar, M 352*

dividers, pair of, M 340–341*

door hasp, M 338–340*

eccentric strap, M 334*

fish-spear, M 240*

fork, two pronged, M 239*

garden hoe, M 335–337*

gate hooks, M 236–238*

grub hoe, M 328–330*

hand drills, M 347–349*

hand hammers, M 316–322*

harness hooks, M 238*

heating steel, M 290

hinge and butt, M 283–285*

ice-shaver, M 327*

nail puller or claw tool, M 353*

nuts, M 244–246*

oxidizing fire, M 233

pipe method, M 333

pitchfork, M 239*

punching holes, M 245*

reducing fire, M 233

rock drills, M 344–349*

shackles, M 349–352*

sockets for wire ropes, M 281–283*

stake pin, M 233–235*

staples, M 235–236*

steel hook, M 266–271*

stone chisels and picks, M 341–344*

tongs, iron, M 287–288*

turn buckles, M 330–334*

upsetting

bolts, M 241*

definition, M 315

rings, M 249

wood chisel, M 337–338

wrenches of steel, M 273–281*

See also Blacksmithing; Iron work; Welding

Formal garden, G 151–155, 357

Forsythia

selection principles, G 37

Foundations

boat house, B 36

cellar, C 459

concrete

box mold for, C 430, 458*

bracing, C 460*

leveling, C 460

pergola foundation, C 426–433

setting columns, C 435

setting wooden frame, C 435, 458

thickness of wall, C 459

depth for houses, C 458–459

house building, D 25–28*

posts

for small buildings, C 443

setting, D 26–28*

setting and leveling, C 413–417*

Four o'clock

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Fowl. See Poultry

Fox

book about the silver fox, A 517

Foxglove

biennial, G 322

characteristics, G 333, 334, 347, 365

digitalis made from, A 57

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Fragrant herbs and grasses, A 64

Frames. See Picture frames

Framing. See House framing; Picture frames

Francis of Assisi, Saint

stories about, H 25

Franklin, Benjamin

kite flying, B 186

Fraternity pillows, N 376

French chalk for dry cleaning, H 332, 360

French hem, N 21

French knots

letter outlining, N 150

needle for, N 166

working, N 164*

French seal, A 501

Fresnel, Augustin Jean

theory of light wave, E 345

Fringe

knotting fringe, N 275–277*

raffia, N 274

Frogs

taming, A 266

Fruit

food values, H 255

selection of, for food, H 271

washing, H 295

See also names of fruits, e. g., Apple; Grape; Orange, etc.

Fruit trees

budding, G 251–253

distance to plant, G 258

protecting fruit from birds, A 461

seeds versus grafting, G 257–258

See also Grafting

Frying

fats for, H 282

methods, H 281

Fuchsias

bedding plants, G 324

Fuel

blacksmith's fuels, M 229

refuse timber, A 406

See also Coal

Fulcrum

principle of, B 21–28*

Fullering. See Blacksmithing

Fumed oak and chestnut, process, D 233

Fungi

shelf fungi, A 62

See also Mushrooms

Fur

dry cleaning, H 332

packing, H 347

See also Ermine; Mink; Mole; Muskrat; Rabbit; Sable; Seal; Skins; Skunk; Weasel

Furnace

draughts and dampers, H 227–230

gas and oil for heating steel, M 290

house furnace, management and cleaning, H 233

muffle furnace for enameling, M 199

Furniture

antique

mahogany table refinished, D 241–243

re-finishing, D 238–243

bedroom, D 57–58*

beds, designs, D 60*, 373*

box furniture, making, C 476–478*

care of furniture and fittings, H 121–145

castors, Acme pin, D 193

concrete furniture, making, D 201–209*

covers for, H 348

decorative value, D 46

dining-room, D 53–57*

enameling white, D 235

evolution of, C 291–292

hall furniture, D 47–50*

kitchen furniture, H 193–199

living room, D 50–53*

outdoor, C 408–416*, D 198–211*

designing, principles of, D 200

painted, cleaning, H 134

polish, H 133, 162

renovating, D 238–239

rustic, D 209–211*

woods for, A 410, K 101–102

selection for use and beauty, H 115–120

upholstered, cleaning, H 132, 332

See also Book case; Book rack; Carpentry and Woodwork—Problems; Chairs; Desk; House decoration; Stains and staining; Tables; Tabourette; Wood; Wood carving; Wood finishing

Furrows. See Gardening

Fusee, principle of, B 80*

Fuses. See Electric fuses

G

Gaging lumber, C 186, 188

Gaillardia

characteristics, G 332, 335

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Gained or housed joints, C 255*

Galileo, Galilei

barometer invention, B 256

Galloway, Beverly T.

back yard swimming pool, A 282–286

Galvani, Luigi

production of electric currents by chemical action, E 248

Galvanic electricity, E 248

Galvanized iron, E 248

soldering, M 44

Galveston sea wall, B 247

Gambling in housekeeping expenditures, H 70

Game and game birds

cooking in camp, K 89, 90

creating a private game preserve, A 464–465

domesticating wild game, A 461–464

protecting, A 463

wild rice food for, A 78

See also Bantams; Guinea fowl; Pheasants

Games

list of one hundred games, K 326–328

See also Archery; Base ball; Camping; Canoeing; Coasting; Fishing; Football; Golf; Hockey; Hunting; Skating; Skiing; Swimming; Tennis; also names of games, e. g., Croquet; Marbles, etc.

Garbage

can

cleaning, H 110, 221

location, H 221

disposal of, H 220

in country, H 222

Garden club

election of officers, G 14

exhibits, G 201–208

reports on garden plots secured, G 3–12

vote to aid Oldfield Centre school grounds, G 14

vote to disbar girls, G 16

Garden hockey, K 350

Garden paths

materials and making, G 358

Garden pests. See Insect pests

Gardening

city back yard, G 23, 134–141

compost pile, G 262

drills, making, G 156

exhibits, G 201–208

furrows, making, G 264*, 266–267

hill, meaning of, G 116

hoeing, G 266

indoor experiments, G 28–40

money-making garden, G 368–376

selling garden fittings, G 372–373

plan, drawing, G 43–47*

paper plan for garden plots, G 261

preparing new plot, G 261–263

pricking out plants, G 100

raking, G 266

rows, direction to plant, G 260

rubbish, removing from new site, G 263

site for a garden, choosing, G 259–261

sowing seeds, G 268

spading, G 263–265

success, principles of, G 270

succession crops, G 92

thinning seedlings, G 268

transplanting, G 101–102, 118, 268–270

trenching, G 263–265*

work shop end of the garden, G 41–71*

See also Coldframe; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Flower gardening; Herbs; Hotbeds; Insect pests; Landscape gardening; Lawns; Plant food; Plants; School grounds; Seeds; Soils; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables; Vines; Weeds

Gardening—Tools and appliances

bulb flat, making, G 61*

dibber, G 47*

flower basket, weaving, G 61–64*

good versus poor tools, G 89–90

hoe, how to use, G 107

labels for plants, making, G 58*

measurements on tool handles, G 156

plant jardiniere, G 66–68*

pot rest, G 68–71*

reel, making, G 51*

sieve, making, G 59–61

spades, how to use, G 88

stake, making, G 50*

sundial, making, G 64–66*

Gareth

service in the king's kitchen, H 20

Garlic, wild

class and seed time, G 278

Garret playhouse, H 5

Gas and oil engines

compared with steam engines, B 121, E 179

construction and fuel supply, B 128–130

cylinder, what takes place in, E 178

water supply, quantity, B 130

See also Gasolene motors

Gas furnace

heating steel, M 290

Gas lighter, Electric, E 118–120*

Gas lighting

average bill for careful families, H 76

Gas meters

reading, H 238

Gas range

baking bread in, H 283

cleaning, H 235

fire from fat, extinguishing, H 236

lighting, H 234

Gasolene

composition, B 104

danger of explosion, B 104

Gasolene automobiles. See Automobiles

Gasolene launch. See Boat building; Launch

Gasolene motors

action, B 388

automobile frames, construction, B 396–401*

carbureter, B 95*

description and dimensions, B 95*

exhaust pipe, B 97–98, 103

expansion chamber, B 98

four-stroke cycle, B 388–391*

installing in launch, B 93–95

motive power, how obtained, B 388

motor-cycle, principle, B 387–388

muffler, B 97–98

multiple cylinders, B 393

petcock, B 99

pipe joints, finishing, B 102

power, developing, B 105–107

single cylinder, B 391, 394*

sparking, B 105–106

electric equipment for, E 178–203

stationary

foundations, B 100–102

location, B 99

vibration, avoiding, B 100–102

stopping the engine, B 104

suction and overflow pipes, B 102

tank, setting, B 102

testing new engine, B 111

two-cylinder, B 392*

two-stroke cycle, B 388

vertical, B 391

water jacket, B 110

water supply, B 103–104

Gate hooks

forging, M 236–238*

Gearing. See Mechanical movements

Geese

book about, A 517

breeds, A 189, K 181

domesticating wild geese, A 463

fattening for market, A 189

feathers, plucking, A 189–190

feeding and caring for goslings, A 188

food value, H 253

how to select for cooking, H 271

raising, A 188–190

setting eggs, A 188

Genista

indoor plant, G 197

Georgia pine. See Pine

Geraniums

bedding plant, G 323

slipping, G 188–190

wild geranium, G 342

window box plant, G 193

Germination of seeds. See Seeds

Gifts

playthings outgrown, H 10

spent in advance, offense of, H 70

the tenth of your income, H 81

Gilding

lettering name on boat, B 131

Gimlet bit, C 194*, 196

Ginger root

use of, A 58

Girders, wooden

strength of materials, B 45

Girls' clubs. See Clubs

Girls

outdoor sports for, K 318–325

Girl's room

color scheme, N 375, 378, 379

cretonne versus linen for furnishings, N 373

curtains, N 380–381

stenciling furnishings, N 377

wall decorations, N 377

window seat, N 374

Girl's secret, G 25–27

Glass

cutting with a wheel cutter, D 196

for lamp shade, M 400

kitchen utensils, H 203

leaded glass, soldering, D 196–197*

polishing, H 134

washing, H 180

Glider flying machine, B 179

Glove box. See Boxes

Gloves

cleaning chamois gloves, H 331

Glue

preparing and using, C 225

See also Carpentry

Gnomon

making, B 209

Goat

age, telling, A 111

Angora

commercial value, A 114

fleece, A 109, 114

book about, A 517

common goat, advantages of, A 114–116

feeding, A 111–113

housing, A 109, 113

kid, care of, A 111

market value, A 117

milk, value, A 115

products, A 110

profit from, A 107–108

raising, A 107–118

experiment in New England, A 116–118

rate of increase, A 115

selecting for a herd, A 110

space needed, A 109, 114

value in reclaiming land, A 116–118

water supply, A 109

Goat skin

for leather work, N 84*

Godetia

characteristics, G 322, 329, 331

Gold fish

age, A 227

book about, A 517

characteristics, A 226

color of young, A 231

diseases, A 232

eggs, care of, A 229

enemies, A 233

food, A 228, 231

habits, A 228

hospital, A 232

making an aquarium, K 160–162

raising for profit, A 228–233

rearing tank, A 228, 230

spawning pond, A 229

storage tank, A 231

training, A 227

winter tank, A 232

Golden bell

characteristics, G 355

Golden glow

characteristics, G 334, 365

Golden oak finish, D 230

Golden seal

value, A 57

Golf, K 296–300*, 351–354

addressing, K 297*

bogie score, K 300

caddy, K 352

clubs, K 299*, 352

course, K 296, 351

hole, K 297, 351

links, K 353

playing the game, K 352

putting, K 300

green, K 297, 352

scoring, K 298, 300

tee, K 297

Golf-croquet, K 354

Gong. See Brass work—bell

Gophers

destroying, A 493

Gouge

blacksmith's tool, M 225

sharpening, C 179–184*

woodworker's tool, C 258–260*

Governors (Machinery)

gyroscope governor, B 335*

steam engine, B 313–316*, 329

Grafting

cleft grafting, G 257–258

improving stock, G 254–258

occupation for boys, A 409*

scion and stock, G 254–256

season for, G 255

tongue grafting, G 256

wax making, G 256

whip grafting, G 256–257

Grain

food value, H 250, 254

See also Corn

Grandfather's clock

making, C 284–290*

Granite for roadway, G 85

Grape

food value, H 255

green grape jelly, receipt, A 15

wild grapes

picking, A 14

jelly receipt, A 15

Grape juice

book about, A 518

food value, A 417

making, A 418–421

Grass seed

kind for rapid growth, G 76

preparing the soil, G 74–76

sowing, G 77

Grass stain

removing, H 359

Grasses

basketry uses, A 64

Grasshoppers

distinguishing young from old, A 393

garden pests, G 282

Grates. See Fireplaces

Gravel

road beds, G 85

See also Cement walks

Graver

definition of, M 209

Gravitation

definition, E 341

laws of, B 277–280

principle of, B 57–59

Gravity

acceleration, meaning of, B 278

force, meaning of, B 277

specific gravity, meaning of, B 279–280

Grease spots

removing, H 360

Greek cross, C 322

Greens (Cookery)

dandelion greens, A 63

Greens, Christmas, A 50–57

Grinding machine

edge runners or chasers for crushing, B 336*

Grindstones

grinding tools with, C 181–184*

principle of, B 28

types and uses, C 181*

Grosbeak, rose-breasted

insect destroyer, A 457

migration, K 176

Grounds. See School grounds

Grouse

book about, A 519

Guests

entertainment of, H 366–369

Guinea fowl

book about, A 517

characteristics, A 179, 181–182

eggs, value, A 179

feeding, A 180

marketing, A 179, 181

raising, A 180–182

Guinea pigs

as pets, K 183

making a house for, C 451–454*

raising for pets, A 205

See also Cavies

Gum. See Spruce gum

Gum tree

sweet gum, red gum, or liquid amber, C 562

Gun. See Firearms; Rifles; Shotgun

Gussets. See Sewing

Gymnastics

outdoor life versus gymnastics, K 11

pull up bar, making, C 270*

Gyroscope

applied to aeroplanes, B 169

Bohnenberger's machine, B 334*

construction of, B 267–268*

mechanism, B 334*

H

Hab-enihan (Game), K 354

Hacmatack, C 530

Hail

formation, B 363–366

Haley over (Game), K 355

Halibut

food value, H 253

Hall clock

design and construction, D 193–198*

Hall furniture, D 47–50*

Halley's comet

ether waves sent forth by, E 333–338

Halley's thermometer, B 261

Halved joints, C 253*

Ham. See Pork

Hamburg steak, H 268

Hammer

adze eye claw hammer, C 203*

claw hammer, C 203*

cross peen hammer, making, M 316–318*

hand hammer, M 224*

handles, making, C 271*

hard wood peg for copper work, M 28

peen, M 254*

planishing hammer, M 8*

raising hammer, M 7*

round peen hammer, making, M 318–322*

set hammer, M 225*, 323*

shaping hammer, M 7*

Hammocks

making couch hammocks, C 478–480*

Hand ball, K 355

Hand polo, K 356

Hand tennis, K 356

Handkerchief

drawnwork, N 213–219*

hemstitching, N 207–209*

rolling the edge, N 21*

Handkerchief box. See Boxes

Handles

wooden, making, C 271*

See also Copper work; Metal work

Hands

removing stains, H 357

Hardanger embroidery, N 190–197*

bars, weaving, N 192

block stitch, N 190–191*

materials, N 190

picots, N 192*, 194*

pin cushion tops, N 193–196*

pyramid stitch, N 195*

star pattern, N 191*

Hardening metals. See Steel

Hardie

blacksmith tool, M 226*

making, M 322*

Hardy plants

meaning, G 317

Hare

"varying" hare, A 499–500

Hare and hounds, K 17

Harebell, Carpathian

characteristics, G 334

Harrowing, G 124

Harvesting nature's crops, A 8–100

Haskins, Charles Waldo

How to keep household accounts, recommended, H 99

Hat

baby's buttoned hat, N 174–175

how to select a hat, D 125

lingerie hat, N 169*, 171–174

raffia hats, N 262–270

for doll, N 253–255

Hat ball, K 357

Hat pin

copper work, D 348–350*, M 64–69

Hat pin holder

copper work, M 69–71*

Hatchet handle

making, C 271*

Haws (fruit)

location and uses, A 24

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

quotation, H 43

Hawthorne, English

characteristics, G 366

Hayes, Ruth

success with chickens, A 160–163

Hazel nut

cultivating, A 33–34

for fence hedge, A 34

gathering time, A 35

pruning bushes, A 35

Health. See Hygiene

Hearth

meaning, H 224

Heat

British thermal unit, E 100–101

calorie and caloric, meaning, E 342

generation, E 98–100

transmission by radiation, E 314

waves

length, E 316

production and velocity, E 313–315

theory, E 343

Heating

automatic control of temperature, E 306–308*

regulation by electric flasher, E 120–125*

See also Electric heating; Fuel; Furnace; Steam radiators

Hedebo embroidery, N 202–206*

Hedges

hazel bush, A 34

poplar versus evergreen, G 82

shrubs for, G 357

Helianthus

background plant, G 320

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Helicoptere flying machine, B 163

Heliotrope

bedding plant, G 324

characteristics of winter plant, G 333

Hellebore, white

insecticide, G 117, 285

Hemlock

characteristics, C 539

Hemming. See Sewing

Hemp ropes. See Ropes

Hemstitching

double hemstitching, N 210*

handkerchiefs, N 207–209*

padded, N 215–216*

Hen coops. See Poultry

Hen manure. See Fertilizers and manures

Henry, Joseph

first to make electro-magnets, E 14

Hens. See Poultry

Hepatica

blossoming time, G 339

habits and characteristics, G 339, 364

Herbarium, K 155

Herbs

bee balm, G 347

for basket weaving and sachets, A 64

in colonial gardens, G 326

list of, G 327

soil for, G 326

uses, G 326

Hero engine, B 114*

Herring

food value, H 253

Herring-bone

embroidery stitch, N 101*

Hertz, Heinrich

discovery of electric waves, E 346

Hertzian waves, E 346

Hewitt, Peter Cooper

inventor of mercury vapor lamp, E 156

Hexagon

problem in estimating lumber for hexagon floor, C 508

Hickory

characteristics, A 39–40, C 564

food value of nuts, H 256

lumber value, A 39

varieties, A 40

Hide and seek, K 361

Hides. See Skins

High kick, K 357

Hinges

copper or brass, metal work, M 116*

copper or silver, metal work, M 100–106*

iron hinge and butt, making, M 283–285*

ornamental, making, M 391–393*

riveting, M 114*

setting, C 239

Hives. See Bees

Hockey

forward, K 214

garden hockey, K 350

goal tender, K 214

ice hockey, K 212–215*, 358

lawn hockey, K 367

"puck", K 212

rink, K 215

rules, K 215

skates, cost, K 358*

team, K 214, 358

uniform, K 213, 358

See also Curling

Hoe

forging a garden hoe, M 335–337*

forging a grub hoe, M 328–330*

how to use, G 107–266

Hog. See Swine

Hogan, Clarence A.

raising chickens, A 159

Hoisting machinery

inclined plane, B 52–62, 64

lewis for lifting stones, B 347*

lifting magnets, E 79–81*

screws, B 139–147

tongs for lifting stones, B 348*

See also Capstan; Pulleys; Windlass

Holly

care of trees, A 52

characteristics, C 560

wood, value, A 52

wreaths, making and marketing, A 52–53

Hollyhocks

background plant, G 320

characteristics, G 334, 365

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Home decoration. See House decoration

Homemaking

art of, H 44

See also Housekeeping

Homing pigeons, K 180

Honey

cooking with, A 327

food value, H 254

marketing, A 326

plants which supply, A 322

wholesomeness, A 326

See also Bees

Honeysuckle

decorative value, G 359

Honiton applique, N 237

Hood

knitted, N 366–368*

Hooke, Robert

wave theory of light, E 343

Hooker, Ava

a start with poultry, A 172–177

Hooks

centrifugal check hooks, B 326*

forging

gate hooks, M 236–238*

harness hooks, M 238*

steel hook, M 266–271*

Hooks and eyes, sewing on, N 24–25*

Hoops, embroidery, N 122–123

Hop hornbeam, or iron wood

characteristics, C 558

Hop vine

value, G 360

Hopover(Game), K 358

Hopscotch, K 359

Hopper joints, C 251*

Horizontal bar

making a pull up bar, C 270*

Horse

book about, A 517

raising colts, A 101–103

training, A 252–255, 258

Horse chestnut, G 367

Horse power

converting into kilowatts, B 125

estimating, B 122–125

estimating energy in coal, E 6

Horsemanship, K 225–232*

bridle wise horse, K 227

care of the horse, K 230

girls as riders, K 321

jumping fences, K 231*

mounting, K 226–227*

packing a horse, K 230

saddles, selecting, K 225–226*

selecting the horse, K 232

styles of riding, K 227–228

Horseshoeing, M 221–222*

heels, M 222

making shoes, M 218–222*

mule shoes and horse shoes, M 218

toe calk, M 221*

Hospitality. See Guests

Hot water bottle

electric heating pad, E 117

Hotbed

coldframe changed to, G 38

directions for making, G 48–50*

preparing for winter, G 108, 109

time to transfer plants, G 235

Ho-ti and the roast pig, H 18

House cleaning, H 337–352

appliances for, H 140, 147

order of work, H 143–145

principles, H 142

repairs and renovations, H 338, 339

small spaces, H 338

unobtrusive methods, H 128

weekly schedule, H 108

woodwork, H 123

See also Ceilings; Cellar; Curtains; Floors; Flues; Furnace; Furniture; Garbage can; Kitchen; Lamps, oil; Laundry work; Matting; Painting; Paper-hanging; Pictures; Refrigerator; Rugs; Shades; Tiles; Vacuum cleaners; Walls; Windows

House decoration

ceilings, D 36

correcting defects of height, D 38

color scheme, D 16–20

harmony, D 35–36

interior woodwork, D 20

southern and northern exposures, D 18–19

corrective for architectural defects, D 37–38

decorative fabrics, D 95–120

Dutch room, suggestion, N 379

experimenting, D 41–43

floors, color scheme, D 16, 20, 36

French room, suggestions, N 379

furniture

arrangement, D 59–63

selection, D 46–59

modifying rules, D 43–45

overcrowding, D 62

principles, D 34–35

re-decorating old houses, D 37

relation to building plan, D 12–13

summer cottage suggestions, D 370

ten commandments, D 45–46

use and beauty of possessions, H 115–120

walls, D 36, 39–41

stenciling, N 76

window seats, N 374–375

See also Copper work; Curtains; Cushions; Floral decoration; Furniture; Girl's room; Leather work; Metal work; Pictures; Portieres; Pottery; Stenciling; Weaving

House fly. See Flies

House framing

construction details, D 25–32*

drawings and instructions, C 461–464*

corner framing, C 462*

corners, finishing poultry house, C 446*

paper for siding, C 471

siding

cheap houses, C 445

cottages and bungalows, C 464

putting on weather boards, C 471

tongue and groove boards for, C 475

small and cheap houses, C 444–445*

studding for a boat house, B 37–38*

summer house construction, C 413–417*

window and door frames, setting, C 469

House plans. See Architecture

Household pests, H 361–364

Housekeeper

effacement of, H 383–384

health of, H 385

stories of inspiration, H 388–389

worries, H 384

See also House cleaning; Housekeeping; Servants

Housekeeping

accounts, keeping, H 87–100

adjustment of work, H 112

alleviations, H 333

as a profession, H 382–387

bedroom work, H 146–159

closing the house

marking wrapped articles, H 351

meters, shutting off, H 351

packing, H 347–349

repairing household appliances, H 349

traps, care of, H 351

daily work, H 103

dignity of, H 387

dining-room and pantry work, H 51, 160–187

emergencies, H 353–369

expenses, division of income, H 74–80

home training for, H 46

inspiration, H 388–389

learning and helping, H 43–59

learning by observation, H 58

menus and marketing, H 244–273

My heritage, H 63–68

objections to, H 382

opening the house, unpacking, H 352

playhouse, H 3–40

possessions, use and beauty, H 115–120

rest provisions, H 113

schedules of work, H 101–113

school lessons helpful in, H 45

servants, H 370–381

upstairs work, H 146–159

See also Cookery; Food; Furniture; House cleaning; House decoration; Insect pests; Ironing; Kitchen; Laundry; Marketing; Needle work; Plumbing; Receipts; Servants; Sewing

House plants. See Plants

Huckleberries

canning factories, A 12

picking, A 13

where and how they grow, A 11, C 514

Hudson seal, A 491

Hugo, Victor

his description of Paris sewers mentioned, H 216

Humming birds

taming, A 265

Humus

soil composition, G 8, 9

Hunt the sheep, K 360

Hunting

choosing companions, K 118

training dogs for, K 190–192

See also Game and game birds; Shooting

Huygens, Christian

wave theory of light, E 344

Hyacinth

cone developer, G 175

indoor planting, G 166, 167

planting and blooming time, G 177, 178

varieties, G 167, 177, 178

water growing, G 169, 175

Hydrangea

characteristics, G 356, 365

Hydro-electric stations in the United States, E 202–207

Hygiene

how to keep well, K 3–5

outdoor life, K 6–9

rules of health, K 12

value of play, K 4, 10

See also Athletics; Exercise; Walking

Hygrometer

construction, B 231–232*

Hylo electric lamps, E 138*

Hyperbola

describing, B 338

I

I spy, K 361

Ice

home-made, A 435–437

Ice box. See Refrigerator

Ice Hockey. See Hockey

Ice-shaver

forging, M 327*

Incandescent lamps. See Electric lamps, Incandescent

Inclined plane

principle of, B 52–62*

rule for power, B 64

Income

allowances, management of, H 80

gifts, provisions for, H 81

how to divide for family needs, H 72–85

increasing, ways to avoid, H 73

management of, H 70–86

savings from, H 82

uncertain, management of, H 71

Incubators, K 197–199

electric, E 114

temperature regulator, E 124*

Indian bracelet

making, M 176–177*

Indian proverb about home making, H 44

Indian's plume (Bee balm), G 333, 347

Induction (Electricity)

current induced

by interrupting the circuit, E 184

by moving the magnet, E 17–18

direction of induced currents, E 186

experiments, E 349–352

human voice as interrupter, E 282–283

piano strings as interrupter, E 281

telephone induction coil, E 279–281*

tuning fork as an interrupter, E 280

wireless spark coil, E 321–322*

Ink stains

removing, H 359

Ink well holder

copper work, M 117–121*

gouge work, C 261–263*

Inky caps, mushrooms, A 90

Inlaying, metal, M 362

Inlaying, wood, C 319–331*

borders, designs and making, C 324–328*

buhlwork, C 329

building up designs, C 320–322*, 323*, 329*

checkerboard, design and making, C 326–327*

curved designs, C 328

gluing process, C 323

marquetry work, C 328

placing the design, C 324

thickness of veneer, C 319

woods suitable for, C 319

Inoculation of soil, G 119

Insect pests, G 280–295, K 167–168, H 361–364

ants, G 283

asparagus beetle, remedy, G 287

bean anthracnose, G 288

bed bugs, H 363–364

book about, A 519

cabbage worm, G 125, 288

caterpillars, G 282, 285, 287, 290

cauliflower lice and maggots, G 289

celery caterpillar, G 287, 290

chestnut weevil, A 33

chicken lice, A 148, 149

cockroaches, H 362

cut worms, G 284, 292, 293

destruction of, by birds and toads, A 455–457, G 280–281

detecting, G 283–284

eggplants, G 305

gnawing class, remedy, G 281–282

grasshoppers, G 282

hornworm, G 292

house plant pests, G 199

household pests, H 361–364

leaf-hopper, G 293

moths, prevention and extermination of, H 362

plant lice, G 284, 291, 293

potato bug, G 287, 292

red spider, G 293

rose slug, G 284, 293

slugs, G 117, 284, 285, 293

squash bug, G 287, 291, 292

striped beetle, G 117, 285, 287, 292

sucking class, G 282

tomato worm, G 286

water bugs, H 362

See also Flies; Insecticides; Mosquitoes

Insecticides

bordeaux mixture, G 121, 294

kerosene emulsion, G 130

Paris green, G 130

Insects

adult stage, A 394

chrysalides, A 394, 396

development, A 393–395

distinguishing young from old, A 391–393

egg stage, A 393

habits, A 388–391

homes, A 397–399

injurious and helpful, K 167–168

larval stage, A 394

life of a butterfly, A 395–397

pupa stage, A 394

See also Ants; Beetles; Butterflies; Dragon-flies; Grasshoppers; Moths; Silkworms; Spiders; Wasps

Insects—Collecting and preserving

baiting moths, A 400–402, K 153–154

sugar receipt, A 401, K 153

books about, A 519

breeding cage, making, A 399–400*

cases for preserving, A 385, 387*, 388, C 395–397

cornstalk pith for lining, A 63

classifying, A 386–389

egg shell, mounting, A 396

eggs of butterflies, A 395

filing cabinet, making, C 395–397

killing bottle, making and using a cyanide bottle, A 378–380*, 382, K 151–152*

mounting, A 380–386*, K 152*

net making, A 376–378*

outfit, A 375, K 151

pinning butterflies and beetles, A 383–385*

pins for mounting, A 380

spreading board, A 381*

times and localities for collecting, A 388–389

Insertion. See Crocheting

Instruments. See Tools

Insulation. See Electric insulators and insulation

Insurance. See Life insurance

Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association of America

best records, K 336

events contested for, K 360

rowing record, K 383

Interior decoration. See House decoration

Invalid tray

preparing, H 365–366

Inventions

ancient and modern, B 271–277

See also Aeroplanes; Matches; Typewriters; Wireless telegraph; and words beginning Electric

Iris

blue flag, G 366

border plant, G 321

dwarf, characteristics, G 334, 364

English, planting and blooming time, G 178

German, characteristics, G 365

Japanese, characteristics, G 333

Spanish, planting and blooming time, G 178

varieties, G 321

Irish crochet, N 333–350*

baby Irish pattern, N 344–346*

belt, N 335–337*

doily with edge, N 335*

Dutch collar, N 346–350*

edging, N 344–345*

grapes, N 345

jabot, N 342–344*

leaves, N 345

materials, N 333

motifs, joining, N 334

rose, N 339–340, 344

shamrock, N 341

tie rose, N 337–338*

wheel pattern with rose and straps of shamrock N 338–342*

Irish stew; story, H 14

Iron

galvanized

incorrectly named, E 248

soldering, M 44

magnetic properties, E 13

oxidation, preventing, M 247

pig iron, M 230

stretching processes, M 315

wrought iron, M 230–232

Iron work

bending corner, M 271–273*

bracket, making, M 393–395*

bulbs, making, M 385–388*

candlestick, making, M 380–383*

spiral, M 388–391*

chains, welding, M 250–253*

decorative forgings, suggestions, D 364

handles, M 384

hinge, making, M 391*

hinge and butt, making, M 283–285*

kettle stand, making, M 406–409*

lamp holder for, M 408

lamp, making, M 396–405*

holder, M 408

shade and holder, M 399–400

punching holes in, M 245*

rings, welding, M 248–250*, 254*

spirals, making, M 385

tongs, forging, M 285–288*

twists, M 383

braided strand, M 384

umbrella stand, M 409

wrench, forging, M 273*

See also Andirons; Blacksmithing; Fire tools; Welding

Ironing

bed linen, H 327

board for, H 315

clothes-horse for, H 318

electric irons for, E 107–110, 243*

embroidery, H 329

iron, care and use, H 316

iron holders, H 317

iron-stand, H 318

lace, H 330

process, H 326–327

scorched places, H 335

starch sticking, to prevent, H 335

table linen, H 327

wax, cloths and paper, H 318

Ironwood

characteristics, C 558

Irrigation

book about, A 518

Chinese treadmill device, B 337*

Persian wheel device, B 343*

J

Jabot

Irish crochet, N 342–344*

Jack fagots, K 362

Jack-in-the-pulpit

description of, G 344

Jacket. See Crocheting

Jai-a-li (Pelota), K 376

Jam

thimbleberry, A 11

Japan barberry

hedge shrub, G 357

Japan quince

hedge shrub, G 357

Japanese clematis

characteristics, G 365

Japanese fan ball, K 362

Japanese hop

characteristics, G 331

Japanese snow flower

characteristics, G 356

Japanese snowball

characteristics, G 356

Jardiniere. See Plant stand

Jelly

barberry jelly, A 17

green grape jelly, A 15

Jerusalem cherry tree, indoor plant, G 197

Jew fish

catching, K 126

Jewel box

copper work, M 107–115*

Jeweler's tools. See Tools

Jewelry. See Silver work

Joe Pye weed

habits and characteristics, G 349

story of name, G 348

Johnny cake

camp cooking, K 88

Joints

butt, C 251*

clamping mitre joints, D 144*

dado, C 236*, 255*

dovetail

blind, C 256*

box, C 314*, 256*

half-blind, C 256*

lap, C 253*

single, C 313–314*

single open, C 256*

doweled, D 148*, C 251

gained or housed, C 255*

gluing, D 140–141*, 144–146*

mitre joints, C 232–234

halved, C 253*

lap joint, D 147*

hopper, C 251*

joint edge, definition of, C 186

kinds and construction, D 140–141*, 143–148*

lap, C 251, 253*, 256*

lock, C 255*

mitre, C 232–234*, D 143–146*

lap, C 256*

mortise and tenon, C 250*, D 147*, 154*

blind, C 255*

draw boring, C 415

end, C 256*

relished, C 256*

through, C 255*

notched, C 255*

rabbeted, C 255*

rubbed joint, C 251*

splice or scarf, C 257*

stretcher, C 256*

tongue and groove, C 257*

trick, C 257*

Jonquil

narcissus family, C 169

planting and blooming time, G 178

July

blooming plants, G 365

June

blooming plants, G 365

K

Kale

planting and care, G 299

time to plant, G 234

Keel. See Boat building

Kelvin, Lord

and the Atlantic cable, E 66

Kennels. See Dogs

Kensington stitch

flower embroidery, N 178–179*

Kentucky coffee tree, C 566

Kerosene

cleaning woodwork, H 124, 134

lighting fires with, H 231

Kerosene emulsion

insecticide, G 284, 289

receipt, G 294, 295

Key rack

carving design, C 123

whittling, C 12–14*

Key tag

whittling, C 14*

Kick the stick (Game), K 363

Kiln

lumber kiln method, C 524–525

portable pottery kiln, D 299–301*

Kilowatt

converting into H. P. B., B 125

hour, E 41

Kindling wood

cutting and collecting as a business, A 404–408

King Alfred. See Alfred, King

Kingbird

insect eater, A 456, 457

migration, K 176

King of the castle (Game), K 364

Kitchen

chairs, H 196

cleaning weekly, H 110

clock, H 199

curtains, H 198

floors, H 191–193

furnishings, H 188–200

hooks, H 198

house plan, D 10

light fixtures, H 199

ornament, H 199

rugs, H 193

shelves, H 197

sink, H 194

size, H 188

tables, H 194

walls and woodwork, H 189

See also Ranges

Kitchen utensils, H 200–207

aluminum, advantages and care, H 202, 206

bread board, making, C 222–223*

care of, H 205

materials, H 201

selection, H 203, 207

sugar scoop and ladle, making, C 272*

See also Soldering

Kites, B 185–200

aeroplane kite, making, C 84–87*

American Malay

launching, C 92

making, C 86*

box kites

launching, B 191, C 92

making, B 189–191*

bridle, fastening, C 88*, 91*

cellular, making, B 191–192*, C 91–92*

Chinese, designs, C 96

coverings, importance of, C 94

detail drawings, C 91*

Eddy kite, making, C 86*

flying, C 88–90

principle of, B 185–189*

groups, flying, B 192*, C 90

joining sticks, C 84–85, 87*

lines, C 88

making, B 187–195, C 84–96*

materials, C 85, 88, 94

photographing by means of, B 194

record flight, B 185–187

reels for, C 88

sails, C 85

shape, B 188

stability, principle of, C 94

tailless, C 84–95

tails, principle of, B 188

tandem, C 95*

tetrahedral, making, C 92–94*

war kites, making, B 193*

wind velocity table, B 198

Knife. See Knives

Knife box

making, C 223–226*

Knife work. See Whittling; Wood carving

Knights of the Round Table. See Round Table

Knitting, N 351–371*

baby hood, N 366–368*

baby vest, N 368

basket stitch, N 358*

bootees, N 363–366*

doll's cap, N 362*

doll's cape, N 360*

doll's jacket, N 360–362*

doll's leggings, N 363*

German method, N 352*

lace pine pattern, N 369–371

materials for, N 351

patterns, N 360–371*

shawl

finishing edge, N 357

long, N 356–358

wide, N 358, 359

stitches

basket stitch, N 358*

binding off, N 354–356

casting off, N 354–356

casting on, N 351*

popcorn, N 356*

purling, N 353*

washing, N 332

widening the row, N 355

Knives

butcher knife, forging, M 354–357*

steel, washing, H 184

whittling, C 6*

Knot holes

how made, A 442

Knots

raffia knotting, N 271–275*

silk, cotton, or linen, N 275–277

See also Sewing

Knuckle of veal, H 270

Kodak, K 304

Kohlrabi

planting and care, G 300

L

Labeling. See Insects—Collections; Plants—Collections; Shells

Labels for plant markers, making, G 58*

Lace and lace making, N 227–241*

basting braid, N 227, 228

Brussels stitch, single and double, N 229, 231*

buttonholed bar, N 233*

Connemara lace, N 235–237*

dyeing lace, H 331, N 238

edge finishing, N 234

fan stitch, N 232*

fagotting, N 229*

foundation stitch, mesh or net, N 230

Honiton applique, N 237

braids for, N 236–238

Irish crochet lace, N 333–350*

knitted lace, pine pattern, N 369–371

Limerick darning, N 234

maltese cross, design, N 233*

over handing on, N 15*

point lace, N 227

Brazilian, N 238–241*

Renaissance, N 227

rolling and whip stitching on, N 22

spider stitch, N 231–232*

Teneriffe or Brazilian point, N 238–241*

twisted bar stitch, N 124*, 233

washing, H 330

whitening, H 331

Lacquer

for brass, M 140

Lacrosse, K 364

Ladder stitch, N 158–159

Lady bug,

value to farmers, K 168

Lakes

tides, B 228

Lamb

cuts and their uses, H 270

food value

combinations, H 259

table, H 253

See also Sheep

Lamp

copper work, electric lamp, M 92–96*

steel base, making, M 401–403*

wrought iron

making, M 396–405*

shade holder, M 399

Lamp, oil

care of, H 136

trimming wicks, H 137

Lamp shade

copper work, M 96–99*

glass for, M 400

See also Candle shade

Land drainage. See Drainage

Landscape gardening, G 351–367

formal gardens, G 357

flower gardens, G 360–362

garden furnishings, G 363

hedges, G 357

helping nature, G 363

lawns

flowers, what and where to plant, G 360

treatment of, G 352

points to observe, G 362–363

principles of, G 351

purpose, G 357

screening unsightly places, G 362

shrubs

grouping, G 354–355

selection principle, G 357

table of, G 355–356

summer house, location, G 363

trees, selection and grouping, G 353–354, 357

vines, G 359

water garden, G 362

wild flower garden, G 362

See also Flower gardening; Gardening; Shrubs; Trees

Lantern

metal work, M 405–406*

Lantern wheel, B 322*

Lap joints, C 251, 253*

Laplace, Pierre Simon

Corpuscular theory of light, E 344

Larch

characteristics, C 530

Larkspur

background plant, G 320

characteristics, G 365

oriental, characteristics, G 333, 335

sowing and blossoming time, G 161, 320

varieties, G 319, 320

Larva. See Insects

Last tag (Game), K 370

Lathe tools

making, M 300–306*

Lattice work, D 209–211*

Launch

launching the boat, B 134, 137–138

rules for running, B 74–75

See also Boat building; Gasolene motors

Laundry work

appliances, H 312–320

blankets, H 324, 328

bluing, H 18, 320

removing, H 334

boiling clothes, H 323

chamois gloves, H 331

clothes basket, H 315

clothes line, care of, H 314

clothes pins, care of, H 314

colored clothes, H 324

curtains, H 328–329

economizing, H 333

electric washing machinery, E 241–243*

embroidery, H 329, N 136–137

emergencies, H 333–336

freezing weather, H 334

hanging out clothes, H 323, 325

knitting and crochet work, N 332

lace, H 330

muddy water, H 334

poles for, H 315

rinsing clothes, H 323

schedule for wash days, H 106

silk clothes, H 325

soaking clothes, H 322

soap, H 319

soiled clothes, care of, H 321

sorting clothes, H 318

sprinkling and folding clothes, H 325–327

starch, H 319

starching clothes, H 323

stormy days, H 333

stove, H 315

tubs, care of, H 313

wash board, H 313

wash boiler, care of, H 313

wash stick, H 314

washing process, H 321–322

white clothes, H 321

woolens, H 324

wringer, H 314

See also Ironing

Lavender

growing, G 327

Lavender stick

making, A 424–427*

Lawn bowling, K 366

Lawn bowls, K 365

Lawn hockey, K 367

Lawn mower

care of, A 432–433

Lawn skittles, K 368–370

Lawn tennis. See Tennis

Lawns

crocuses in, A 169, 434

embankment wall, making, G 73

flowers in, what and where to plant, G 360

grading, G 74

landscape gardening, G 352

mowing, A 432–433

rolling, G 75

Layering plants, G 250

Laying the table. See Setting the table

Lazy tongs, B 313*

Lead

bath to prevent steel oxidation, M 284, 291

soldering, M 44

Leaded glass

cutting and soldering, D 196–197*

Leaf hopper, G 293

Leaf mold

making, A 421–424

Leaks. See Plumbing

Leap frog, K 347

Spanish fly, K 385

Leather work, D 321–345*, N 83–90*

applique, N 83, 85*

applying designs, N 87–90

articles made from, list, N 89

belt designs and tooling, D 324–328*

book cover, D 342–345*

card case, D 338–340*

cover for note book, D 331–334*

cutting, N 88, 89

dampening for tracing, N 88

decoration, principles of, D 322

designing, N 86

desk pad, D 336–338*

knots, D 330*

lining articles, D 339, 341

mat, design and tooling, D 328–330*

paste, receipt for, N 88, 95, 96

pasting, N 85, 89

pen wiper, designs and tooling, D 330–331*

planning a skin, N 84*

polishing, N 96

purse, D 340–342*

skins suitable for, D 322, N 83–85*, 92

stitching by hand, D 333–335*

tinting, N 96

tooled leather, N 91–97*

embossing with die N 93*

paste, receipt for, N 95, 96

polishing, N 96

process, D 326–328*, N 92–94

relief work, D 329*, N 93–95*

filling with paste, N 95

Russia calf for, N 92

tools, D 323–324*, N 91*, 96*

tracing the design, N 87, 92

Leaves

blue printing, A 361

giving off water, G 245

simple, compound and doubly compound, C 543*

Leek

germination per cent., G 233

Left overs

utilizing, H 355

Legumes

value as plant food, G 223

Lemon lily

characteristics, G 333

Lemon tree, ponderosa, G 196

Lemons

food value, H 255

preserving in water, H 357

removing stains with, H 359

Letter copying devices, B 418

Letter opener

copper work, D 347*

Letter rack

carving, C 112–117*

copper work, D 346–347*

two compartments, making and carving, C 109–112*

Lettering. See Gilding

Letters. See Embroidery

Lettuce

cabbage lettuce, G 306

cos lettuce, G 306

food value, H 255

going to seed, G 307

head lettuce, G 306

planting seed

depth to plant, G 42, 235

distance to plant, G 42

how to sow the seed, G 95

indoor planting time, G 233

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

germination period, G 32

succession crops, G 307

transplanting, G 101

Lever

arms, B 23*

double, B 25–27

lazy tongs, B 313*

principle of, B 21–28*

rule for power, B 63

Library tables. See Tables

Lice

cauliflower pests, G 289

chicken lice, A 148

powder receipt, A 149, K 201

plant lice, G 284

Life insurance

advantages and disadvantages for saving, H 83

Lifting machinery. See Hoisting machinery

Light

ancient theory of, E 342

color dependent upon wave length, E 315

electro-magnetic theory, E 346

emission theory, E 345

a form of vibration, E 343

theories held by eminent scientists, E 343–346

velocity, B 249–251, E 311

waves, E 310

length of, B 251, E 315

Lighting

economizing bills, H 236

reading meters, H 238–240*

See also Electric lighting; Gas lighting

Lightning

arrester, E 292*

weather symbol, B 362

why lightning is seen before thunder is heard, B 249

Lilac

characteristics, G 356

Lily

red speciosum, planting and blooming time, G 179

white day lily, G 333

Lily-of-the-valley

characteristics, G 365

false, G 345

Lima bean

food value, H 255

planting, G 297

Lime

disinfectant, H 212

protecting vines from insects, G 118

See also Soil

Limerick darning, N 234

Limestone

formation of, G 216

road material, G 85

Linden

characteristics, C 560, G 367

Linen. See Doilies; Ironing; Table linen

Linen chest

making, C 377–380*

Lingerie hat

eyelet work, N 169*

making and trimming, N 171–174

Links. See Chains; Cuff links

Linoleum

care of, H 191

Liquids

boiling point, H 277

Living expenses. See Housekeeping

Living-room

furniture, D 50–53*

arrangement, D 61

Loam

meaning of, G 220

Loaves and fishes: story, H 32

Lobster

boiled, H 292

color, H 292

food value, H 254

Lock joints, C 255*

Lockjaw

cause and prevention, B 248–249

Locks

escutcheon plates, making, M 410–414*

See also Door hasp

Locomotives

boilers, B 117

link motion valve gear, B 317

Locust

durability of black locust wood, C 494

varieties and characteristics, C 565, G 367

Log cabin

woods for making, K 101

Lombardy poplar, G 353, 367

Looms. See Bead work; Weaving

Loops for buttonholes, N 62*

Lotus, American

characteristics, G 366

Luge-ing (Game), K 371

Lumber and lumbering

"boom", C 520

clear lumber, C 499

curls or eyes, how made, A 443

cutting logs, K 100

defects, detecting, C 524–530

drive, C 520

drying, C 495

estimating, problems in, C 504–509

kiln-dried, C 524, D 132–133

knot holes, how made, A 442

knots versus strength, C 497

length, standard, C 499

log jams, C 521

measuring, C 503

old method of sawing, C 136*

plain sawed, D 131*

quarter-sawed, D 131*

railroad consumption, C 517

saw mills, C 522

seasoning, C 524–525, D 132

shakes, C 530

shearing, C 496

shrinkage, principle of, C 528–530

thickness, standard, C 498

volume of business in United States, C 517

warping, principle of, C 527*

waste in cutting, C 512

waste in saw mills, C 522–523

winding lumber, C 531

See also Forestry; Trees; Wood

Lumber rack

making, C 152–154*

Luncheon: story, H 32

M

Macaroni

food value, H 254

McCray, Arthur H.

Profits of bee-keeping, A 333–336

Machine shop

equipping to run by electric power, E 226, 229–231

Machinery.

See Capstan; Engines; Gas and oil engines; Gasolene motors; Locomotives; Mechanical movements; Motorcycles; Sewing machines; Steam engine; Tools; Typewriters; Water wheels; Wheels; Windmills

McIntyre, Flora

How I earned two hundred dollars, A 331–333

Mackerel

food value, H 253

Madeira embroidery. See Eyelet work

Magazine cover

tooled, N 94*

Magazine rack

design, D 52*

and construction, D 165–170*

wood finish, D 237

Maggots

garden pests, G 291

Magic lantern. See Stereopticon

Magnesia

cleaning properties, H 332

Magnet

earth as a magnet, E 14

iron, E 13–14

poles, E 28*

steel, how to retain magnetism, E 28

See also Electro-magnet

Magnetic field, E 13

about electric currents, E 353*

dynamo, E 9, 11–13

effect upon a magnet, E 353*

Magnetos. See Dynamos

Mahogany

imitation stain, C 489, D 230

Maids. See Servants

Mallet

carpenter's tool, C 200*

metal worker's tool, M 8*

Maltese cross

drawing, C 27*

lace making pattern, N 233*

Mandrake. See May apple

Mandrel, M 154*, 209

Manifolding devices, B 418, 421

Manures. See Fertilizers

Maple

box elder or ash-leaved maple, C 548

characteristics, C 544

moose wood, C 548

mountain, C 548

Norway maple, G 367

qualities of, G 78

red or swamp maple, C 547, G 367

seeds, value of, A 47

silver, white, or soft maple, C 546

sugar or rock maple, C 545, G 367

sycamore, C 547

Maple sugar and syrup

boiling down, A 75

bonbons, A 77–78

books about, A 516

colors, changes in, A 75

food value, H 254

identifying trees, A 71

proportion of syrup to sugar, A 76

sap

care when running, A 73

ingredients, A 75

states that have sugar trees, A 69

straining, A 76

sugar making, C 546

equipment and preparation, A 72

Indian methods, A 69

primitive and modern methods, A 70–71

tapping trees, A 72–74

testing when boiling, A 76

weather for making, A 74

Marathon race

championship, K 371

Marble

composition, G 216

Marbles

first shot "fat", K 346

names of, K 373

playing, K 372

reals, K 373

March

birds, K 175

blooming plants, G 364

Marconi, Guglielmo

inventor of wireless telegraph, E 316, 346

Marguerites

bedding plants, G 324

Marigold

African, characteristics, G 332

characteristics, G 330

good blooming plant, G 323

marsh marigold, characteristics, G 366

planting seeds, G 158

pot marigold, characteristics, G 329, 331

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

varieties, G 157

Marine engines. See Gasolene motors; Steam turbines

Marketing, H 264–273

principles of buying, H 265

quantities, consideration of, H 272

staples, buying of, H 272

See also Names of articles, e. g., Fish; Meats; Vegetables; etc., also Beef; Shad, etc.

Markets in Venice, H 264

Marking

bath towels, N 150*, 156

combination stitches, N 150–157*

cross stitch, N 156

emblems, bullion, N 154–156

feather-stitching, N 156

French knots, N 150

ladder stitch, N 158–159

monograms, N 152–154

napkins, N 156, 157

outlining, N 150*

papier-mache letters, N 156

table and bed linen, N 157

Marquetry work, C 328

Marsh rabbit, A 509

Martha, H 382–387

Martin

migration, K 176

Masonry. See Cement; Foundations; Retaining walls

Match safe

copper work, M 81–82*

Match scratchers

drawing and making, C 38*

Matches

invention of, B 272

Mathematics

woodwork mathematics, C 498–509

Mats

corn husk for braiding, A 63

tooled leather, designs and process, D 328, 329*

woven rattan, N 247*, 249

See also Rugs

Matt tool

definition of, M 210

Matting

cleaning, H 131

Mattress

making for doll-bed, N 50–52*

corn husks for, A 63

Maxim's, aero-curves, B 166–167*

Maxwell, James Clark

scientist, E 341

May

birds, K 175

blooming plants, G 365

May apple, A 23, G 345

Mayonnaise

remedy for curdled, H 356

Meadow lark

migration, K 176

Meadow mushroom, A 89

Meals

clearing the table, H 176

effect of mental attitude during, H 247

preparation

advance, H 308

sequence of work, H 305–308

serving

courses, H 170

dessert course, H 172

duties of waitress, H 169–172

finger bowls, H 172

who to serve first, H 172

without a maid, H 174–176

Measures. See Weights and Measures

Meat

boiling whole, H 278

braising, H 280

broiling, H 275–276

buying principles, H 266

camp cooking, K 90

cooking, preparation for, H 285

cuts of, H 268*

food value, H 250

table, H 252

judging condition of, H 270

left overs, H 355

names of parts, H 267

roasting, H 282

stewing, H 280

See also Beef; Fish; Lamb; Mutton; Pork; Poultry; Veal

Mechanical drawing, C 23–39*

circles, C 28–30*

crosses, C 24–27*

curves, B 339

cylinder and cones, C 34*

design for filing cabinet, C 395–396*

for match scratcher, C 38*

ellipse, B 210–211*, C 19*, 112–114*

enlarging or reducing drawings, C 390, B 339

first lessons, C 24–30*

triangle, hexagon and star, C 29*

Mechanical drawing—Instruments

compass

proportional compasses, B 339*

how to use, C 28–30

cyclograph for describing circular arcs, B 339*

drawing board

how to use, C 23–25*

making, C 381–383*

drawing table, making, C 391–394*

irregular or French curves, making, C 387

making an outfit, C 381–398

pantagraph

making, C 388–391*

how to use, B 325*

section liners, C 387

T-square

making, C 384–386*

to prevent warping, C 394

use of, C 24

triangles, constructing, C 386–388*

views and dimensions, C 32–34*

Mechanical movements

anti-friction bearing, B 326*

balance, principle of, B 25

balance spring, B 330–331*

capstan, B 347*

centrifugal check hooks, B 326*

circular motion

continuous, B 323*

intermittent, B 321–324*

variable, B 321*

combination, B 327–328*

compasses, B 339

compound, definition, B 306

crank motion, B 312

cyclographs for describing circular arcs, B 339*

diagonal catch and hand gear, B 315, 316

disk-engine, B 334*

driving feed rolls, B 316*

endless bands, B 336*

feed motion, B 337*

fulcrum, principle of, B 21–28*

Geneva stop, B 319*

governor

centrifugal, B 313*

engine, B 329

water wheel, B 314*

grinding or crushing, B 307–308*, 336*

gyroscope, B 334–335*

hyperbolas, B 338*

irregular motion, B 319–321*

lantern wheel, B 322*

lewis, B 347*

link-motion valve gear, B 317–318*

number of, B 307

oscillating engines, B 333–334*

pantagraph, B 325*

parabolas, B 338*

parallel motion, B 332–333*

parallel ruler, mechanism, B 331–332*

pendulums, B 329–330*

perpetual motion

definition, B 306

impossibility of, E 234–237

pulleys, B 309–310*

ratchet wheel, B 322–324*

rectilinear motion, B 312*

releasing hook, B 326*

rollers, principle of, B 28

rolling contact, B 318*

rotary, B 312*

rotary engines, B 340*

intermittent, B 322*

simple, definition, B 306

speed, changing, B 328*

steering gear, B 346

stop and rotary motion, B 319*

toe and lifter, B 329*

tongs for lifting, B 348*

tread mills, B 337*

turbine, Jonval, B 341*

water wheels, B 341–344*

windmills, B 346*

weight, lever and fulcrum, B 23–28*

See also Mechanics; Pumps

Mechanical powers. See Inclined plane; Lever; Mechanics; Pulley; Screw; Wedge; Wheel and axle

Mechanical toys. See Toys

Mechanics

first mechanical power, B 21

problems in estimating mechanical power, B 82

progress of mechanical arts, B 271–277

six mechanical powers defined, B 63–64

See also Aeroplanes; Electric power; Engines; Gasolene motors; Inclined planes; Kites; Lever; Mechanical drawing; Mechanical movements; Perpetual motion; Power; Pulley; Pumps; Screw; Water wheel; Wedge; Wheel and axle

Medicinal plants

digitalis from foxglove, A 57

golden seal, A 57

pokeweed, A 58

weeds, G 272

Medicine cabinet

making with paneled doors, C 354–357*

Melon

origin, G 307

planting seed

depth and distance, G 42

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

See also Muskmelon; Watermelon

Mending and repairing. See Patching; Soldering

Menus, H 244–263

combinations and varieties, H 259–260

selection for ease in cooking, H 308

variety, essential, H 262

See also Diet; Food; Marketing

Mercury vapor lamps, E 155–156*

Metal work

alloys, M 208

andirons, forging, M 363–370*

belt buckle, designs, M 195*

bending process, M 315

blotter pad, corners for, M 122–124*

bossing up, M 208, 419

bowl

making, M 13*, 16–22*

Dutch bowls, M 77–79*

finger bowls, M 133–135*

brazing metals, M 310–315

chasing, M 209

coloring metals, D 357

blue black, M 205

heating process, M 203

oxidizing silver, M 204

patina, imitation, M 202

solution for, M 204

violet, M 203

corners for chest, M 116

for desk pad, M 122–124*

decorative forgings, suggestions, D 364

metal work, M 410–419*

definitions of terms, M 208–211

designing patterns, M 13–14*

die making, M 206–208

door handles, making, M 406, 407, 416*, 417

door knockers, M 410–415*

door pulls, M 415*

drawer pulls

designs, M 144*

making, M 417–419*

drawing process, M 315

embossing, M 30, 31

process, M 361

engraving process, M 361

escutcheon plate, M 412*

etching, M 362

eye bolt, M 415, 418

facets, M 22*

oval, M 39

flux, M 209

forming process, M 315

hammering, M 22*, 30, 39

handles

cedar chest, M 116

crumb scraper, M 136*

hinges

cabinet, M 106*

cedar chest, M 116

copper or silver, M 100–106*

fine hinges, M 103*

riveting to box, M 114*

tube hinges, M 101–103*

binding tubes in place, M 105*

wings, making, M 104*

impressing, M 361

inlaying, M 362

lanterns, M 405–406*

letter openers, M 128*

lids, M 59*, 62*, 120, 139

lock plates, M 105, 116

molds

making, M 27–28*

value of, M 31

pickling metals, M 210

planishing, M 210

processes other than smithing operations, M 361–363

repairing by brazing, M 314

repousse

definition, M 210

design, M 30*

ring and ring post for box, M 120

riveting, M 73–77*

handles, M 88

iron tongs, M 288*

process, M 73, 76*

rivets, making, M 77

splitting iron or soft steel, M 362, 364–365*

tools for, M 5–15*, 208–211

trimmings

for cedar chest, M 115–117*

for cigar box, M 115–117*

tubing for hinges, making, M 101–103*

twisting process, M 315

upsetting, definition, M 315

wire, reducing size of, M 101

See also Annealing; Blacksmithing; Brass work; Candlestick; Copper work; Enamel and Enameling; Fire tools; Forging; Iron work; Silver work; Soldering; Steel; Tempering; Tools; Welding

Meteorology. See Barometer; Hail; Lightning; Rain; Thermometer; Weather

Meter. See Ammeter; Electric-meters; Gas-meters; Voltmeter; Wattmeter

Metric system, C 500–503

Mexican drawnwork, N 211*

Mice

as pets, K 184

pests, H 361

Microbes

tetanus, B 249

Mignonette

annual, G 322

characteristics, G 330

choosing and planting, G 158

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Mildew

removing stains, H 359

Milk

boiling point, H 277

book about, A 517

food value, H 250, 254

goat's milk, value, A 115

marketing, A 247

removing ink and rust stains with, H 359

testing for butter fat, A 243

sanitary and unsanitary methods of milking, A 245–247

Milking machine, Electric, E 54

Milkweed (Prickly lettuce)

class and seed time, G 278

distribution of seed, G 273

Mimeograph, B 416

Minerals

collecting, K 156

Mining machinery

centrifugal check hook, B 326*

Mink

breeding season, A 483

skin

stretching, A 507

value, A 484, 506

skinning, A 507*

trapping, A 483–484

Minnows

catching, K 132–133*

Mirrors. See Glass

Mission furniture

book case, making, C 352

clock case, making, C 277–278*

foot rests, making, C 374, 375*

library table, making, C 360–367*

making, C 361–376

plant stands, making, C 372–373*

tabourette, making, C 308–310*

tea table, making, C 367–372*

umbrella rack, making, C 375*

writing desk, design, C 375*

Mission oak finish, D 231

Mississippi River

proposed dam across, B 246

Mitchell, Frank

success with chickens, A 163

Mitre box

making and testing, C 228–231*

Mitred joints, C 232–234*, 256*, D 143–146*

Model house. See Architecture

Modeling. See Pottery

Molasses

food value, H 254

Mole

fur, A 491

habits, A 489

trapping, A 489–491

Mollusks

preserving specimen, A 374

Money. See Accounts; Allowances; Income

Mongolian pheasants, A 197

Monogram

embroidering, N 152–154

Monoplane

construction of, B 171–173*

toy model, making, C 75–83*

Months

lunar and calendar, B 214

Moon

diameter, B 229

distance from earth, B 229

light, origin, B 214

orbit, B 216

phases, B 215*

rotation, B 216

See also Tides

Moon flower

characteristics, G 331

Moon vine

value, G 359

Moore, D. McFarland

inventor of Moore light, E 156*

Moore electric lamp, E 156*

Mops

kinds and uses, H 141

Morels

mushrooms, A 86

Morning glory

characteristics, G 331

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

value, G 359

Morris, William

rule for household possessions, H 115

Morris chair

construction, D 188–193*

designs, D 50*, 189*

history of designs, D 188

wood finish, D 237

Morrison, Arthur

budget of housekeeping expenses, H 78

Morse, Samuel Finley Breese

inventor of the telegraph, E 60

Mortise and tenon joints, C 250*, 255*, 256*, 415

Mosquitoes

book about, A 519

breeding places, A 474

enemies of, A 475, K 168

eradicating, A 473–475

protection from, in camping, K 70

Moss pink

characteristics, G 364

Moths

baiting, A 400–402, K 153–154

collecting and mounting, K 151–153

collecting time, A 388

development from the egg, A 393–395

how they come out of the cocoon, A 347

pests, H 362

See also Silkworm

Motion. See Mechanical movements

Motor boat. See Boat building; Gasolene motor; Launch

Motor cycles

engines, B 387–391*

Motors. See Aeroplanes; Automobiles; Dynamos; Electric motors; Engines; Gasolene motors; Locomotives; Steam engines; Vacuum cleaner; Water wheel

Molding. See Metal work; Pottery

Molds

concrete block molds, B 243

concrete furniture molds, D 202

die making, M 206–208

metal work, M 27–28, 31

Mount Mellick stitch, N 143

Mountain climbing

healthfulness of, K 17

Mountains

snow line, B 368

Mounting specimens. See Insects; Plants; Seaweed

Mouse club

membership, K 184

Movements. See Mechanical movements

Moving toys. See Toys

Muffins

mixing ingredients, H 302

Mulberry leaves

food for silkworms, A 337

Mullein, moth

class and seed time, G 278

habits and characteristics, G 347

Mumblety peg, K 374

Mushrooms

book about, A 516

chanterelles, identifying, A 89

cooking, A 84, 87

coprinus comatus, A 90

coral fungi

cooking, A 87

identifying, A 86

edible varieties, A 83*, 85–92

food value, H 255

inky caps, identifying, A 90

meadow mushrooms, A 89

morels, identifying and gathering, A 86*

oyster mushrooms, identifying, A 91

propagation, A 88

puff balls

cooking, A 84

identifying, A 83–84, 87–89

varieties, A 88–89

shaggy manes, A 90

where to get information about, A 91

Music

transmitted by telephone, E 295

Musical instruments. See Organ; Piano; Pipe organ; Telharmonium

Musk

characteristics, G 331

Muskmelon

American, outdoor planting, G 308

English, how grown, G 307–308

food value, H 255

indoor planting time, G 233

seeds, germination per cent., G 233

Muskrat

book about, A 519

food, A 509

fur, value, A 491

houses, A 503

river trapping, A 504

setting and baiting traps, A 504

skinning, A 507*

skins, value, A 506

swamp trapping, A 503

trapping, A 492

season, A 504

Mustard, wild

class and seed time, G 278

Mutton

cuts and their uses, H 270

food value, table, H 253

My heritage, H 63–68

Myrtle

characteristics, G 365

N

Nail puller

making, M 353*

Nails

boxes for, making, C 206–209*

cabinet for, making, C 209–212*

driving into plaster walls, C 246

holding power, B 46–47

sinking nails, C 208*

Napkin

marking, N 157

See also Table linen

Napkin rings

silver or copper work, M 191–192*

Naphtha

cleaning properties, H 332

Narcissus

easy to grow, G 166

poets narcissus, planting and blooming time, G 177

varieties distinguished, G 169

water bulbs, G 168, 175

Nasturtium

characteristics, G 323, 328, 329, 332

dwarf, characteristics, G 332

planting, G 83, 156

Natural resources

conservation, A 92–94

by specimen collectors, A 362

Nature study

keeping a diary, K 148–149

making a beginning, K 144–150

methods, K 150

mineral collections, K 156

practical side, K 167

water life, K 158–167

water telescope, K 159

See also Insects; Plants; Shells; Silkworm

Necklace

silver work, M 166–170*

Neckties. See Ties

Needham, John

Reclaiming a spring, A 280–282

Needlecase

making, N 46–47*

Needlecraft. See Basket making; Bead work; Braiding; Crocheting; Drawnwork; Dressmaking; Embroidery; Irish crochet; Knitting; Lace making; Leather work; Sewing

Nemophila

characteristics, G 331

Nernst lamp, E 157

Nets

butterfly net, K 151*

collector's net for water specimen, K 158*

making, for insect collecting, A 376–378

Newspapers

cleaning lamps with, H 138

polishing glass with, H 134

Newton, Sir Isaac

corpuscular theory of light, E 344

theory of tides, B 217–218

Newts

taming, A 266

Nigger baby (Game), K 381

Nile River

dam across, B 247

Nitrates

plant food, G 10, 221, 223

for sandy soil, G 224

Norfolk Island pine, G 196

Norway pine. See Pine—red

Notched joints, C 255*

Notched trophy stick, C 11*

Nut hatch

insect destroyer, A 456

Nutrition. See Diet; Food

Nuts

beech nuts, A 37–39

book about, A 516

chinquapins, A 32

food value, H 255

grading for market, A 42

growing, A 43–46

from seeds, A 46

hazel nuts, A 33–35

hickory nuts, A 39

pecans, A 40–43

pine nuts, A 29

tree seeds, A 46

care of, A 48

use of, A 46

walnuts, A 35–37

Nuts (Iron)

forging, M 244–246*

O

Oak

antique, stain for, C 489

black jack or barren oak, characteristics, C 554

black or yellow, characteristics, C 554

chestnut oak, characteristics, C 552

durability of wood, C 494

Flemish oak stain, D 231

forest green oak finish, D 232

fuming, D 233–234

golden oak finish, D 229

gray oak stain, D 232

laurel oak, characteristics, C 555

live oak, characteristics, G 367

mission oak finish, D 231

mossy-cup or bur oak, characteristics, C 551

oak gall, K 147

pin oak, characteristics, C 553, G 367

post or iron oak, characteristics, C 552

quality of, G 79

quarter-sawed, C 551*, D 131–132

red, characteristics, C 552

scarlet, characteristics, C 553

stains, list of, C 482

swamp white oak, characteristics, C 552

weathered oak stain, D 233

white, characteristics, C 549–551

willow oak, characteristics, C 554

Oats

depth to plant seeds, G 235

Obelisks

moving, B 56–57

Occupations

berry picking, A 8–13

best ways of earning money, A 3–6

birds, attracting, A 455–461

carriage cleaning, A 408

character building, A 6–7

choosing, A 6

cider vinegar, making, A 412–417

collecting Christmas greens, A 50–57

collecting insects, A 374–403

collecting plants, A 94–99, 349–374

collecting tree seeds, A 46–50

collecting useful plants, flowers, grasses, etc., A 57–69

collecting wood for rustic furniture, A 410

corn, drying, A 427–428

corn, selecting seed, A 410–412*

fall work, list of, A 5

forest fires, preventing, A 467–468

game preserve, creating, A 464–467

grape juice making, A 417–421

harvesting nature's crops, A 8–99

keeping bees, A 287–336

kindling wood, gathering, A 404–408

lavender sticks, making, A 424

leaf mold, making, A 421–424

making brooks and springs useful, A 271–286

maple sugar making, A 69–78

mosquitoes and flies, exterminating, A 473–478

mushroom gathering, A 83–94

nuts, gathering and growing, A 29–45

odd jobs, A 404–448

orchard work, A 409*

outdoor worker's library, A 516–519

raising animals for pets, A 203–240

raising domestic animals, A 100–202

silkworms, raising, A 337–348

snow shoveling, A 431–432

spring work, list of, A 6

summer work, list of, A 5

tennis court, making, A 428–431

training animals, A 241–270

trapping, A 478–512

weeds, killing, A 469–473

wild fruit, gathering, A 14–29

winter work, list of, A 5

year-round, list of, A 6

See also Housekeeping

Ocean. See Tides

Odd jobs, A 404–448

Oersted, Hans Christian

discovery of magnetic action of currents, E 14

discoverer of magnetic field about an electric current, E 353

Ohm, George Simon

Ohm's law, E 92–93

Oil cloth as a floor covering, H 191

Oil engines. See Gas and oil engines

Oil furnace

heating steel in, M 290

Oil lamp. See Lamp, oil

Oil nut. See Butternut

Oilstone

sharpening tools, C 183*

Okra

germination per cent., G 233

Olympic games

events contested for, K 372

One old cat (Game), K 375

Onion

food value, H 255

indoor planting time, G 233

insect pests, G 291

peeling, H 294

planting seed

depth and distance to plant, G 42

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

planting sets and seed, G 309–310

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

germination period, G 32

soil for, G 23, 309

Open air life. See Outdoor life

Opening the house. See Housekeeping

Opossum

bait for, A 509

skin, value, A 509

Orange

food value, H 255

Orange root, G 348, 365

Orchard. See Fruit trees

Organ

electric, E 55, 278–279*

pipe organ, E 44–52

telharmonium, E 293–295

Oriental rug

washing, A 447

Oriole

insect eater, A 457

migration, K 176

Ornithoptere flying machine, B 163

Osage orange

hedge shrub, G 357

Osmium lamp

metal filament, E 145

Oswego tea, G 333, 347

Outdoor furniture. See Furniture

Outdoor games. See Games

Outdoor life

sleeping outdoors, A 6–9, 52*

value of, K 6

See also Camping

Outdoor sports. See Sports

Outdoor work

free printed matter, how to obtain, A 513–516

occupations suited to the four seasons, A 5

odd jobs, A 404–448

See also Occupations

Outlining. See Marking

Ovens

camp ovens, K 80–82*

clay, K 81

dampers for regulating, H 229

Dutch, K 81

electric, E 305–308

reflector, K 80, 81*

temperature for baking and roasting, H 282, 283

Owl

as a pet, K 184

Oxen

trained oxen, value of, A 258–259

Oyster

broiling, H 275–276

cleaning, H 291

food value, H 253

opening, H 290

testing, H 291

Oyster mushroom, A 91

P

Packing

books, H 349

fixtures, H 348–349

furs and woolens, H 347

textile furnishings, H 348

Paint

cleaning woodwork, H 122, 124, 134

removing stains, H 359

stenciling, N 81–82

Painting (Mechanical)

brushes, H 342

mixing paints, H 342

preparing surface, H 341

summer house, C 424

Palms

care of, G 198

varieties to grow, G 198

Panama canal

cement used for, B 246

Pandanus

window box plant, G 193

Pansy

care of bed, G 318

characteristics, G 329, 331

picking flowers, G 319

planting seeds, G 318

to prevent running out, G 319

tufted, characteristics, G 334

Pantagraph, B 325*

making, C 389*

Pantry

arrangement, H 177

plan in model house, D 12

See also Dish washing

Paper hanging

applying paste, H 345

matching and cutting, H 344

putting on paper, H 345

quantity of paper required, H 343

removing old paper, H 344

Paper knife

carving designs, C 122*

copper work, D 347*, M 34–38*, 126–128*

whittling, C 121–123*

Papier-mache letters for marking, N 156

Par (Game), K 347

Parabolas

describing, B 338*

Parasites

eggplant pests, G 305

Paris green

insecticide, G 282, 285, 288, 290, 292

rule for mixing, G 130

Paris sewers

described by Victor Hugo, H 216

Parsley, G 310

planting seed

depth to plant, G 42, 235

distance to plant, G 42

in a box, G 164

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

Parsnips

food value, H 255

planting seed, G 310

time to plant, G 234

wild parsnips, class and seed time, G 278

Partridge

migration, K 176

Pass it (Game), K 375

Passe partout, D 72–78*

color scheme, D 73–74

materials and tools, D 75

process, D 75–78*

Paste

receipt, H 346

for leather work, N 88, 95, 96

Pastry

filling pies, H 304

juices, to prevent boiling over, H 305

mixing the dough, H 303, 304

soggy crust, preventing, H 304

Patching

square patch, N 33–35*

Patents

applying for, B 200–201, 205

Canadian, B 207

caveat, provisional protection, B 206

drawings and specifications, B 202–205

duration, B 205

fees for application, B 205, 206

in a foreign country, B 208

re-issuing, B 205

time required to procure, B 205

what granted for, B 206

Patterns. See Embroidery; Dressmaking; Stenciling

Peach trees

care of seeds for planting, A 48

distance to plant trees, G 258

Peacock

care and feeding of young chicks, A 186

habits of the hen, A 186

Indian peacock, value, A 187

raising, A 185–188

acquiring information about, A 187

Peanuts

food value, H 256

Pear

distance to plant trees, G 258

food value, H 255

Peas

food value, H 250, 255

insect pests, G 291

planting seed, G 311

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 33, 233

germination period, G 32

Peasants

German embroidery work, N 196

Russian applique work, N 198

Pecan

commercial value, A 42, 43

cultivating, A 40–41

gathering, A 41–42

grading, A 42–43

polishing for market, A 43

Peen of hammer. See Hammer

Pelota (Game), K 376

Pelts. See Skins

Pen rack

design and making, C 117–119*

Pen tray

gouge work, C 259*, 263*

Pen wiper

tooled leather, D 329–330*

Pencil box

making and carving, C 106–108*

Pencil sharpener

drawing and making, C 38*

Pendulum

compound bar, compensation pendulum, B 330*

mercurial compensation pendulum, B 329*

Pennant

yacht pennant, B 107

Peony

annuals, G 316

arrangement in the garden, G 321

Chinese, characteristics, G 335, 365

depth to plant, G 321

European, characteristics, G 335

garden, characteristics, G 365

planting and blooming time, G 179

Pepper

indoor planting time, G 233

planting and transplanting, G 311–312

planting seed

depth and distance to plant, G 42

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

germination period, G 32

stuffing, varieties for, G 312

varieties, G 312

Pepper bush, sweet

characteristics, G 356

Perennials

definition of, G 160

for cut flowers: table, G 333

fragrant: table, G 333

low: table, G 334

medium height: table, G 335

tall: table, G 334

value of, G 316

Pergola

designing and building, C 425–440*

Perpetual motion, B 306

impossibility of, E 234–237

Persimmons

picking, A 23

region grown, A 22

Pests. See Household pests; Insect pests; Mice; Rats

Pets

book about, A 517

care of, K 170–192

housing, C 451–456*, K 186

ornamental land and water fowl, K 180–182

raising, A 203–240

story of a boy's animal cage, A 233–235

taming wild animals, K 186

trained, market value, A 248

See also Bantams; Birds; Cats; Cavies; Crows; Dogs; Ducks; Gold Fish; Guinea pigs; Mice; Pigeons; Poultry; Rabbits; Raccoon; Shetland pony; Squirrels

Petunia

characteristics, G 329

good bloomers, G 323

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Pheasant

book about, A 517

breeds, A 197

coops and rearing ground, A 200–201

eggs, packing, A 199

feeding young chicks, A 200

localities in United States for raising, A 198

migration, K 176

protection from birds of prey, A 202

raising, A 196–202

care of mother, A 199

in England, A 199

serving in German fashion, A 197

varieties, K 181

See also Guinea fowl

Phlox

characteristics, G 330, 331, 332, 365

late, characteristics, G 335

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Phœbe bird

insect destroyers, A 457

migration, K 175

Phosphates

plant food, G 10, 221, 224

Photography, K 301–317

action of chemical waves, E 336

cameras, kinds and cost, K 303–304

dark room, K 309

developers and developing, K 313–315

exposure, K 312

fixing bath, K 314, 315

focusing, K 311–312

lens, importance of, K 307

negatives, preserving, K 316

plates versus films, K 308

printing papers, K 315

snap shots, taking, K 305–307

snap shots versus real photography, K 302

subjects, choosing, K 310

Piano, Electric, E 54

Pickerel weed

characteristics, G 366

Pickles

walnuts, A 37

Pickling metals

definition, M 210

Picks (tools)

forging stone picks, M 344*

Picnic tables and benches

making, B 132–134

Picture frames and framing

carbon photographs of a masterpiece, framing D 69–72

carving designs, C 101, 102, 130–132

colonial interiors in colors, framing, D 68

gluing mitred joints, D 144–146*

joints

kind required, D 147

mitred, D 143–144*, C 232–234*

large photographic reproduction, framing, D 148

palette photograph frame, C 131

passe partout, D 72–78*

rabbeting, C 232*

selecting, D 67

shrinkage, D 146

silver work, M 185–186*

staining, D 69, 71

stock, securing, D 142–143*

whittling back for, C 131

whittling out of solid piece, C 19–22*

Pictures, D 64–80*

cleaning, H 135

decorative value, D 64

grouping and hanging, D 66–67

hanging correctly, D 79*

considering space values, D 64–65

height to hang, D 80

hooks and wires, D 78–80

Japanese way of hanging, D 65–66

Piers

foundation walls, B 19

filling space between, B 76

Pies. See Pastry

Pig. See Swine

Pig iron, M 230

Pig pen. See Swine

Pig weed

class and seed time, G 278

Pigeon holes. See Filing cabinet

Pigeons

breeds, A 208, K 178

prize winners, K 179

carrier pigeons, K 180

characteristics, A 207

common, care of, K 179

devotion of male, A 211

dove cote, A 208–209

care of, A 215

for fancy breeding, K 179

sanitary provisions, A 213

dragoons, K 178

fancy pigeons for pets, A 207–217

feeding, A 214, K 179

fly made of wire, A 212*

market value, K 179

nest building, A 210

nest dishes, A 210, 211

nesting compartment, building, A 209–210

net for capturing, A 209*

perches, making, A 210

pests, guarding against, A 209

pouter, K 178

roosts, making, A 210*

rufflenecks (Jacobins), K 178

tumblers, characteristics, A 208, K 178

water bath, A 214

white fan tail, model, K 178

See also Squabs

Pile driving machine

releasing hook, B 326*

Pillow

bead work, N 293

choosing cushion covers, D 97

cornhusks for filling cushions, A 63

fraternity pillow, N 376

lingerie pillow, N 375

making for doll-bed, N 52

See also Block printing; Stenciling

Pillow case

making for doll-bed, N 53*

marking, N 157

Pillow shams

fastening, H 152

Pin

insect pins, A 380

metal work tool, M 210

Pin case

making, N 56*

Pin cushion

embroidered, N 193–196

Pin tray

gouge work, C 264*

Pine

cones, gathering and storing, A 49

Georgia pine, characteristics, C 535

long leaf, A 55

pitch pine, characteristics, C 536

red, characteristics, C 536

white

characteristics, C 535

strength, C 496

white pine seeds

gathering and curing, A 48–49

marketing, A 49

yellow, characteristics, C 536

Pine needles. See Balsam

Pine nuts

gathering, A 29

Pink

characteristics, G 329

fringed, characteristics, G 333

moss pink, characteristics, G 364

Pioneer life

"goin' plummin'", A 26–29

Pipe organ

operating by electricity, E 44–52

Pipes. See Plumbing; Soldering; Stove pipe; Waste pipes

Pistil

seed making function, G 247

Pistons

mechanism of, B 315–316*

Pitch block

definition of, M 210

Pitch fork

forging, M 239*

Pitcher plant

characteristics, G 366

Plackets. See Dressmaking

Plaited skirts. See Dressmaking

Plane. See Inclined plane

Planes and planing

adjusting planes, C 177

block plane, C 176, 178

cap iron, adjustment and use, C 184*

jack plane, C 178

operation of the plane, C 146, 178–179, D 133–134, 136

sharpening plane irons, C 179–184*

smooth plane, C 177*

use of shooting board, C 106*

wooden and iron, C 176*

Planishing

definition of, M 210

Plant breeding

budding, G 251–254

improving seeds, G 246–248

layering, G 249–251

methods, G 249

mongrel varieties from close planting, G 105, 145

seed selection, G 225–233

slipping, G 188–190

topping, G 199, 250–251

Plant food, G 221–226

chemicals essential for, G 221

how plants feed, G 225

nitrogen, G 10, 221

for sandy soil, G 224

source of, G 223

phosphorus, G 10, 221, 224

potash, G 10, 221, 224

source and value of, G 10

Plant stands

jardiniere of wood, G 68–71*

mission style, making, C 372–373

stool making, G 53–55

Plantain

rib-grass, class and seed time, G 278

seed production, G 274

Planting tables. See Flower gardening; Seeds; Shrubs; Vegetable gardening

Plants

action of chemical waves, E 336

books about, A 518

effect of light, G 242

essential parts, G 240

food manufactured and stored by, G 242–245

herbaceous plants, definition, G 317

honey or pollen plants, A 322

leaves

food factory, G 242–245

functions, G 240

lice, destroying, G 284, 291, 293

life history, G 239–248

making wooden labels for, G 58*

medicinal plants, A 57

root-system, G 240–241

stems, passage way, G 241

studying, A 349–369

transplanting, G 118, 268–270

from coldframe, G 101–102

useful to attract birds and protect trees, A 461

See also Flower gardening; Flowers; Gardening; Insect pests; Plant breeding; Plant food; Salad plants; Seeds; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables; also names of plants

Plants—Collection and preservation, A 349–363

arranging specimens, A 352–353

blue printing, A 360–362

classifying specimens, A 356–359

drying specimens, A 353

labeling specimens, A 356, K 156

marketing collection, A 360

mounting specimens, A 353–356, K 155

outfit for, A 352

preserving in covers, A 356

reasons for collecting, A 349–350, 360

representing different stages of growth, A 359–360

rules of the game, A 362

seaweed, A 362–374

Play

importance of, K 4–5

Playhouse, H 3–40

in flats and apartments, H 8

in garret, H 5

in a tree, H 3

make believe, H 8, 13

Playthings

make believe, H 11–12

See also Toys

Pleurisy root, G 348, 365

Pliers

carpenter's tool, C 199*

metal worker's tool, M 6*

Plug in the ring (Game), K 376

Plum

care of seeds for planting, A 48

distance to plant trees, G 258

origin and distribution of wild plums, A 24

value of trees in chicken yards, K 204

Plumb-line

home-made device, G 114

Plumbing, H 213–223

care of, in closed houses, H 348

importance of, H 219

leaks, peppermint test, B 254

location of pipes for housekeeper, H 216

principle of the U, H 216–218*

taps, repairing, B 255

traps, construction and care, H 217–218

ventilation pipes, H 319

See also Soldering; Waste pipes

Pocket book. See Purse

Point lace. See Lace making

Poison Ivy

destroying, A 472–473

Poisoning. See Lockjaw

Poker

making fire tools, M 371*

Pokeweed

roots and berries, A 58

shoots as food, A 58

Polish and polishing

French polish, C 490

wax polish, C 490

See also Brass work; Copper work; Enamel; Floors; Furniture; Glass; Metal work

Pollination of plants, G 247

corn growing, G 145

Polo

equestrian, K 377

hand polo, K 356

water polo, K 392

wicket polo, K 393

Pompey's pillar, B 57

Pond making in a city back yard, G 134–136

Ponderosa

indoor plant, G 196

Pony as a pet, A 203–205

Poplar

Carolina, G 367

characteristics, C 563

for landscape gardening, G 353

quick growers, G 79

Popp-mallow

characteristics, G 334

Poppy

characteristics, G 328, 331

depth to plant seeds, G 235

Iceland, sowing and blossoming time, G 161

in England, G 271

Oriental, characteristics, G 335

planting, G 84, 158

plume, characteristics, G 334

self-sowing, G 316

transplanting, G 156

Porcupine quills

how to procure, A 68

uses, A 69

Pork

cuts and their uses, H 270

food value, H 253

combined with vegetables, H 259

used as chicken, H 358

Porterhouse steak, H 269

Portieres

bead work, N 290–293

stenciling, N 81

weaving designs, D 260–261

See also Block printing

Portland cement

origin and uses, B 246–248

Portulaca

blooming plants, G 323

characteristics, G 328

Posts

preserving underground, C 402

See also Foundations

Pot rest, G 68–71*

Pot roast, H 268

Potash

plant food, G 10, 221, 224

Potato

boiled or baked, H 280

food value, H 255

insect pests, G 287, 292

planting seed potatoes, G 129

cutting device, A 437–439*

depth and distance to plant, G 42

quantity to plant, G 36

profit from raising, G 130

spraying, G 130

soil for, G 129

Potato race, K 378

Pots and pans

care of, H 198, 201

materials, H 201

soldering, M 43–45

Potted plants. See Flower gardening

Pottery, D 280–320*

bat and how made, D 286

"bisque," meaning, D 301

bowl

decorating, D 294–299*

designing and modeling, D 287–294*

candlestick, designing, D 313–315*

clay, selecting, D 284

coiling method, D 283, 291*

concrete pottery, D 207–209*

decoration

applying the design, D 297–298

classes, D 295–297*

color combinations, D 303–304

methods, D 294

modeling a decoration, D 298

under-glazing, D 298–299

designing, D 288–290*

avoiding natural forms, D 290

testing profiles, D 290*

development of, D 280–281

fern dish, D 310–313*

firing, D 299–301

glazed pottery, D 306

glazes, matt and bright glaze mixes, D 303

glazing, D 301–307*

grinding the glaze, D 302

"grog" making, D 316

handles, making, D 309*

kiln, portable, D 300*

materials and tools, D 284–287*

template, D 292*

modeling process, D 290–292*

potter's wheel versus hand method, D 282–283

scientific principle of, D 281

scraping, D 293*

"slip," meaning, D 294

testing work, D 292*

tiles for tea plate and fireplace, D 315–320*

tools, D 285–287

vases, designing and decorating, D 307–310*

Poultry, A 132–178, K 193–207

accounts, how to keep, A 153, 157, 168, 172

acquiring information, A 187

amateur's experience with, A 166–168

American breeds, K 195

Asiatic breed, K 195

Bantams, breeding and care, A 217–218

books about, A 517

Brahmas, K 195

breeding pure stock, A 156

purpose of, K 177

breeds, characteristics, A 220–222, K 194–195

broilers, raising, K 195

fattening for market, A 152–153

brooders, making, A 175, K 199

broody hens, curing, A 144

business methods in poultry raising, A 153–159

care and housing, A 133–143, K 193–207

city experiment with, A 159

cleanliness, A 142–143, 146

clipping wings, K 207

Cochins, K 195

cooking

broiling, H 275–276

preparation for, H 285–288

coops, model, A 147–151*

crested variety, care of, A 222

drawing poultry, H 287

dust bath for, A 141*, K 206

eggs

best layers, K 195

cost of, for settings, K 196

effect of feeding on layers, A 171

keeping a record for idlers, A 157*

of fancy fowls, A 221

quality affected by feed, A 146

selections for settings, A 148

testing layers, A 154–155*

winter laying, K 205–206

exercise, provisions for, A 138, 146

expenses of one experiment, A 176

experiments, A 159–177

fancy breeds and their care, A 219–222, K 194–195

fattening broilers for market, A 152, 153

feathers, marketing, A 159

food value: table, H 253

fruit trees in the chicken yard, K 204

Hamburgs, characteristics, A 220

hatching

average number from a setting, K 196

time required for eggs to hatch, A 148, K 198, 201

hen gate, A 158*

Houdans, characteristics, A 220

incubators, A 175

average time for eggs to hatch, K 198, 199

operating, K 197–199

killing, H 286

Lakenvelders, characteristics, A 220

Langshans, K 195

Laying hens. See Poultry, eggs

Leghorns, K 195

eggs, A 221

in a prize contest, A 160–163

lice

on small chicks, A 148, K 201

preventing, A 143

marketing, A 156–159

Mediterranean breeds, K 195

molting season, A 145

nests for sitting hens, A 147

non-sitters, K 195

ornamental land and water fowl as pets, K 180–182

cost of, K 181

Orpingtons, record price, K 194

plucking, H 286

Plymouth rocks, K 195

Polish varieties, A 220

prize contests, stories of, A 160–164

prize-winning Orpingtons, K 194

profit in, K 193

ranging versus housing, A 134

runs, cornfields for, A 176

selection of, for cooking, H 271

shows, purpose of, K 177

sitting hens

coops for, A 147–148*, 150

feeding, A 144

nests for, A 147

raising, K 200–201

starting a business with eggs versus chickens, K 195–196

stories of success in raising, A 159–177

thoroughbreds versus mongrels, K 194

training for poultry raising, A 173

trap nests for testing layers, A 154–155*

white Wyandotte, A 168–172, K 195

wild fowl, clipping wings, K 81

winter care, K 205–206

young chicks, care of, K 202–203, A 147–153

Yokahamas, A 220

See also Ducks; Game and game birds; Geese; Guinea fowl; Peacock; Poultry feeding; Poultry houses; Turkey

Poultry feeding

effect on quality of eggs, A 146

feeding six thousand hens in one half hour, A 164–166

growing feed, A 153

making hens lay, A 171

molting season, A 145

rack for feed pans, to prevent waste, A 145*

regularity essential, A 146

self-feed grain box, A 139*

self-feed grit box, A 136*

sitting hens, A 144

trough for feed, making, C 450*

winter feeding, K 206

young chicks, A 150–153, K 199

Poultry houses

building a poultry house, A 132–143*, C 441–450*, K 204*

cleaning provisions, A 140, K 204

construction principles, A 135, C 441–442

coops, A 147–150*

corners, finishing, C 446*

curtained shed, A 138

doors and windows, A 137*, C 448

dropping board, A 140, C 449

dust bath, A 141*, K 206

floors, cement, A 137

foundation, C 443–444

frame for window screen, C 449

framework of the house, C 444–445*

for an eleven dollar house, A 133*

furnishings, A 139–142*, K 204*

heat, planning for, A 135

location, A 135, K 207

materials, A 136–137

nests, location, A 140–141, K 204

roofing paper, C 449

roosts, making, A 139, C 450, K 204

runs, A 141, 142, C 450, K 204

sanitary principles, A 142–143, 146

scratching shed, A 138, K 204, 205

siding for frame, C 445

sleeping room, K 204

working drawings, C 443, 447

Powell. See Baden-Powell, Sir Robert

Power

dynamometer for measuring, B 324*

foot pound, B 123

problems in estimating, B 82

steam versus electricity, E 3–5

units of power, B 122–125

See also Electric power; Gasolene motors; Mechanics; Steam; Water power

Precious stones

bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176

cutting metal away for setting, M 157–159*

prong setting, M 159–161*

selecting for rings, M 152

Preserves

storing in cellar, H 211

See also Canning; Jam; Jelly

Press copying methods, B 418

Pressing skirts, N 73

Prime roasts, H 269

Printing

block printing, D 98–106

Prisoner's base, K 378

Propeller. See Aeroplanes; Screw propeller

Proteins

effect of boiling, H 277

effect of cold water, H 278

food composition, H 248

foods containing, H 250

proportion in diet, H 249, 252

Proverbs

Indian proverb about home making, H 44

Pruning

hazel bushes, A 35

methods, A 439–443*

Puff balls, A 83–84, 87–89

Pulleys

chain, B 322*

dynamometer, B 324*

endless chain, B 310

expanding, B 321*

mechanical principle of, B 49–52*

movable, theory of, B 50–51*

multiple, B 51–52*

rule for power, B 63, 310

snatch block, B 50*

Spanish bartons, B 310*

triangular eccentric, B 311*

use of, B 43*

White's pulley, B 310*

Pumpkin

planting, G 312

depth and distance to plant, G 42

quantity of seed to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

with corn, G 117

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

striped beetle pests, G 117

Pumps

action of, B 235–236

Archimedes screw, B 143–145*, 344

double acting, B 346*

force pumps, B 236, 345

lift pumps, B 236, 345*

plunger pump for vacuum cleaner, B 379–381*

theory of, B 234–235

See also Windmills

Punch (Tool)

centre punch, making, M 297*

metal work tool, M 7*

Pupa. See Insects

Puppy. See Dogs

Purdy, Carl

collecting and growing California bulbs, A 94–99

Purling, N 353*

Purse

bead work, N 285–290*

tooled leather, making, D 340–342*

See also Card case

Purslane (Pursley)

class and seed time, G 278

Push ball, K 379

Push button. See Electric push button

Pyramids of Egypt

how they were built, B 54–56

Pyrography

outfit, C 330–331

woods suitable for, C 240, 330

Pyrometric cones, D 300*

Q

Quail. See Bob white

Quaker ladies, G 341

Quarter sawed oak, C 551, D 131–132*

Queen Anne's lace, G 349

Quills, porcupine, A 68

Quoits, K 379

R

Rabbeted joints, C 255*

Rabbit

bait, A 508

breeds, common and fancy, K 182, A 498

care of, K 185

characteristics, A 497

enemies, A 498

fur, value, A 501

house, construction, C 451–454*, K 182–183*

hunting, A 500

raising for pets, A 206

snares, making, A 500

story of a boy's animal cage, A 234

Raccoon

bait for, A 509

habits, A 268

skin, value, A 509

story of a boy's animal cage, A 234

taming, A 268–269

Racing

feather race, K 347

marathon race, K 371

potato race, K 378

sack race, K 384

three legged race, K 390

tub race, K 390

water race, K 393

Racquets or Rackets (Game), K 380

Radiators

steam as distributors of heat, E 314

Radish

icicle, G 95

indoor planting time, G 233

insect pests, G 291

planting seed

depth to plant, G 42, 236

distance to plant, G 42

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

quick development, G 313

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

germination period, G 32

Raffia work, N 250–277*

basket making, N 243, 250–252

covers, N 252

handles, N 255–256

melon-shaped basket, N 257–259*

belts, N 273–274

braiding raffia, N 262–263*, 268

doll's hammock, N 271

doll's hat, N 253–255*

fringe, N 274

hats

braiding, N 263–264*

trimming, N 264, 268, 270

weaving on wire frames, N 264–268

jewel case, N 260–261*

knotting raffia, N 271–275*

materials for, N 250

napkin ring, N 252, 253*

preparing the raffia, N 262, 268

shopping bag, knotted raffia, N 272–273*

skip stitch, N 257

Solomon's knot, N 265

split stitch, N 257

three strand braid, N 268–270

whisk broom, N 275*

winding stitch, N 257

Rafters. See Roofs

Ragout, H 269

Ragweed

class and seed time, G 278

Rain

causes of, B 355–356

drops, formation, B 357–360

shape, B 360

fall

effect on forestation, B 361

measuring, B 349–353*

recording, B 362–363

gauge, making, B 350–353*

importance of, B 354

period of rainfall, B 360

table for measures, B 353

weather symbol, B 362

Raisins

food value, H 255

Raking, G 265

Ranges

draughts and dampers, H 227–230

See also Gas range

Raspberries

food value, H 255

picking wild raspberries, A 9

Ratchet wheel

mechanism, B 322–324*

Rats

book about, A 519

electrocution device, E 271–273*

trapping, A 496

Rattan work

baskets, N 243–248*

mats, N 247*, 249

whisk broom holder, N 249

Reamur thermometer scale, B 262

Receipts

barberry jelly, A 17

canning elderberries, A 16

elderberry steamed pudding, A 16

green grape jelly, A 15

pickled walnuts, A 37

thimbleberry jam, A 11

wild crabapple butter, A 22

See also Camping—Cooking; Cookery; Insecticides; Paste

Red line, or Red lion (Game), K 381

Red spider, G 293

Reed basket

weaving, G 61–64*

Reel

making a garden reel, G 51*

Refrigerator

cleaning, H 109, 241

drainage, regulating, H 240

economy in ice supply, H 242

how to avoid odors, H 241

location, H 240

purifying, H 242

Remington typewriter, B 403–409*

Renaissance lace. See Lace

Rent

what proportion of income to use for, H 74, 77, 78

Repairing. See Furniture; Soldering

Repousse

definition of, M 210

Retaining walls

batter, making, B 244–245

"closers", B 244

designing, B 240–241*

foundation, B 238*, 245

Galveston sea wall, B 247

"header", B 244

pointing, B 246

"stretcher", B 244

Rheostat. See Electric rheostat

Rhubarb

food value, H 255

Ribbon embroidery. See Embroidery

Rice

camp cooking, K 90

food value, H 254

washing, H 295

wild rice

characteristics, A 78–79

harvesting, A 79

uses of, A 78, 79

Richards, Ellen H.

"Cost of living" quoted, H 74

Rifles

aiming, K 122

care and cleaning, K 123

learning to use, K 120–123

Rings

iron, welding, M 248–250*, 254*

silver work, M 152–162*

steel, making, M 265*

See also Precious stones

Rivers

protecting river banks, B 237

tides, B 227, 229

See also Retaining walls

Riveting

handles, M 88

iron tongs, M 288*

making rivets, M 77

metal, M 73–77*

metal worker's tool, M 10*

rivet set, M 73

silver letters on copper, M 188–190*

stove pipe, M 74

Roads

material for road-bed, G 85–86

repairing dirt roads, G 84–86

Roast pig, story, H 18

Roasting

meats, H 282

open fire for, H 282

thickness of food, H 276

Robbers

Irish stew and the robbers: story, H 15

Robin

insect destroyers, A 457

migration, K 175

Rock

how soil was formed from, G 213

See also Boulders

Rock garden

flowers to plant in, G 325

location, G 324

plants, G 340

soil requirements, G 325

Roentgen rays

ether waves, E 316

Roley boley (Game), K 381

Roller

ball-bearing principle, B 28

making wooden rollers, C 268*

moving rocks on rollers, B 18

Roman cut work, N 138–142*

Roof

construction for summer house, C 418–422*

construction of frame, C 465–469*

cornices, C 421

hip roof, construction, C 466*

painting, B 42, C 422

rafters

fitting, C 467*

making curved rafters, C 418

roofing paper, C 419

saddle boards, C 421

shingling, B 40–42, C 419–422*

estimating shingles, B 40

nails required, B 42

square of shingling or clap boarding, meaning, B 41

Rooms. See Bedroom; Dining-room; Furniture; Girl's room; Guests; House decoration; Kitchen; Living-room; Pantry; Servants

Ropes

carrying power of hemp, B 47

preservative for hemp, B 48

strength of wire rope, B 48

Roque, K 382

Rose

Christmas, characteristics, G 333

insect pests and remedies, G 284, 293

Irish crochet, N 339–340, 344

moss, characteristics, G 332

Rose chafer, G 293

Rose jar

copper work, M 56–60*

Rose slug, G 284

Rotascope. See Gyroscope

Rotation of crops, G 149

Round steak, H 268

Round Table, Knights of

how Gareth became a knight, H 20

Rowing

intercollegiate record, K 383

Rubbed joints, C 251*

Rubber plant

topping, G 199, 250

Rubbish

disposal of, G 263

Rubicon (Game), K 383

Rugby football, K 348

Rugs

bathroom, H 156

beating-rack, A 444–446*

braiding, N 295–296*

carpets versus rugs, A 443–444

cleaning, A 443–448, H 128

dry cleaning, H 332

kitchen, H 193

Oriental, washing, A 447

storing, H 348

washing, A 446–447

weaving, D 252–260*, N 297–305*

color combinations, D 255

designs, D 252–253, 256–258*, N 302

materials, D 253, 258, N 301

preparing the woof, D 253–254

process, D 259–260, N 300–301

setting the loom, N 297–300

woof shuttle, D 254*

Rulers

carpenter's rule, C 205

parallel, mechanism of, B 331*

Run, sheep, run (Game), K 360

Running

hare and hound chases, A 17

Russia calf for tooled leather, N 92

Rustic furniture

collecting wood for, A 410

suggestions for making, D 209–211*

Rye

food value, H 254

S

Sable, Alaskan, A 484

Sachets

herbs and grasses for, A 65

Sack racing, K 384

Sad iron. See Electric iron

Saddles

English, Mexican and army, K 225–226*

Safety valves for steam engines, B 116

Sage

growing, G 327

Saint Francis of Assisi, H 25

Salad plant

endive, G 305

lettuce, G 306

Salamander

taming, A 266

Salary. See Income

Salmon

bait for, K 136*

food value, H 253

Salt

removing stains with, H 358

Salt cellar

silver work, M 183–184*

Salt pork

cuts, H 270

Salvia

bedding plants, G 324

San Jose scale, K 167

Sand bag

definition of, M 210

Sand papering. See Whittling

Sandy soil. See Soils

Sanitation. See Garbage; Plumbing; Refrigerator; Sewerage

Santos Dumont's monoplane, B 167*, 175–177

Sap. See Maple sugar

Sardine

food value, H 253

Sashes. See Doors; Windows

Satin stitch, N 147–149*

combinations, N 148–154*

design, N 158*

Sauce

wild crabapple, A 22

Sausage

buckwheat cakes combination, H 258

food value: table, H 253

Sauteing, H 281

Saving

methods, H 83–85

necessity and value, H 82

Savoury herb, G 328

Saw horse

making, C 143–149*

Saw mills, C 522

Saws

band saw, C 522

brazing steel band saws, M 313

buck saw, C 172*

compass saw, C 172*

construction principles, C 171–172*

coping saw, C 20*

cross cut saws, principle and use, C 170*

danger of the power saw, D 187

gang saw, C 522

hack saw, C 175*

metal worker's tools, M 9*

rating by points, C 173

rip saw, principle and use, C 169*

sawing copper work, M 35–36*

turning saw, C 173*

using, position for, C 174*

Saxifrage

habits and characteristics, G 340, 364

Scabiosa

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Scales

mechanical principle, B 24–25*

Scalloping, N 132–133*, 135

Scallops

cooking, H 292

Scarf

crocheted, N 318*

Scarf pin

silver work, M 162–165*

Scarfing, M 254–257, 258

wrench, M 275*

Scarlet runner beans, G 297

Scarlet sage, G 324

Scarlet tanagers

insect destroyer, A 457

School grounds

improving, G 72–87

Science

value of study, E 338–340

Science club, E 339

Scilla, bell flowered

planting and blooming time, G 177, 178

Scissors

protecting points of, N 48

shears for metal work, M 5*

Sconce

copper work, M 52–56*

Scorched stains

removing, H 335

Scotland's burning, K 384

Scours

remedy, A 120

Scouts. See Boy Scouts of America

Scraper

definition of, M 210

Screen. See Fire screen

Screw

Archimedian, B 143–145*, 344*

case hardening screws, M 309–310

concealing in woodwork, method of, C 343*

countersunk, meaning, C 190

driving, B 157

endless, B 142

finish, C 191

flat and round head, C 190–191*

friction, provision for, B 142

mechanical principle, B 139–147*

number designation, C 191

nut, principle of, B 140

power principle, B 140–147

principle applied to tools, B 156

removing, device for, B 157

rule for power, B 64

use of, C 190–192*

wooden screw, strength of, B 156

worm gear, B 141*

worm and wheel, B 145–147*

Screw drivers, C 195, 199–203*

Screw propeller

aeroplane, B 169–170, C 70–72*

blades

area versus power, B 149–150

finding area, B 154

principle, B 147

features of, B 148

pitch, calculating, B 155*

power

calculating, B 150–155*

principle of, B 149–150

speed, reckoning, B 148

Sea walls. See Retaining walls

Seal

electric, A 491

French, A 501

Hudson, A 491

Seams. See Dressmaking

Search light, Electric, E 153*

Seasoning

broiled meats and vegetables, H 276, 279

Seats. See Benches; Chairs; Settees

Seaweed

care of specimens before mounting, A 364

collector's outfit, A 363

mounting specimen, A 364–368*

time and places for collecting, A 363

varieties, A 369

Seeds, G 227–238

age for planting purposes, G 34

cotyledon, G 230

depth to plant: table, G 35, 235

distribution of wild seeds, G 273

envelopes, making, G 56–58*

germination

aiding, G 236

experiments, G 31

per cent., G 232–233

table, G 32

method of improving, G 246–248

planting

compacting soil, G 237–238

how to plant, G 99, 268

quantity to plant: table, G 36

time, indoor and outdoor, G 233–235

saving for sale or planting, G 371

selection

germ developing power, G 231

impure seed, G 231

seed plants, G 227–228

size, G 228–233

selling, how to put up seed, G 371–372

soaking, G 138

testing for germinating value, G 33, 143

See also Grass seed; Trees; Vegetables; also names of plants, e. g., Beans; Nasturtiums; Pansy; Peppers, etc.

Seesaw

mechanical principle of, B 26

Selvage, N 15

September

blooming plants, G 365

Servants, H 370–381

cook, duties, H 109, 112

days out, adjustment of work, H 111

duties

four or five maids, H 105

one maid, H 104, 107

three maids, H 105, 108

two maids, H 104, 108, 112

hours, H 379

mistress and maid

business relations, H 376–377

personal relations, H 371–375

personal liberty, lack of, H 372

proportion of income required for, H 76

room, H 378

servant question, H 370–381

meals, when served, H 105

waitress

dress, H 173

duties, H 169–172

Serving table. See Buffet; Setting the table

Serving the meal. See Meals—Serving

Serving tray

copper work, M 75–77*

Seton, Ernest Thompson

Boy Scouts organizer, K 49

Settee

box furniture, making, C 477*

garden settle, making, D 200*

hall settle, D 49*

outdoor settee, making, C 410–411*

Setting the table

dining table decorations, H 164

glasses, H 165

methods, H 167

serving table, use of, H 166

sideboard arrangements, H 166

silver, H 165

table linen, H 162–164

Settle. See Settee

Sewer pipes. See Plumbing

Sewerage system,

importance of, H 214

Sewing

apron making, N 26–30*

back stitching, N 12*

half back stitch, N 13*

bands for

aprons, N 30*

skirts, N 39*, 44

basting stitches, N 7*

binding, N 51*

blanket making, N 54*

buttonhole stitch, N 58*

buttons, N 4–6

care of hands, N 19

counterpane for doll's bed, N 55*

crow's foot stitch, N 55*

darning, N 9–11*

felling seams, N 68

French hem, N 21

gathering, N 26–30*

stroking, N 27*

gussets, N 35–40*

helping mother, N 3

hemming

French hem, N 21

gauge, notched card, N 17*

rolling the edge, N 21*

skirt, N 36, 43

straightening the edge, N 17

turning corners, N 20*

turning the hem, N 17

hooks and eyes, N 24–25*

knotting the thread, N 5

substitute for, N 14, 16

mattresses, N 53*

needle case, N 46–47

needles, emery for, N 19

over-casting, N 15*

over-handing, N 15–17*

patching, N 33–35

pillow cases, N 53*

plackets, N 35–40*, 43

plain sewing, N 3–11

position of sewer, N 19–20

rolling the edge, N 21*

running and back stitch combination, N 14*

running stitches, N 7*

scissors, how to hold, N 12*

seams

felling, N 68

stitches for, N 12–17*

sewing apron, N 31–33*

sewing case, N 45–49*

stitches, N 12–25*

tape loops on towels and dresses, N 23*

thimble, how to use, N 4*

thread, length of, N 5

tucking, N 36

turning corners, N 20

whip stitch, N 21*

work box, fittings, N 3

See also Basket making, Bead work; Braiding; Dressmaking; Embroidery

Sewing machines

boat-shaped shuttle type

carriers and drivers, adjustment, B 303–304*

looping the thread, B 302

setting needles, B 305*

cleaning, B 281

oiling, B 281*

puckering, to prevent, B 283–285

rotary hook type

bobbin case, B 293–295*

holder, adjusting, B 301*

compared with boat-shaped shuttles, B 299–300

construction, B 285–293*

feed, regulating, B 298

feed motion, B 337*

hook guide and hook driver, B 289–292*

hook ring, B 293

needle bars, setting, B 287–288

needles

changing, B 292

setting, B 303–305*

presser foot, B 297–299*

repairing shuttles, B 300

stitch regulator, B 286*, 293

take up spring, replacing, B 295–297*

tension, B 288–289

thread controllers, B 301–303*

threading, B 286*, 298, 302

Wheeler and Wilson, B 299–300

shuttle action of different types, B 283–284*

tension, adjusting, B 283–285

threads to use, B 282

types, B 280

vibrating shuttle, B 281–285*

presser foot, adjustment, B 285

Wheeler and Wilson, B 299–300, 337

Shackles

forging, M 349–352*

Shad

food value, H 253

Shades

cleaning window shades, H 131

See also Candle shade; Lamp shade

Shadow embroidery

stitches and materials, N 126–127*

Shagbarks, A 39

Shamrock pattern for Irish crochet, N 341

Sharks

catching, K 126

Sharpening tools. See Tools

Shawl

crocheting rainbow shawl, N 316–317*

knitting, N 356–359*

Shears

protecting points of scissors, N 48

tools for metal work, M 5*

Sheep

feeding, A 104–105

book about, A 517

lambs, care of, A 105

raising, A 103–107

shearing, A 106

Sheepskin for leather work, N 83

Sheets

making for doll-bed, N 54*

marking, N 157

See also Beds; Ironing

Shell fish

broiling oysters, H 275

food value, H 253

preparing for cooking, H 289–293

Shellac

method of using, C 486, D 216–217

source and qualities, C 486

Shells

book about, A 518

collecting, A 369–374

outfit, A 372

preserving and labeling specimens, A 374

Shelters. See Summer house

Shelving. See Book case

Shetland pony

breeding for profit, A 205

characteristics, A 203–205

Shingling. See Roof

Shinney, K 367

Shirley poppies, G 322

Shoe buttons

how to sew on, N 6

Shoepac, K 209

Shoes

base ball, K 264

foot ball, K 280*

for winter sports, K 208–209

Shooting

hints on how to shoot, K 115–118

rifle shooting, K 120–123

"wiping his eye", K 117

Shooting board

how to make, C 189*

how to use, C 106*

Shop. See Carpentry and Woodwork; Work shop

Shot guns

aiming, K 113, 117

barrel lengths, K 120

care and cleaning, K 123

choke-bore gun, K 119

double barrels, K 111*

"drop" of a gun, K 113

for small game, K 112

learning to shoot, K 114–118

pattern, testing, K 118–119

selecting, K 112–113

styles for various purposes, K 119

unloading, K 115

See also Rifles

Shovel

blacksmith's shovel, M 226, 229*

fire tools, making, M 372–373*

home-made snow shovel, A 432

Shrubs

characteristics: table, G 355–356

hazel bush, A 34

planting and transplanting, G 134

selection principles, G 37, 354, 355, 357

Sideboard

arranging for service, H 166

design, D 55*

Siding. See House framing

Sieve

making a garden sieve, G 59–61

Signals and signaling

marine flag code, B 107–109

weather signals, B 361–362

Silkworm culture, A 337–348

apparatus for rearing, A 339*

book about, A 518

cocoons

preparing for market, A 347

spinning, A 345–347*

weight of, A 347

eggs

hatching, A 340–341

laying, A 338–339

first age, A 343

food and feeding, A 337, 339–346

racks for, A 342*

moth

how it comes out of the cocoon, A 347

life of, A 338

molting periods, A 343–345

stages of growth, A 337

varieties of silk spinners, A 338

Silver

cleaning and care, H 111, 185

setting the table, H 165

washing, H 183

See also Silver work

Silver fox

book about, A 517

Silver maple. See Maple

Silver work

bar pins, M 171–174*

bezel setting, M 152–157*, 163*, 176

bracelets, M 174–177*

Indian design, M 176–177*

brooches, M 171–174*

characteristics of silver for working, M 151

collar slide, M 170–171*

comb, M 194–196*

cuff links, M 192–194*

enameling on, D 355

gems

selecting, M 152

setting, M 152–161*, 163*, 165, 176

hinges. See Metal work—hinges

lettering silver on copper, M 187–190*

links, making, M 167–169*

mustard spoon, M 182*

napkin ring, M 191–192*

necklaces, M 166–170*

oxidizing silver, M 204

pendants, M 169

picture frame, M 181, 185–186*

pin, M 163–164*

rings

bezel setting, M 152–157*

deep set stone, M 157–159*

prong setting, M 159–161*

twisted silver wire, M 161–162*

riveting letters, M 188–190*

salt cellar, M 183–184*

salt spoon, M 183*

scarf pin, M 162–165*

setting the stone, M 165

spoons, M 178–184*

sugar tongs

bowl design, M 182*

claw design, M 180–182*

tools

chisel, making, M 157*

mandrel, M 154*

watch fob, M 187–190*

See also Copper work; Metal work

Simmering

definition, H 277

Sink

location and care of kitchen sinks, H 193

Sirloin steak, H 269

Skate sailing, K 215–216*

Skating, K 210–216

club skate model, K 210*

damming a brook or pond, A 280

fancy figures, K 210

hockey skates and playing, K 212–215*

racing skates and skating, K 211

sprinting stroke, K 212

tennis court for skating pond, A 279–280

Skee. See Skiing

Skiing, K 219–222*, 385

jumping, K 222

ski pole, K 222*

skis, K 218–220*

Skins and hides

curing, A 511

removing, A 510

tanning, A 511–512

solution, A 507

Skirts. See Dressmaking

Skittles

lawn skittles, K 368–370

Skunk

nests and habits, A 485

pelts, value, A 484, 487

tame, A 270

trapping, A 484–486

Sled

bobsled, K 223*

toy, working drawing, C 40, 42*

Sledge

blacksmith's tool, M 226

Sleep and sleeping

advantages of outdoor sleeping, A 6–9

preparation for outdoor sleeping, A 9, 52*

Sleeves. See Dressmaking

Slippers

crocheting, N 324–329*

Slippery elm, C 559

Slugs

exterminating, G 118

garden pests, G 285

rose slugs, G 284, 293

Small fruits. See Berries

Smartweed

class and seed time, G 278

Smilax, Southern, A 55

Smith Premier typewriter, B 409–411*

Smocking

honeycomb pattern, N 112–114

stitch, N 114*

Smoking

dangers of, K 13–14

Smoking set

copper work, M 79–86*

Snake

taming, A 266

venomous, K 149

Snake's head, G 349, 365

Snapdragon, G 277

Snares. See Traps

Snarling iron

definition of, M 210

Snow

crystals, forms and colors, B 366–368*

formation, B 366

line, B 368, 369

measuring snowfall, B 367

perpetual snow, B 368

shoveling, A 431–432

uses of, B 367

weight, B 367

Snow shoeing

skis and skiing, K 217–222*

snow shoes, K 216–217*

Snowballs

Japanese, G 37

Snowdrop

planting and blooming time, G 177

Soap for laundry, H 319

Soccer. See Foot ball

Socket wrench. See Wrench

Sockets

making an open wire rope socket, M 281–283*

Soda

combined with cream of tartar, H 301

some uses of, H 356

sour milk and, H 357

Sofa cushion. See Pillow

Softening metal. See Annealing

Soils

acid, improving, G 30, 115, 222

adapting crops, G 17–23

clay

absorption of water, G 218

characteristics, G 8

formation, G 214–215

improving, G 9, 104, 218–219, 224

lime for acid soil, G 30

elements, G 8

formation of, G 213

humus, G 8

improving poor soil, G 9, 103–105, 218–219, 224

impure air in, H 208

inoculation, purpose and method, G 119, 122

lime

absorption of water, G 218

formation, G 215–216

humus for, G 225

improving, G 218

testing for, G 216

loam, meaning of, G 220

preparing for grass seed, G 74–76

physical and chemical needs, G 9

sand

absorption of water and heat, G 217

characteristics, G 8

formation of, G 214

improving, G 9, 218

nitrogen needed, G 224

subsoil, G 220

testing, G 28–31

top-soil, G 220

See also Drainage; Flower gardening; Plant food; also names of plants

Soldering

brass vase, M 144

copper handles, M 78–79

electric iron for, E 116*

hard soldering, materials and directions, M 41–42

heat and tools for, M 11–12*

iron, making, M 45–46*

metals, M 41–46*

outfit, B 252, M 11–12*

preparations, B 252

process, B 253

soft soldering

materials and tools, M 43

process, M 40, 43–45

tinker's dam, B 253

unsoldering, M 205

Solomon's seal, false

habits and characteristics, G 345

Song birds. See Birds

Sorrel

class and seed time, G 278

Sound

production of, E 281

variation with speed, E 292

velocity, B 249–251, E 311

in dry air, water and metals, B 250

independent of pitch, E 316

vibrations of metal disks, E 294–295

waves, E 310

length, B 251, E 315

Soups

beef stock, what to buy, H 268

boiling meat for stock, H 278

to keep from curdling, H 356

Soutache braid

for braiding, N 107

Spading

how to spade, G 88, 265

Spanish fly (Game), K 385

Sparrow

bird enemy, K 174

book about, A 519

migration of song sparrow, K 175

Specific gravity

meaning and application, B 279–280

Speed indicator

mechanism and use, E 231*

Spice bush

characteristics, G 355

Spiders

food for young wasps, A 391

nature study, K 145

Spiked loosestrife

characteristics, G 365

Spinach

cleaning, H 294

food value, H 255

germination per cent. of seed, G 233

time to plant, G 234

Spindle

copper work, M 124–126*

Spinning. See Silkworm

Spirea

characteristics, G 356

hedge shrub, G 357

Van Houtte's, a good variety, G 37, 38

Spirit level, C 205*

Splice or scarf joints, C 257*

Spoons

mustard spoon, silver work, M 182*

nut set spoon, copper work, M 39–40*

salt spoon, silver work, M 183

tea spoon, silver work, M 178–180*

Sports

girls' outdoor sports, K 318–325

winter sports, K 208–224*

See also Archery; Base ball; Camping; Canoeing; Coasting; Cricket; Curling; Fishing; Foot ball; Games; Golf; Horsemanship; Hunting; Racing; Rowing; Shooting; Skate sailing; Skating; Skiing; Swimming; Track athletics; Trapping; Walking

Spots. See Cleaning

Spring beauty

habits and characteristics, G 340

transplanting, G 340

Springs (Machinery)

air spring, B 331*

bearing springs, B 265–266

car springs, B 265*

cross bow, making, B 266*

draw spring, B 265*

tempering steel, M 295

uses, B 264

Springs (Water)

preparing for trout culture, A 273–274

reclaiming springs, A 274–277

story of how one spring was reclaimed, A 280–282

Sprocket wheel, B 327*

Spruce gum

gathering, A 80–83

making, A 82

marketing, A 82

uses, A 81

white spruce, A 81

Spruce tree

seed year, A 47

variety and characteristics, C 537–538

Squabs

book about, A 517

care of, A 216

homers as breeders, A 194–195

killing and dressing, A 196

marketing and profit, A 195

raising, A 193–197

record keeping, A 216

where to get information about, A 194

See also Pigeons

Square, steel

carpenter's tool, C 205*

metal worker's tool, M 5*

Squash

food value, H 255

insect pests, G 287, 291, 292

planting seed, G 312

depth to plant, G 236

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

Squash (Game), K 386

Squirrels

as pets, K 184

bad habits of the red squirrel, A 267

bait for, A 508

flying squirrels as pets, K 185

taming, A 266–267

Stabbler, Sydney S.

My experience with honey bees, A 328–331

Stains and staining

alcohol stains, value of, D 227

applying stains, D 228–229

asphaltum, D 229

black walnut imitation, D 230

brown stain, C 223

chemical

composition and use, C 483

preparing, C 488

Flemish oak, D 231

forest green oak, D 232

fumed oak and chestnut, process, D 233–234

golden oak finish, D 229

gray oak, D 232

mahogany imitation, D 230, 231, C 489

mission oak, D 231

natural colors versus imitation, C 482

object of staining, D 226

oil stain

composition and use, C 483

merits of, C 487, D 227

perfect stain, D 227

preparation of surface, C 483

water stain

advantages of, C 487, D 227

composition and use, C 483

weathered oak, D 233

Stake pin

making, M 233–235*

Stand pipe

principle of, H 215

Staples

designing and making, M 235–236*

Star of Bethlehem

planting and blooming time, G 177

Starch

boiled starch, making, H 320

cold starch, making, H 319

protecting, H 319

starching clothes, H 323

sticking to irons, to prevent, H 335

Stars

effect of aerial tides, E 229

telling points of the compass by, K 109

time required for light to travel from, E 312

Starting box (Electric), E 48

operation of, E 81–83*

Steam

condensation, B 125

dry steam, B 125

expansion principle, B 127

generation of, B 115–116

heat units, B 126–127

wet steam, B 126

Steam engines

Calipyle, B 114–115

cylinder and piston, B 117–118*

disk engine, B 334*

governors, B 313–316*, 329

gyroscope, B 335

heating principle, B 121

hero engine, B 114*

history of, B 114–115, 272

horsepower, estimating, B 122–124

noise from exhaust, reason, B 113, 120

power generation and distribution, B 117–120

principle of, B 115–117

rotary, B 340*

safety valve, B 116

slide valve, B 118–120*

toe and lifter for valves, B 329*

waste in power, E 6

Steam radiators as distributors of heat, E 314

Steam turbine, B 128

Steam whistles

why steam is seen before whistles are heard, B 249

Steamboats

development of, B 271

See also Screw propeller; Steam turbine

Steel

annealing, M 307–309

Bessemer steel

manufacture and use of, M 267

brazing, M 313

carbon steel, M 289, 308

case hardening, M 308–310

crucible cast steel, making, M 297

cutting tool steel, M 299

grades, M 296

hardening

forged fires for, M 290

lathe tools, M 301

solutions, M 291–292

hook, making, M 266–271*

invention of, B 271

lanterns, making, M 405–406*

manufacturing, M 267

oxidation, prevention of, M 291

sockets, forging, M 281–283*

soft, M 264–288*

weldless ring, making, M 265*

working heat, M 264

stretching processes, M 315

tempering, M 292–296

color scheme, M 293–295

grade of steel required, M 296

lathe tools, M 301

side tool, M 304

testing

for carbon, M 289

for hardness, M 292

tool making, M 322–326

tool steel, M 289

welding, M 296

wrenches, forging, M 273–283*

wrought iron versus, M 266

See also Knives; Tool making

Stenciling, N 73–82*

brushes for, N 79–80*

color schemes, D 114

corner designs for borders, D 111–112

cutting the stencil, D 113, N 76

designs, making, D 108–113*

repeating unit, D 110*

transferring, D 113

materials and tools, N 81, D 108

outline drawing, D 112

paints for

mixing colors, N 81–82

testing, D 114–115

patterns, making from paper, N 76–79*

pillows, N 77*, 378

pinning the stencil, D 114

process, D 115–116, N 79

repeating and joining units, D 110*

reversing the pattern, N 80

stencil bands, size and purpose, D 109–110*

use in home decoration, N 76, 377

washable, N 80

water colors for, N 81

Stereopticon lamp, E 154*

Stewing, H 280

Stickseed

class and seed times, G 278

Still Pon no moving, K 337

Stings

care of, H 364

Stitches. See Crocheting; Embroidery; Knitting; Lace making; Sewing

Stock

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

ten-weeks, characteristics, G 330

Stock breeding. See Breeding

Stockings

darning, N 9–11*

Stone wall for lawn, G 73

Stones. See Boulders; Precious stones

Stools. See Foot stools

Storage battery. See Electric batteries

Store room in cellar, H 211

Stories

Brother Juniper's cooking, H 25

Fire of coals, H 37

Irish stew, H 14

King Alfred and the cakes, H 16

King's kitchen, H 20

Loaves and fishes, H 32

The luncheon, H 32

Roast pig, H 18

Widow's cruse of oil, H 29

Storing. See Packing

Stove pipe

riveting, M 74

Stoves

draughts and dampers, H 227–230

laundry, H 315

See also Fire making; Gas range; Ovens

Strawberries

care of first-year plants, G 92

experimenting with varieties, G 92–93

food value, H 255

growing, G 88–96

hill culture versus matted row, G 94

planting rules, G 93–94

soil and location, G 88

staking the bed, G 91*

wood ashes for fertilizer, G 94

Street cars. See Electric cars

Strength of materials

nails, B 46–17

ropes, hemp and wire, B 47–48

timbers, estimating, B 45

woods, C 495–497*

String beans

cooking preparations, H 295

food value, H 255

planting, G 297

Striped beetle

remedy for, G 285

Stump master (Game), K 387

Submarine cables. See Cables, Submarine

Suckers (Game), K 387

Sugar

food value, H 254

Sugar bush. See Maple sugar

Sugar-scoop

making a wooden scoop, C 272*

Sugar-tongs

silver work, M 180–183*

Sumach

Christmas green, A 56

Summer cottage. See Cottages

Summer house

building, C 411–424*

location, G 363

making a double seat for, C 421–424

Sun

cooking processes, H 274

distance from earth, B 230

time required for light to travel from, E 312

See also Tides

Sundial

making, B 209–210*, G 64–66*

setting up, G 160–162

sun time versus clock time, G 161

Sunflower

double, characteristics, G 334

food for squirrels, G 20

late, characteristics, G 334, 365

planting seed, G 106

sowing and blossoming time, G 161

Swages

blacksmith tools, M 225*

Swallows

migration, K 176

Swans

varieties, K 181

Swastika

inlaying design on wood, C 322, 323*

Swedish drawn work. See Hardanger embroidery

Sweeping carpets and rugs, H 129

Sweet alyssum

characteristics, G 329, 330

planting seeds, G 157, 322

Sweet clover and sweet fern leaves for sachet, A 65

Sweet flag

characteristics, G 366

Sweet grass

basket making, A 64

Sweet lavender, G 327

Sweet pea

characteristics, G 329, 330

Sweet potato

food value, H 255

Sweet sultan

characteristics, G 330

Sweet William

biennial, G 322

characteristics, G 335, 365

Swimming

accidents, K 239

artificial supports, K 239

breast stroke, K 235

dangers, avoiding, K 234

diving, K 238*

dog stroke, K 234

fancy stroke, K 238

girls as swimmers, K 320

learning how, K 234–237

on the back, K 238

overhand or overarm strokes, K 237

pool, artificial

cost, A 285

in back yard, A 282–286

keeping water fresh, A 286

pool, book about, A 518

pool, natural

damming of stream, A 278–279

strokes, K 234–235, 237–238

value as exercise, K 234

Swine, A 126–132

book about, A 517

brood sow

care of, A 130–131

selecting, A 129

cleanliness, A 129

fattening, A 131

feeding young pigs, A 131

pen, building, A 127

profit in raising, A 129

Sycamore

characteristics, C 562

Sycamore maple. See Maple

Symbols. See Signals

Syrup. See Molasses; Maple sugar and syrup

T

Table linen

care of, H 163

ironing, H 327

marking, N 157

Table runner

block printing, D 102–106

designs, D 99–101

materials, D 98

weaving, D 273–276

Tables

checkerboard table, making, C 337*

dining table design, D 54*

drawing table, making, C 391–394

fastening table tops to prevent warping, D 135*

kitchen, H 194

library table

design, D 51*

heavy, design and construction, D 174–176*

light, design and construction, D 170–174*

mission style, making, C 360–367*

wood finish, D 237

picnic tables, making, B 132–134

polished, care of, H 161

round centre table

design and construction, D 180–184*

wood finish, D 237

tea table, mission style, making, C 367–372*

See also Setting the table

Tabourette, C 301–312*, G 53–55

circular top, making, C 302–304*

estimating lumber for, C 506

hexagonal top, C 305–308*

mission style, making, C 308–310*

Moorish design, C 310–312*

octagonal top, making, C 304*

working drawings, C 303, 307*

Tag (Game), K 345

last tag, K 370

warning, K 391

wood tag, K 394

Tamarack. See Larch

Tanager

migration, K 176

Tanning skins, A 507, 510–512

Tantalum lamp

metal filament, E 145

Tapes

sewing on, N 23*

Tapestry

weaving, N 303–304

Tapioca

food value, H 254

Tarnish on brass

preventing, M 140

Tarpon

catching, K 126

Tea

camp cooking, K 87

Tea caddy

brass work, M 136–140*

Tea kettle

iron work stand for, making, M 406–409*

Tea pot stand

copper, D 351–353*

Tea pots

care of, H 207

Tea spoons. See Spoons

Tea stains, H 359

Teeter-tauter

principle of, B 26

Telegraph

invention and development, E 59–61

key, E 63*

Morse code reading, E 63

poles, use of glass knobs, E 64

relay, E 67–68*

signals, how produced, E 61–63*

sounders, operation of, E 63

wires, insulation, E 64

See also Cables; Submarine; Wireless telegraph

Telephone, E 274–295

automatic registering device, E 276

bells

magnets for ringing, E 287–290

operation of, E 289

burning out of the coil, E 291

central battery system, E 276

current in telephone circuit, E 287

double metallic circuit, first used, E 275

electric spark coil, E 279–281

history of, E 274–276

lightning arrester, E 292*

music transmitted by, E 295

pole, equipment, E 290

receiver

as switch and circuit, E 290

construction and action, E 276–278*

operating by induced current, E 351–352

principle of, E 93–95*

vibrator, E 278–282

resistance in the circuit, E 285–287

simple telephone system, E 283–285*

sounds, how produced, E 22, 277–282

transmitter, construction, E 282–284

vibrations of disks, E 295

volume of business in 1907, E 274

wires

installation, E 290

use of ground wire, E 292

Telescope

water telescope, K 159

Telharmonium, E 293–295

Temperature. See Thermometers

Tempering

hand hammers, M 317, 321

knives, M 356

lathe tools, M 301, 304

steel, M 292–296

Teneriffe lace, N 238*

Tennis, K 284–296*

court tennis, K 341

girl's sports, K 322

hand tennis, K 356

"love", K 294

playing the game, K 293–296

racket

how to hold, K 295*

selecting, K 285

scoring, K 294

stroke, K 295

tether tennis, K 388

Tennis court

accessories, making, C 406–422*

back stop, making, C 403–405*

dimensions and directions, C 399, K 286–287*

drainage, K 288

grass versus clay, K 285, 287

laying out, C 399–402*

making and caring for, A 428–431

marker, home made, A 430

marking, K 290–293*

net, putting up, C 403

post for net, placing and preserving, C 402

surfacing and leveling, K 289

Tents

"A" tent, K 60*

brush lean-to, K 69*

Indian tepee, K 63*

lean-to, K 59, 69*

trapper's tent, K 62*

wall tent, K 58*

Tetanus

cause of, B 248

Tether ball, K 388

Tether tennis, K 388

Thermometers

centigrade scale, B 262

changing one scale into another, B 262–263

Fahrenheit scale, B 262

history and purpose, B 261

scales in use, B 261–263

theory of, B 261

Thermostat, Electric, E 124

Thimble

how to use, N 4*

Thimbleberry

description of, A 10

jam, receipt, A 11

picking, A 11

Thistle

Canada, class and seed time, G 278

Russian, class and seed time, G 278

Thorn apple, A 23

Thrasher, brown

insect destroyer, A 456

migration, K 175

Thrush

migration, K 176

Thunder

weather symbol for thunder storm, B 362

why thunder is heard last, B 249

Tides, B 212–236

aerial, B 228

cause of, B 217–220

ebb and flow, B 218

elevations, changes in, B 226–227

height, B 229

lakes, B 228

lunar, B 217–227

moon's distance from the meridian, effect of, B 225–227

neap tides, B 223

open seas, B 227

rivers and channels, B 227

Sir Isaac Newton's theory, B 217–218

solar, B 222–223, 225

spring tides, B 223–225

theory of, B 220–226*

time, changes in, B 218–220

Tidiness

meaning of, H 51

Ties

Irish crochet, N 338–344*

Tile drains. See Drainage

Tiles

cleaning, H 136

decoration of, D 317

fireplace tiles, D 318–320

for kitchen floors, H 191

making, D 315–320*

tea tiles, D 318*

uses, D 315

See also Drainage

Timber. See Building; Lumber; Strength of materials; Trees; Wood

Time

day and night, cause of, B 213

division of, B 214

Tin

kitchen utensils, H 202

See also Soldering

Tinker's dam, B 253

Tip cat

drawing and making, C 35–37

Titmouse

insect destroyer, A 456

Toad

book about, A 517

enemy to cut worm, K 168

garden pest destroyer, G 280, A 265

taming, A 266

Toasters, Electric, E 115

Tobacco jar

copper work, M 82–85*

Tobogganing, K 223

Toilet boxes. See Box making

Toilet closets. See Closets, toilet

Toilet fixtures

care of, H 148, 155, 156

Tomato

dwarf champion, G 314

food value, H 255

indoor planting time, G 233

insect pests, G 286, 292

peeling tomatoes, H 294

planting seed

depth and distance to plant, G 42

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

removing ink stains with, H 359

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 233

germination period, G 32

staking the vines, G 119

starting and transplanting, G 118–119

vines, overgrowth of, G 313

Tommy Tiddler's Land (Game), K 345

Tongs

blacksmith's tools, M 226*, 228

fire tools, making, M 374–377*

iron tongs, making, M 285–288*

Tongue and groove joints, C 257*

Tongue grafting. See Grafting

Tool boxes and chests, C 226–227*, 339–341*

old-fashioned chest, C 341–344*

suit case design, C 345–346*

Tool making, M 296–306*

boring tool, M 304*

cape chisel, M 299*

centre punch, M 297*

cold chisel, M 298*, 325

crowbars, M 352*

cutting off tool, M 305*

diamond point, M 301*

dividers, M 340–341*

drills, M 347–349*

eccentric strap, M 334*

fire screen, M 11*

fire tools, M 370–379*

hammers, M 7*, 316–324*

hardening, M 289–292

hardie, M 322*

hoe, M 328–330*

hot chisel, M 324*

lathe tools, M 300–306

nail puller or claw tool, M 353*

pitch fork, M 239*

rock drills, M 334–349*

round nose, M 300

set hammer, M 323*

shovel, M 372–374*

side point, M 303

steel for, M 289

stone chisel, M 341–344*

stone pick, M 344*

tempering steel for, M 292–296

tongs, iron, M 286–288

wood chisel, M 337–338

wrenches, steel, M 273–281

See also Forging; Steel; Welding

Tooled leather. See Leather work

Tools

anvil stake, M 10*

beck iron, M 208

burners, M 11–12*

calipers, M 255

chisels, M 9, 157*, 225*

dividers, M 5*

using, M 24*

draw plate, M 100*, 102, 209

drills, M 9*

enameling tools, M 197

face plate, M 209

files, M 9*

fullers, M 224*

gouges, M 225

graver, M 209

hack saw, C 175

hammer, M 7*

hand hammer, M 224*

peen, M 254*

set hammer, M 225*

hardie, M 226*, 274*

jewelers' snips, M 5*

leather work tools, D 323–324*, N 91*, 96*

mallet, wooden, M 8*

mandrel, M 209

matt tool, M 210

pin, M 210

pitch block, M 210

planishing hammer, using, M 22*

pliers, M 6*

pottery modeling tools, D 285–287

principle of the inclined plane applied to, B 59

punch, M 7*, 297*

ring mandrel, M 154*

riveting tool, M 10*

sand bag, M 210

saw frame, M 9*

scraper, M 210

screw principle, B 156

shaping tools, M 10*

shears, M 5*

shovel, M 226*, 229

sledge, M 225

snarling iron, M 210

soldering outfit, M 11–12*

square, steel, M 5*, C 205*

stake and riveting tool, M 11

swages, M 225*

tracer, M 211

tongs, M 226*, 228

vise, M 6*, 21*, 22*

wedge, principle of, B 59–61*

wooden block, M 6*, 19*

using, M 28*

See also Carpentry and Woodwork—Tools and appliances; Chisels; Drilling and boring tools; Gardening—Tools; Hammers; Tool boxes; Tool making; Wedge; Wrenches

Topping plants, G 199, 250–251

Tops

plug in the ring, K 376

Towel rack

making a wooden rack, C 274*

Towel roller

making a wooden roller, C 267–269*

Towels

marking, N 157

Toy making, C 40–49

aeroplanes, C 68–83*

boat in a storm, C 52–56*

designing moving toys, C 58–60*

dog house, C 42*

electric engine, E 58*

electric spinner, E 57*

electric train operated by wireless outfit, E 325–327*

fencers, C 46–48*

happy Jack windmill, C 159*

Indian paddlers, C 44–46*

moving toys, C 58–95

cautions, C 61

method of procedure, C 58–60*

racing automobile, C 62–66*

sawyers, C 50–52*

turkey and executioner, C 56–57*

wooden boxes, C 40*

See also Kites

Toys

giving away, H 10

inventions and discoveries, H 11

Tracer

metal worker's tool, M 211

Track athletics

all round championship, K 328

best college record, K 336

intercollegiate contest events, K 360

Olympic games, events, K 372

one hundred yard dash, best record, K 329

scoring in all round championship, K 328

Trained animals. See Animals

Transferring

embroidery patterns, N 128–129

stencil designs, D 113

Transplanting. See Vegetable gardening; also names of plants, e. g., Beets; Lettuce, etc.

Trapping, A 478–510

baiting traps, A 509

carrot bait, A 508*

for muskrats, A 505

books about, A 519

box traps, A 479*, C 454*

deadfall trap, A 486, 509, C 454*

gophers, A 455*

land animals, A 493

mink, A 483–484

moles, A 489–491

muskrats, A 491–493, 505

profit and recreation in, A 501

rabbits, A 497–501

rats, A 495–497

river trapping, A 504

rules of the game, A 479–483

skunks, A 484–488

snares, C 455*

with carrot bait, A 508*

steel jaw traps, setting, A 504

steel traps, cruelty of, A 502

stop-thief traps, A 505–506*

traps, humane and inhuman, A 502

swamp trapping, A 503

water animals, A 502

weasel, A 494–495

woodchucks, A 488

Traps (Plumbing)

construction and purpose, H 217, 218

defective, reason and remedy, H 218

location, H 217, 219

Trash

disposal of, H 220

Trays

gouge work, C 258–265*

See also Copper work

Tread-mill

training dogs to run, A 255–256

mechanism, B 337*

Trees

age, how to tell, C 525

broad leaved, C 532–533, 543–555

compound leaves, C 543*

doubly compound, C 543*

maple, C 544–548

oak, C 548–555

simple leaves, C 543*

cambium layer, A 441

classification and characteristics, C 532–566

coniferous trees, names and characteristics, C 535–542

cutting down, art of, K 98–99*

danger of roots to cement walks, B 15

growth process, C 525

heart wood versus sap wood, C 526

identifying, A 48, 71

planting directions, G 80–82

playhouse in a tree, H 3

products of, C 511

qualities of different varieties, K 101

rings, meaning, C 525

selecting and planting, G 78–82

seeds for propagation

gathering, A 46–50

ripening and drying, A 48

treatment, where to get information, A 49

table describing, G 367

See also Forestry; Fruit trees; Grafting; Landscape gardening; Lumber and lumbering; Nuts; Pruning; Wood; also names of trees, e. g., Maple; Oak; Pine, etc.

Trellises, D 209–211*

Trench. See Cement walk; Drainage; Gardening

Trestle. See Saw horse

Triangles (Tools)

making, C 386–388*

Trick joints, C 257*

Trilliums

habits and characteristics, G 344

Trimmings. See Crocheting

Triplane, B 180

Trolling, K 139*

Trophy stick, notched, C 11*

Trout

bait, K 134, 135

culture from eggs, A 273

feeding, A 272

reclaiming the trout stream, A 271–272

Trout lily, G 342

Truck garden. See Vegetable gardening

Trumpet vine

decorative value, G 359

T-square, C 24*

making, C 384–386*

to prevent warping, C 394

Tub racing, K 390

Tubs. See Bathtubs; Laundry

Tucking, N 36*

Tulip

cone developer, G 175

planting bulbs indoors, G 166

red, planting and blooming time, G 179

tree, characteristics, C 561

varieties, G 168

white, planting and blooming time, G 177

yellow, planting and blooming time, G 178

Tungsten lamp

cost of, E 141*, 144

metal filaments, E 145

Turbines

Fourneyron, B 342*

Jonval, B 341*

steam, B 128

water, B 145

Turkey

book about, A 519

breeds, A 185

enemies, lice and wet, A 184

feeding young turkeys, A 183, 184

food value, H 253

habits of turkey hen, A 183

hatching, time required, A 183

laying and sitting habits, A 183

raising, A 182–185

selection of, for cooking, H 271

Turn spit dog, B 337

Turnip

food value, H 255

planting seed

depth and distance to plant, G 42

quantity to plant, G 36

time to plant, G 234

seed

age for planting, G 34

germination per cent., G 33, 233

germination period, G 32

soil, G 314

Turnip-root cabbage

planting, G 300

Turpentine

moth exterminator, H 347

paint stain remover, H 359

Turtle head

characteristics, G 365

where found, G 349

Turtles

taming, A 266

Typewriter

alignment, B 420

"blind" writer, B 406

carbon copying device, B 418

card indexing device, B 415

carriage, B 403, 404

interchangeable, B 415*, 416

mechanism of, B 421

disconnecting parts, B 413

double shift, B 406

duplicators, B 416–418

essential features, B 419–422

invention of, B 402

keyboard, B 403, 406, 412, 419

universal, B 412

kinds, B 402

line-spacing mechanism, B 405, 421

noiseless operation, B 422

Oliver, mechanical principle, B 412–413*

paper feed, B 404

platen

essentials, B 421

interchangeable, B 415

Remington

description of parts and their uses, B 403–407*

improvements, B 407–409

ribbon movement, B 422

ribbons, two and three colors, B 409, 411, 414

scales, B 406

semi-visible writers, B 407

single shift, B 406

Smith-Premier, B 409–411*, 414

spacing bar, B 405

tabulator, B 413–414

type

cleaning, B 421

cleaning device, B 410

mechanism, B 403, 404, 409, 412, 420

visible writers, B 407

work done by, B 402

U

U-tube, theory of, H 215–216

Umbrella handles

woods and roots for, A 59–61

Umbrella stand

design and construction, D 161–165*

iron work, M 409

mission design, C 375*

wood finish, D 236

Unleavened bread

nutriment, H 300

Upsetting. See Forging

Upstairs work, H 146–159

Utensils. See Kitchen utensils

V

Vacuum cleaner

electric, E 243*

home made, B 378–386*

plunger pump, making, B 379–381*

power driven, home made, B 381–386*

principle of, E 53

using, B 386

water motor, B 381*

Valerian

characteristics, G 333

Vane. See Weather vane

Varnish and varnishing

drying, time required, D 221–222

dull finish, D 224

flat finish, D 224

grades of varnish, C 486

method of using, B 112, C 486

number of coats needed, D 222

quality of varnish, recognizing, D 220

rubbing down process, D 223

"sag" and how corrected, D 220–221

Vase

brass work, M 140–145*

concrete garden vase, making, D 203–209*

pottery, making, D 307–310*

typical flower holders, D 87–89*

Veal

as chicken, H 358

cuts and their uses, H 269

food value: table, H 253

Vegetable gardening, G 296–315

combinations for late planting, G 116

indoor and outdoor planting time, G 233–235

intermingling from close planting, G 105

money making garden, G 368–374

planting tables

age for planting, G 34

depth and distance, G 42

germination per cent., G 233

germination time, G 32

quantity to plant, G 36

seeds, selling, G 371–372

selling young plants, G 370–371

transplanting, G 268–270

from the coldframe, G 101–102

strawberry boxes for, G 118

See also Coldframe; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Gardening; Herbs; Hotbed; Insect pests; Plant food; Plants; Soils; also names of vegetables, e.g., Beans; Cabbage; Carrot, etc.

Vegetables

boiling, H 279

burning, treatment, H 356

camp cooking, K 89, 90

cleaning, H 293

cooking, H 356

preparation for, H 293–295

with left overs, H 355

dandelion greens, A 63

exhibits, preparation for, G 202

food value, H 250, 255

husking, H 294

peeling, H 294

pokeweed roots, cooking, A 58

preparation for selling, G 369

scraping, H 294

seasoning, H 279

selection of, for cooking, H 271

shelling, H 294

soaking, H 295

stewing, H 280

See also names of vegetables; e. g., Cauliflower; Parsnip; Pumpkin; etc.

Verbena

characteristics, G 332

planting, G 84

Village improvement

books about, A 518

what boys and girls can do, A 469–472

Vinegar

cider vinegar

book about, A 518

making, A 412–417

"mother," meaning, A 415

Vinegar cruet

washing, H 183

Vines

annuals, G 359

climbers, G 359

for covering fences and buildings, G 138

scarlet runner bean, G 297

training, G 139

use in landscape gardening, G 359

Violet

California, characteristics, G 333

habits and characteristics, G 346, 364

insect pests, G 293

Russian, characteristics, G 333

tufted, characteristics, G 334

where to plant, G 346

wild varieties, G 346

Vireos

insect destroyers, A 456

migration, K 176

Virginia creeper

decorative value, G 359

Vise

bench vise, M 6*, 21*, 22*

quick action, C 138

Voisin's biplane, B 173–175*

Volley ball, K 390

Volta, Alessandro, E 90

perfected method for producing electricity by chemical action, E 248

Voltmeter

for direct and alternating currents, E 93

measuring electric pressure, E 39–42

multipliers, E 92

principle and operation, E 84–93*

W

Waists. See Dressmaking

Waiting on table. See Meals—Serving

Waitress

dress, H 173

duties, H 169–172

Wake robin, G 344

Walking

healthfulness of, K 14–17

Walking stick

carved by the engraver beetle, A 60

orange wood, A 59

roots for handles, A 60

shaping, A 61

Walks. See Cement walk; Garden paths

Wall brackets. See Brackets

Wall cabinet. See Medicine cabinet

Wall flower

characteristics, G 332

Wall paper. See Walls

Wall rack. See Book rack

Wallachian embroidery

drawing scallops, N 135

meaning of, N 134

stitch, N 134*

Walls

care of, H 122

cleaning appliances, H 142

cleaning wall paper, H 123

decoration of, D 36, 39–41, N 76

dry cleaning, H 332

how to drive nails into plaster walls, C 246

kitchen, H 189

paneled walls, cleaning, H 122

See also Embankments; Paper hanging

Walnut

black

characteristics of tree, C 563

imitation stain, C 489, D 230

device for husking, A 36

drying and storing nuts, A 35

food value of nuts, H 256

receipt for pickled walnuts, A 36–37

white, characteristics of tree, C 564

Wandering Jew

window box plants, G 193

Warbler

insect destroyer, A 456

Wardrobe. See Closets, Clothes

Warning (Game), K 391

Warp. See Weaving

Wash board and wash boiler

care of, H 313

Washing. See Laundry work

Washing dishes. See Dish washing

Washington (Game), K 392

Washington thorn, A 23

Washstands

cleaning, H 148

used as playhouse, H 8

Wasps

development from the egg, A 393–395

feeding grub, A 391

habits, A 390–391

Waste

classification, H 220

disposal of

in country, H 222

in cities, H 220–222

Waste pipes

care of, H 156

construction principle, H 216–217

disinfection in cleaning, H 218

misuse of, H 220

Waste water

disposal of, H 216

in country, H 222

Watch fob

copper and enamel, D 353–355*

silver or copper work, M 187–190*

Watches

balance and spring, B 374

Geneva stop, B 319*

magnetized, B 373–375

mechanism, B 80, 374

non-magnetic, B 375

regulators, B 330–331*, 374

testing for magnetism, B 375

Watchman's time detector, E 78*

Water

boiling point, H 277

cold water as a preserver, H 357

substitute for milk, H 357

Water and bog plants

table, G 366

Water bugs, H 362

Water bulbs. See Bulbs

Water closets. See Closets, Toilet

Water fowl, K 181

Water garden, G 362

Water glass

egg preservative, A 177

Water life, K 158–167

collector's net, K 158*

telescope for observing, K 159

Water lilies

table, G 366

Water meter

vibrating trough, B 343*

Water mint

characteristics, G 366

Water motor. See Water wheels

Water pipes. See Plumbing; Waste pipes

Water polo, K 392

Water power

estimating, E 220

from a continuous fall of water, B 341*

reclaiming a spring, A 281–282

See also Water supply; Water wheels

Water race, K 393

Water seal

construction and purpose, H 217

Water supply

importance of source, H 213

principle of the tower, H 215

spring water, A 276

summer camp devices, E 160–162

theory of U-tube in waterworks, H 214–215

Water tank. See also Pumps; Water wheels; Wells

electric warning for empty tank, E 302*

Water tax
economizing bills, H 236

Water wheels

ancient, B 344*

Archimedian screw principle, B 344*

barker or reaction, B 343*

breast wheel, B 341*

governors, B 314–315*

overshot, B 341*, 342

undershot, B 341*

vacuum cleaner motor, B 381

volate, B 342*

See also Turbines

Water works. See Water supply

Watermelon

food value, H 255

germination per cent., G 233

planting, G 308

Watt, James

inventor, E 40

Watt

unit of power, B 125

See also Kilowatt

Wattmeter, E 35–42

illustration of motor principle, E 36

measuring watt hours, E 40–41

registering amount of electricity used, E 37–38

Wax

bayberry dips, A 20–21

grafting, G 256

making beeswax, A 323

wood finish, C 490, D 225–226

See also Floors

Wax beans, G 297

Wax myrtle, A 18–19

Waxwings

insect destroyers, A 457

Weasel

colors of fur, A 495

habits, A 494

Weather

records, how made, B 362–363

symbols, B 361–362

See also Barometer; Rain; Thermometer; Weather vane; Wind

Weather boarding. See House framing

Weather vane

making, C 154–168*

Zeppelin airship weather vane, making, C 165*

Weathered oak finish, D 233

Weathering

meaning, B 41

Weaving, D 244–279, N 296–305

bordered table scarf, D 273–276

color effects, N 304–305

curtains and draperies, D 262–265

dowel, N 297

dyeing, materials for, D 276–279

French as weavers, N 303

hand loom

bridge, N 299

description of treadle loom, D 247–249*

home-made, without treadle, N 296–297

primitive loom, D 245

setting, D 249–251, N 297–300

shuttle and bobbin, D 246*

shuttle for woof cloth, D 254

simple cardboard loom, N 8

materials to use, N 301

pattern weaving, D 265–273

drawing in the pattern, D 267–270*

hit-and-miss pattern, N 302

operation of the harnesses, D 270–272

pick, D 271*

variations in patterns, D 272, 275

portieres and couch covers, D 260–262

process, D 249–252, N 300–301

beating up the woof, D 252, N 300

drawing in the warp, D 251, N 300

pairing threads, N 298

preparing the warp, D 249, N 297

warping the loom, D 250, N 298

rattan mats, N 247*, 249

rugs, D 252–260, N 297–303

harmonizing effects, N 304

tapestry designs, N 303

warp and woof, D 246, N 8–9*

warping hook, D 251*

See also Braiding

Wedge

cutting tool, C 169

principle of, B 59–61*

rule for power, B 64

Weeds, G 271–280

annuals, destroying, G 275

biennials, destroying, G 276

book about, A 519

definition of, A 469

destroying and preventing, A 469–472, G 275–279

distribution of seeds, G 273

foreign, G 279

good points, G 272

medicinal, A 57–58, G 272

book about, A 516

perennials, destroying, G 276–277

propagation

seeds, G 274

trailing branches, G 275

table of, G 278

test of acid soil, G 29

Weevils

chestnut weevil, A 33

Weigela

characteristics, G 356

Weight

principle of lifting, B 23–28*

Weights and measures

English versus metric system: tables, C 500, 502

tables, H 311

units of measurement, C 499, 502

See also Electric measurements

Welding, M 247–263*

built-up work, M 247

butt welds, M 257*

definition of, M 247, 315

chains, M 250–253*

cleft weld, M 258*

corner plate, M 261*

electric, E 158–159

flat welds, M 254–257*

flat welds and T-welds, M 261–263*

horse shoes, M 221

iron oxidation, preventing, M 247

iron ring, M 248–250*, 254*

iron tongs, M 287–288*

jump weld, M 259–261*

kinds, M 254

lap weld, M 258*

scarfing, M 254–256*, 258*

a wrench, M 275*

socket wrenches, M 277–281*

T weld, M 262–263*

temperature of fire, M 234–235

tool steel to wrought iron, M 352

turn buckles, M 330*

upsetting, M 260*

Wells

location and care, H 214

See also Pumps

Western Union Telegraph Company

equipment and amount of business, E 60

Whale oil soap

spray for insects, G 289, 290

Wheat

depth to plant seeds, G 235

Wheel and axle

principle of, B 27, 78–82*

rule for power, B 64

Wheel-barrow

leverage principle, B 27

making, B 375–378*

Wheels

mechanical movements, B 318–325*

See also Screw propeller; Turbines; Water wheels

Whip grafting. See Grafting

Whisk broom

raffia, N 275*

White pine. See Pine

White rabbit. See Rabbit

Whitewash

preparing surface walls, H 340

preparing the lime, H 339–340

value for cellar walls, H 210

Whittling, C 6–22

beveling, C 122

calendar back, C 18*

curves, cutting, C 15*

cutting out process, C 12*

drawing the design, C 12*

first lessons in, C 9–12*

fish line winder, C 15*

key rack, C 12–14*

key tags, C 14*

knife

kind to use, C 6*

method of holding, C 8*

paper knife, C 121–123*

picture frames, C 19–22*

propeller blades, C 70–72*

sand papering edges, C 15

testing with the try square, C 9*

tip cat, C 35–37*

weather vane making, C 154–156*

windmills, C 159–168*

woods for, C 7

worsted winder, C 16*

See also Wood carving

Wicket polo, K 393

Wicks

trimming, H 137

Widow's cruse of oil: story, H 29

Wild animals. See Animals

Wild carrot

class and seed time, G 278

seed distribution, G 273

Wild crabapple, A 21, 22

Wild flower gardening

April, June and July blooms, G 338–339

decorative value of wild flowers, A 56

landscape gardening, G 362

late blooms, G 339

March blooms, G 338

May blooms, G 338

planning and care, G 336

soil, G 337, 338

succession of bloom, G 338–339

transplanting, G 337

Wild flowers. See Flowers

Wild fowl. See Game and game birds; Water fowl

Wild geranium

characteristics, G 342

Wild grapes. See Grapes

Wild nuts

list of, A 29

Wild plums

"goin' plummin'", A 26–29

Wild raspberries, A 10

Wild rice, A 78–79

Winch

setting up, B 77–78*

uses, B 78–81

Wind. See Winds

Wind break

trees for, G 79, 82

Wind flower, G 343

Wind root, G 348, 365

Windlass

principle of, B 78–82*

Windmill

Common windmill, B 346*

happy Jack weather vane, C 159–162*

horizontal weather vane, C 162–165*

six-bladed weather vane, C 167–168

Zeppelin weather vane, C 165*

Window-box

advantages over pots, G 190

construction and painting, G 191–192

crowding plants in, G 194

draining, G 163

how to fasten to window, G 195

selection of plants for sunny and shady windows, G 192–196

Window seat for girl's room, N 374

Windows

batten blinds, C 475

cleaning, H 134

details of window frames, D 30*

hanging, C 474

inside trim, C 473*

location of cellar windows, H 208

setting frames, C 469

Winds

measuring device, B 199–200*

table of velocity, B 198

See also Weather vane; Windmill

Winter sports, K 208–224*

clothing and footwear, K 208–210*

Winterberries

description of, A 57

Wire

reducing size of, M 101

See also Electric wires

Wire ropes. See Rope

Wireless Club, E 331–332

Wireless Telegraph

accidents prevented by, E 347, 355–357

aerials, E 331

amateur stations, E 347

antennæ, E 320*

C. Q. D. message, meaning, E 356

coherer

circuit, E 323*

construction, E 316–321*

discovery, E 346

electric bell

as transmitter, E 321

operated by wireless, E 324*

ether waves, E 316

fireworks, operated by, E 327–328*

first company organized, E 346

first practical use, E 346

first public stations, E 347

ground wire, E 321

Hertzian waves, E 346

incandescent lamps operated by, E 327*

law requiring use on steamers, E 347

Morse alphabet, E 330

operation of a simple type, E 320–321*

relay, E 322–323

sending messages to ocean steamers, E 347

signal code, E 330

spark coil, construction, E 321–322*

tapper, E 329–330*

toy train operated by, E 325–327*

trans-Atlantic messages first sent, E 346

Wistaria

decorative value, G 359

Witch hazel

characteristics, G 356

Wolf and sheep (Game), K 394

Women

Heritage of, H 63–68

home making power, H 44

Wood

best woods for special purposes, K 101

decay, cause of, C 492

durability, C 492–494

hard wood, C 532, K 101

beech, C 556

black jack or barren oak, C 554

black or sweet birch, C 557

black or yellow oak, C 554

bur oak (mossy cup), C 551

chestnut oak, C 552

cypress, C 540

elm, white or American, C 559

Georgia pine, C 535

holly, C 564

honey locust, C 565

hop hornbeam, ironwood, C 558

hornbeam, or blue birch, C 559

larch, C 539

laurel oak, C 555

locust, black and yellow, C 565

paper birch, C 558

pin oak, C 553

post or iron oak, C 552

red birch, C 557

red elm, slippery elm, C 559

red oak, C 553

red or swamp maple, C 547

red pine, C 536

rock, cork elm, C 560

silver, or white maple, C 546

sugar maple, C 545

swamp white oak, C 552

tamarack, C 539

white oak, C 550

willow oak, C 555

yellow birch, C 557

yellow pine, C 536

preservation, C 493–495

soft wood, C 532, K 101

Arbor vitæ, C 542

balsam, C 540

basswood, linden, C 560

black spruce, C 538

box elder, C 548

buckeye, C 565

fir, C 540

gray, or aspen-leaved birch, C 558

hemlock, C 539

moosewood, C 548

mountain maple, C 548

pitch pine, C 536

red cedar, C 541

red spruce, C 538

white cedar, C 542

white pine, C 535

white spruce, C 538

strength of, C 495–497*

See also Forestry; Kindling wood; Trees

Wood anemone

habits and characteristics, G 343

Wood carving

black and white design, C 127

blotter pads, designs, C 125–126

chip carving, C 98–108*

curved cutting, C 104–108

designs

elliptical, C 112–115

for borders, C 98–103*

for centres, C 103–108*

for corners, C 103*

flat work, C 97–119*

glove box design, C 128

holding the knife, C 100*

key rack designs, C 123, 126

knives for carving, C 99*

letter racks, designs, C 109–117

origin, C 98

paper knife, C 121–123*

pencil box, C 106–108*

penholder, C 117–119*

picture frames, C 129–132*

polishing, C 131

triangular cutting, C 98–99

veining, C 117*

woods for, C 121

Wood finishing

aging wood, C 489

antique finish, C 489

cleaning, the first step, D 213

colors, obtaining, C 488

dead flat surface, C 485

dull finish, D 224

enameling white, D 235

fillers, C 484

cost of surfacing, D 217

liquid, formula, D 216

importance of, D 213–215

paste, formula, D 218

applying, D 219

when to use liquids or paste, D 215

flat finish, D 224

polishing, C 489–491

process, C 484–487

re-finishing

old furniture, D 238–243

mahogany table, D 241–243

rubbing down process, D 223

scraping, D 239

shellac, using, C 486, D 216–217

varnish, removing, D 240

wax finish, D 225–226, C 490

white enamel, D 235

white wood, D 230

woods that do and do not require fillers, C 484

See also Stains and staining; Varnish and varnishing

Wood fire. See Fires

Wood lot

clearing for kindling wood, A 407

Wood screws

strength of, B 156

Wood staining. See Stains and staining

Wood tag, K 394

Woodchucks

taming, A 269

trapping, A 488

Woodcraft, K 93–109*

axemanship, K 96–97

getting lost, K 102–109

land marks, K 103

lost signals, K 108

See also Trees

Woodpecker

insect destroyer, A 457, K 168

Woodwork. See Carpentry and Woodwork

Woof. See Weaving

Wool combing machine

roller motion, B 320*

Woolen clothes

laundering, H 324

storing, H 347

Work. See Housekeeping; Occupations

Work bag and sewing apron combined, N 31–33

Work bench. See Carpentry

Work shop

garden tool making, G 41–71*

See also Carpentry

Worms

fish bait, K 130

Wren

insect destroyer, A 456

migration, K 176

Wrench

alligator wrench, making, M 276*

flat wrought iron wrench, making, M 274–277*

forging, M 273–274*

hardie for, M 274*

socket wrench, M 279–281*

welding, M 277–279

Wringer for laundry work, H 314

Writing desk. See Desk

Wrought iron

making, M 230–232

steel versus, M 266

X

X-ray

ether waves, E 316

physiological effect, E 336

Y

Yachts

flag signals, B 107–109

See also Launch

Yeast

principle in bread making, H 296–298

Young, Sir Thomas

ether wave theory of light, E 345

Z

Zeppelin's dirigible balloon, B 162

Zinnia

characteristics, G 328

planting, G 159

selecting seeds, G 323

FOOTNOTES:

[A] For the elaboration of this question as it concerns girls see Chapter IV.

[B] Both boys and girls have clubs, societies and organizations, which are useless, enervating or merely harmless when they exist without purpose. If, on the other hand, the aggregate energy can be collected into profitable channels, these same gangs or societies are a real source of education and training. Any organization without consistent, sustained purpose is a waste of social energy. Baseball is worth while, but the merits of high school fraternities are doubtful.

[C] It will be evident that the term crafts as here used is a more comprehensive term than when employed in connection with the arts and crafts furore of the past few years. Any kind of manual occupation may be a craft; if it involves a measure of art and science it may become more than a craft. But with children the craft stage, which is characteristic, includes many occupations which may not even be true crafts as the term is ordinarily used.

[D] Library of Work and Play.

[E] As the High Schools of Springfield, Newton, and Brookline, Mass.; Cleveland, Ohio; Los Angeles, Cal., among others. And the elementary schools of practically every well-organized community.

[F] "Library of Work and Play."

[G] "Home Decoration."

[H] "Outdoor Life."

[I] This bias toward mechanics has already been noted by teachers and parents, but in recent years has assumed unusual significance because of the extraordinary development of industry. This, combined with the researches of modern psychology and pedagogy, has introduced a new, a powerful motive into teaching.

Transcriber's Notes:

Corrected obvious typos and inconsistencies, otherwise spelling has been left as printed. A small amount of inconsistent hyphenation left as printed.

p.64. dilletantism -> dilettantism.

p.111. bisulphid -> bisulphide.

The following corrections have been made after referrence to the

relevant book.

p.101. 'wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–151*'

corrected to 'wall rack, designing and making, C 347–350*, D 156–161*'.

p.137. Crum tray -> Crumb Tray.

p.142. 'experiments with spark coil, E 196, 198–201, 180–183*' changed

to 'experiments with spark coil, E 176, 178–180, 180–183*'.

p.169. 'cooper or brass, metal work, M 116*' changed to 'copper or

brass, metal work, M 116*'.

p.199. crum scraper -> crumb scraper.

p.229. Reamur is correctly spelt Reaumur but has been left as it was

spelt in 'Mechanics'.

This book is a summary and index to the following books which can all be found in the Project Gutenberg collection. In the html version of this text, links are made to the other volumes, though for volumes G and K it has only been possible to a link to the correct chapter.

A—OUTDOOR WORK Project Gutenberg e-book 45154

B—MECHANICS, INDOORS AND OUT Project Gutenberg e-book 45083

C—CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK Project Gutenberg e-book 43574

D—HOME DECORATION Project Gutenberg e-book 44750

E—ELECTRICITY Project Gutenberg e-book 45331

G—GARDENING Project Gutenberg e-book 13537

H—HOUSEKEEPING Project Gutenberg e-book 44732

K—OUTDOOR SPORTS Project Gutenberg e-book 16316

M—WORKING IN METALS Project Gutenberg e-book 45004

N—NEEDLECRAFT Project Gutenberg e-book 44766

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